Suppression of the Rurik dynasty year. Pedigree of Rurikovich: scheme with dates of government

The emergence of the Rurik dynasty Our ancestors - Slavic peoples - settled on the vast East European Plain in the most ancient times. When they came here and from where it is not known for certain. They settled from the Varangian (Baltic) Sea up to

The beginning of the Rurik dynasty is associated with the vocation of the Varangians - three brothers: Rurik, Sineus and Truvor to rule in Russia (862). It was from Prince Rurik that the Rurik clan originated. They were the first dynasty of princes and tsars who reigned in Russia.

Before their arrival, the power of the people (tribes) operated in the Russian lands, inter-tribal wars began, and it was decided to call a prince from outside, who would govern them.

Despite the fact that Rurik is considered the founder of the family, historians call the ancestor of the Rurik dynasty of Kiev Prince Igor, the son of Rurik.

The rulers of the Rurik dynasty ruled the Russian state for over 700 years.

Board of the Rurik dynasty

During the reign of the first princes from the Rurikovich clan (Oleg Rurikovich, Igor Rurikovich, Olga - the wife of Prince Igor and his son Svyatoslav), the formation of a single state was initiated:

1) Prince Oleg - in 882 the city of Kiev became the capital of Kievan Rus;

2) Prince Igor - in 944 Russia concluded the first peace treaty with Byzantium;

3) Princess Olga - in 945 the introduction of quitrent taxes (a fixed amount of tribute) and in 947 the administrative-territorial division of the Novgorod land;

In the second half of the 12th and until the middle of the 13th centuries, Russia was ruled by: Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest. At this time, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was formed.

From the middle of the 13th to the end of the 14th centuries, the Tatar-Mangol yoke (the beginning of the Golden Horde period) settled in the northwestern and northeastern Russian lands. They captured many cities and destroyed Kiev in 1240. The defeat of the Tatar-Mangols was carried out in 1380 in

The Rurik dynasty and statehood in Russia are, in fact, inseparable concepts. Whatever they say about the roots of this dynasty, about the reasons for its appearance, about how alien it was or, on the contrary, organic for the East Slavic tribes, the fact remains: it was the Rurikovichi who stood at the origins of the Russian state.

By the way, about the "Rus", to whom, according to many researchers, Russia owes its name. It is not entirely clear on what the authors of the "Norman theory" are based on the assumption that this tribe was Norman, i.e. German-Scandinavian. In the "Tale of Bygone Years" about the vocation of the Varangian princes (and the "Varangian", as L.N. Gumilyov said, is not a nationality, but a profession) it is said: "And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus like to how others are called Suei (Swedes), and some Normans and Angles, and still other Gotlandians - that's how these were called. " Note: the notorious Normans are called "others" by Nestor the chronicler, i.e. not at all by those who came to the "princes" in 862 in Novgorod, Beloozero and Izborsk. All this coincides with the opinion of medieval European authors, who considered Rurik (Rerik of Jutland, a fellow countryman and one of the ancestors of Amlet, the prototype of Shakespeare's Hamlet) and his dynasty not as Swedes, not Germans, not Goths (Gotlandians), but descendants of the ancient people of Rugs. Whether he had anything to do with the Slavs - scientists have yet to find out. But it was established for sure that it was the Slavs who lived on the island in the Baltic with the name Rügen. There is also the "Prussian theory" of the emergence of the Rurik, according to which both Rurik and the "Rus" came from the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. But they, as you know, had nothing to do with the Germans, but, judging by the etymological analysis of the language of the ancient Prussians, they were close to the Slavs.

Let us not forget that in 862 it was a question of calling the Varangian prince Rurik to Novgorod, which was a common thing for this city-republic, which throughout its history had summoned foreign princes. But this does not give any reason to consider Russia in the 9th - early 10th centuries. "Varangian patrimony". If the so-called. The Norman Rus, whose existence has not yet been proven, subjugated the Eastern Slavs, why did the Varangians not impose on us their language - the first sign of submission - and customs? But in Swedish, for example, we can easily find traces of our influence: there adjectives have the suffix "sk" and are inclined in the Slavic way, which is not found in any of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Germanic group. There is no doubt that the Swedes adopted Christianity precisely following the example of Russia. Following Western Europe, they did not.

