See what Aesop is in other dictionaries. short biography

Biography

It was impossible to say whether Aesop was a historical person. The scientific tradition of Aesop's life did not exist. Herodotus (II, 134) writes that Aesop was a slave to a certain Jadmon from the island of Samos, then he was freed, lived during the time of the Egyptian king Amasis (570-526 BC) and was killed by the Delphians; for his death Delphi paid a ransom to the descendants of Jadmon. More than a hundred years later, Heraclides of Pontius writes that Aesop came from Thrace, was a contemporary of Ferekid, and his first owner was called Xanthus, but he extracts this data from Herodotus’s story by unreliable conclusions (for example, Thrace as the birthplace of Aesop was inspired by the fact that Herodotus mentions Aesop in connection with the homosexual heterosexual Rodopis, who was also a slave to Jadmon). Aristophanes (The Wasps, 1446-1448) is already reporting details of Aesop's death - a vagabond motive for the tossed bowl that served as a pretext for his accusation, and a fable about the eagle and bug told him before his death. A century later, this statement of the heroes of Aristophanes is repeated as a historical fact. Comedian Plato (late 5th century) already mentions the posthumous reincarnations of Aesop's soul. The comedian Aleksid (late IV century), who wrote the comedy Aesop, pushes his hero with Solon, that is, he already weaves the legend of Aesop into the cycle of legends about the seven sages and King Croesus. His contemporary Lysippus also knew this version, portraying Aesop at the head of the seven wise men. Xanf’s slavery, connection with the seven sages, death from the treachery of the Delphic priests - all these motifs became the links in the subsequent Aesopian legend, the core of which had developed by the end of the 4th century. BC e. The most important monument of this tradition was Aesop's Biography, compiled in the popular language, which has come in several editions. In this version, the ugliness of Aesop (not mentioned by ancient authors) plays an important role, Phrygia becomes his birthplace instead of Thrace (a stereotypical place associated with slaves), Aesop acts as a wise man and a prankster, fooling the kings and his master - a stupid philosopher. In this plot, surprisingly, almost no role is played by Aesop's fables themselves; the jokes and jokes told by Aesop in his Biography do not enter into the vault of “Aesopian fables” that have come down to us from antiquity and are rather far from it genrely. The image of the ugly, wise and cunning "Phrygian slave" in the finished form goes to the new European tradition.

Antiquity did not doubt the historicity of Aesop, the Renaissance first questioned this question (Luther), philology of the XVIII century. substantiated this doubt (Richard Bentley), philology of the XIX century. drove him to the limit (Otto Crusius and Rutherford followed him to confirm Aesop's mythicity with the decisive characteristic of the hypercriticism of their era), the 20th century began to again lean toward the assumption of a historical prototype of Aesop's image.

Heritage

Under the name of Aesop, a collection of fables (of 426 short works) in a prosaic presentation has been preserved. There is reason to believe that in the era of Aristophanes (end of the 5th century), a written collection of the Aesopian fables was known in Athens, according to which children were taught at school; “You are an ignoramus and a lazy person, you didn’t even learn Aesop,” says one character from Aristophanes. These were prosaic retelling, without any artistic decoration. In fact, the so-called Aesopian collection includes fables of various eras.

In Russian, a complete translation of all Aesop's fables was published in 1968.

Some fables

• Camel
• Lamb and wolf
• Horse and Donkey
• Partridge and Chicken
• Reed and Olive Tree
• Eagle and fox
• Eagle and Jackdaw
• Eagle and turtle
• Boar and Fox
• Donkey and Horse
• Donkey and Fox
• Donkey and Goat
• Donkey, Rook and Shepherd
• Frog, Rat and Crane
• Fox and ram
• Fox and donkey
• Fox and Lumberjack
• Fox and stork
• Fox and pigeon
• Rooster and Diamond
• Rooster and Domestic
• Deer
• Deer and lion
• Shepherd and wolf
• Dog and ram
• Dog and a piece of meat
• Dog and wolf
• Lion with other animals on the hunt
• Lion and mouse
• Lion and bear
• Leo and Ishak
• Lion and mosquito
• Lion and goat
• Lion, Wolf and Fox
• Lion, Fox and Ishak
• Man and Partridge
• Peacock and Jackdaw
• Wolf and Crane
• Wolf and Shepherds
• Old lion and fox
• Wild dog
• Jackdaw and Dove
• Bat
• Frogs and Snake
• Hare and Frogs
• Chicken and Swallow
• Crows and other birds
• Crows and Birds
• Lioness and Fox
• Mouse and frog
• Tortoise and the Hare
• Snake and Peasant
• Swallow and other birds
• Mouse from the city and Mouse from the village
• Bull and lion
• Dove and Crows
• Goat and shepherd
• Both frogs
• Both hens
• White Jackdaw
• Wild goat and grape branch
• Three bulls and a lion
• Chicken and Egg
• Jupiter and the Bees
• Jupiter and the Snake
• Rook and Fox
• Zeus and the Camel
• Two frogs
• Two friends and a bear
• Two crayfish

Which reports (II, 134) that Aesop was a slave to a certain Jadmon from the island of Samos, then he was released into the wild, lived during the time of the Egyptian king Amasis (570-526 BC) and was killed by the Delphians; for his death Delphi paid a ransom to the descendants of Jadmon.