Can we speak of Rurik as a "foreign dynasty" if already Rurik's grandson, the legendary commander Prince Svyatoslav, bore a Slavic name and was a Slav by way of life? It turns out that both the French Merovingians and the Carolingians were "foreign dynasties", since they did not come from the indigenous population, Gauls, but from the Germanic tribe of Franks. How do you like the name Normandy? It speaks unequivocally about who once owned this French province - the Normans. The same Normans, who allegedly stood at the origins of the Russian statehood. Meanwhile, we know exactly who was at the origins of the English statehood. It was a Germanic tribe of Angles. Together with the Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, they invaded the 5th-6th centuries. new era from the Jutland Peninsula to the territory of Britain and destroyed, expelled from the island most of its indigenous population - the Celtic tribe of Britons, and subjugated the rest. In turn, the Anglo-Saxons were defeated in 1066 by Norman William, Duke of Normandy, and declared himself an English king. It is William I the Conqueror who is considered the creator of the centralized English state. The lack of independence of British statehood can be easily detected even at the linguistic level. For example, the British are considered the founders of parliamentarism. But the English word "parliament" is of French origin, even Old French, because the form "parlier" (to speak a lot) in modern French no longer exists ("parler" is used and, accordingly, "parlement"). Why did the British choose exactly "parliament" for the name of their representative body? It is very simple: this word was brought to them by the Normans from France, where it in the XI century (and much later) meant the Parisian court of the highest instance. The French later named their representative body differently - the States General. And the Normans, apparently, presented this "parliament" to the Anglo-Saxons, without really understanding whether this is a judicial or representative power. The Frankish leaders get together, they say, and decide together important matters - so you decide. This is how English parliamentarism was born. Truly, from the great to the ridiculous one step ...

And now try to find traces of the same influence of the Varangians in ancient Russian history, culture, language, toponymy! But this is not the most important thing. The Rurikovichs contributed to the strengthening and development of the indigenous population of Kievan Rus - the Eastern Slavs, but the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish kings pushed the indigenous population of Britain and Gaul, the Celts, to the sidelines of history and even life.

Even the first Rurikovichs were tributaries of the Jewish elite of the Khazar Kaganate, and the glades paid tribute to the Khazars long before the appearance of Askold and Dir, the northerners and Vyatichi - before the call of Rurik. Only the grandson of Rurik, Svyatoslav, defeated this Khazar Kaganate without a trace.

The Rurikovichs brought Russia to Christianity, which forever makes this dynasty significant in the minds of Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. The assertions that Christianization has deprived the Russians of their ethnic and religious uniqueness, or, as they say, autochthonousness, are absurd: neither the Britons nor the Gauls did not help paganism to survive as an independent ethnic community.

By the XI century in Europe, only thanks to Christianity, a new powerful state appeared - Kievan Rus. It controlled both the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the Eastern European section of the Great Silk Road, previously "saddled" by the Khazars. Kiev at that time was one of the largest and richest cities in the world, which cannot be said about the then Paris or London. Any European royal court considered it an honor to become related to the Rurikovichs, who, meanwhile, did not call themselves kings or tsars.

Even before Batu's invasion, the Rurikovichs created "spare centers" of Russian statehood and culture in the deep forests of Eastern Russia - Suzdal, Vladimir, Moscow, Pereslavl-Zalessky. Like many European dynasties, the descendants of Rurik could not avoid feudal fragmentation, but were able to preserve the dynasty itself under the yoke of the Golden Horde.

The centuries-old neighborhood with Western Europe and Asia allowed the Rurikovichs to draw an important conclusion that the conquest of the country by nomads from the Great Steppe does not always mean the loss of national, religious and cultural independence, which cannot be said about the aggressive policy of the "Germans" (Germans and Anglo-Saxons). These were not limited to tribute and vassal subordination - they wiped out the conquered peoples from the face of the earth. Unable to resist the blows of Batu, the Rurikovichs - the holy noble princes Alexander Nevsky, Dovmont Pskov - repulsed the western "onslaught on the East." Perhaps the Mongol-Tatar yoke threw us back 300 years, but Orthodox Russia has not disappeared over these 300 years.

Rurik, even receiving labels for reign from the Horde khans, did not accept the dependent role of Russia. The Moscow princes patiently gathered Russian lands around them and prepared for the war of liberation.

The holy noble prince Demetrius Donskoy won a victory at the Kulikovo field, and his descendant John III brought such force to the Ugra River that the Horde turned back and forever renounced its "rights" to Russia. By that time, Orthodox Byzantium, the Second Rome, had already ceased to exist, and it was said by the monk Philotheus: "Moscow is the Third Rome, and there will be no fourth." Rurikovich John III began to be called the Grand Duke of All Russia. And his grandson, John IV, was already crowned in the Kingdom.

Already at the time of the first Orthodox Tsar, Russia set out on a liberation campaign against the descendants of Batu. Kazan and Astrakhan fell under the thunder of Russian cannons, the Crimean Tatars fled from the Moscow region Molodya and never again came to the Moscow state with raids. The movement of Rus began to the west, to the shores of the Baltic Sea, captured by the Livonians and Lithuanians.

But on January 19, 1598, the childless son of Ivan the Terrible, Theodore Ioannovich, the last Tsar from the Rurik dynasty, died (in a straight line, because Tsar Vasily Shuisky, who ruled in 1606-1610, was also from the Rurik family). N.M. Karamzin wrote: “This is how the famous Varangian generation, to whom Russia owes its existence, name and greatness, was cut short on the throne of Moscow - from the beginning so small, through a series of stormy centuries, through fire and blood, reaching dominance over the north of Europe and Asia with the warlike spirit of its rulers and people, happiness and providence of God! .. ".

The Rurik dynasty ruled Kiev and Moscow Rus for 736 years. Russia entered the Time of Troubles also in the 300-year period of the reign of the new royal dynasty - the Romanovs ...

Andrey Venediktovich Vorontsov

Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and Tsar Ioann Vasilievich the Terrible.
Vasily Osipov (Kondakov?). 1689 year.
Fragment of a fresco in the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Novospassky Monastery in Moscow.

Anastasia Romanovna

Ivan the Terrible ordered to build a church in the Feodorovsky monastery in the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky. This temple in honor of Theodore Stratilates became the main cathedral of the monastery and has survived to this day.

Feodorovsky (Fedorovsky) monastery

On November 19, 1581, the heir to the throne, Ivan, died from a wound inflicted by his father. From that time on, Fedor became the heir to the royal throne.

Fedor I Ioannovich
Russian Tsar in 1584-1598

Fyodor Ioannovich - Russian tsar, the last Rurikovich on the throne by right of inheritance, the son of Ivan the Terrible and Anastasia Romanovna. The tsar paid great attention to the palace economy, the decoration of the palace chambers. Known for his patronage and generous grants to numerous monasteries and churches. The candidacy of Fyodor Ioannovich was nominated (1573 - 1574 and 1587) for the throne of the Commonwealth. The first years of his reign were accompanied by a fierce palace struggle, during which the established by Ivan the Terrible shortly before his death to govern the country.

Regency Council, which included princes Mstislavsky and Shuisky, Zakharyin-Yuriev, Godunov, Belsky. The half-brother of Fyodor Ioannovich, Tsarevich Dmitry, was exiled (1584) to Uglich. Since 1587 in the reign of Tsar Fyodor his brother-in-law took an active part- "servant and stable boyar" Boris Godunov.

The reign of Tsar Fyodor was characterized by a gradual rise in the country's economic life, overcoming the grave consequences of the crisis of the 70s and 80s, and the unsuccessful Livonian War. At this time there was a sharp increase in the serfdom of the peasants. State taxes on tax, city, population have increased. All this led to an exacerbation of contradictions within the ruling class: between the secular and spiritual feudal lords, between the palace nobility and the Moscow nobility on the one hand, and the provincial servants on the other. Under Fedor Ioannovich, the international position of Russia improved somewhat: as a result, the Russian-Swede. the wars of 1590-1593 were returned (according to the Tyavzin Peace of 1595) the cities and areas of the Novgorod land, captured by Sweden during the Livonian War; Western Siberia was finally annexed; the southern border regions and the Volga region were successfully developed; the role of Russia in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia increased.

But later on, contradictions began to grow in Russia's relations with Poland, Sweden, and Crimea. Khanate and Turkey, as a result of which, during the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, a knot of classes, intraclass and international contradictions that led to the Great Troubles in the Russian state at the very beginning of the 17th century was formed.

In his daily routine, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich was simple and accessible to everyone who came to him, he loved to pray, he himself performed daily Divine services.

Reconstruction of the appearance

Irina Godunova, wife of Fyodor Ioannovich.

Tsarina Irina Fyodorovna in the Russian historical tradition was a kind, intelligent, literate and pious empress. She was called "the great empress" and it was she who was Fyodor's co-ruler, and not her brother. The king was sincerely attached to his queen and did not want to part with her in any way. Almost all of her pregnancies ended in miscarriages. The only daughter of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and Irina, Theodosius, lived less than two years.

Reconstruction of the appearance of Fyodor Ioannovich. M. Gerasimov, 1963.