In Russian, a complete translation of all Aesop's fables was published in 1968.

Some fables

• Beetle and Ant

Quotes

• Gratitude is a sign of the nobility of the soul.
• It is said that Chilo asked Aesop: “What is Zeus doing?” Aesop replied: “Makes the high low and the low high.”
• If a person takes on two things that are directly opposite to each other, one of them will certainly not succeed.
• Each person has their own business, and each business their own time.
• The true treasure for people is the ability to work.

Literature

Texts

Translations

• In the series: Collection Budé: Esope. Fables. Texte établi et traduit par E. Chambry. 5e tirage 2002. LIV, 324 p.

Russian translations:

• Aesopian fables with moralizing and notes by Roger Letrange, newly published, and translated into Russian in St. Petersburg, the office of the Academy of Sciences Secretary Sergei Volchkov. St. Petersburg, 1747. 515 pp. (Reprints)
• Aesopian fables with fables of the Latin poet Fielf, from the latest French translation, a full description of the life of Ezopova ... endowed by Mr. Bellegard, now again translated into Russian by D. T. M., 1792. 558 pp.
• Fables of the Ezopovs. / Per. and note. I. Martynova. SPb.,. 297 p.
• The Complete Collection of Aesop's Fables ... M.,. 132 p.
• Aesop's Fables. / Per. M. L. Gasparova. (Series "Literary Monuments"). M .: Science,. 320 pp. 30,000 copies.
  • reprint in the same series: M., 1993.
  • reprint: Antique Fable. M .: Khudozh. lit. 1991.S. 23-268.
  • reprint: Aesop. Commandments. Fables. Biography / per. Gasparova M.L. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003 .-- 288 p. - ISBN 5-222-03491-7

see also

• Babriy - author of poetic expositions of Aesop's fables

References

• Aesop at Wikilivre

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• 5 millennium BC e.
• 8 millennium BC e.

See what Aesop is in other dictionaries:

Aesop  - (Aesopus, Αί̉σωπος). The author of the famous “fables of Aesop”, lived about 570 BC. and was a contemporary of Solon. He was on. the origin of the slave; having received freedom, Aesop went to Croesus, who sent him to Delphi. In Delphi he was accused of blasphemy ... ... Encyclopedia of Mythology

Aesop  - (Esop) (VI century BC) the legendary fabulist, a Phrygian by birth When you are at the royal court, then all that you hear, let it die in you so that you yourself do not have to die untimely. Be good with your wife so that she does not want to ... ... Consolidated Encyclopedia of Aphorisms

Aesop is considered the first fabulist. He is the pioneer of the fable genre, although his original works have not reached our days.

There is no accurate reliable information about whether Aesop lived. Some suggest that the poet actually existed, others - that his works belong to several people. It is believed that the date of birth of the fabulist is the sixth century BC. His homeland is Ancient Greece, the island of Samos. All information says that from birth and, possibly, all his life, Aesop was a slave.

The first to talk about the poet was Herodotus. His words are considered the most reliable. According to him, Aesop was enslaved by Jadmon, and lived on Samos. Also, according to the historian, at the same time, Amasis reigned in Egypt, that is, in 570-530 BC. At some point in his life, Aesop was released into the wild. After living about 55 years, the priests killed the poet in Delphi, due to his disrespect for the ancient Greek gods.

Heraclides wrote that the homeland of the fabulist was Thrace, and Xanthos was his master. It is assumed that the philosopher took this information from his fables. Also, people such as Plato, Aristophanes, Lysippos and Alexis, undertook to describe the biography of Aesop.

There is a work known as the Biography, which tells another version of the poet’s story. The book dates from the second century BC, its author is unknown. According to the Biography, Aesop was born in Phrygia, and was a slave to the philosopher. The book describes for the first time the appearance of a fabulist: ugliness, hunchback and short stature.

No one doubted the existence of Aesop until the 16th century. Then Martin Luther questioned these stories about the poet. He considered Aesop a collective image of several authors of fables. Over the years, this assumption has found more and more justification, and already in the last century, most philologists denied the existence of a fabulist.

Aesop's fables were the first works in this genre. Also the fabulist became the first in his writing style: he betrayed the characters of people under the guise of animals. The fables were entertaining, funny stories with a final moral worth thinking about. They ridiculed the negative traits of people: vanity, greed, laziness, treachery, falsehood.

Aesop's fables were very popular among the people of Ancient Greece. These stories always had a lot of listeners. According to some reports, Aesop was invited by the kings to tell them his fables. Presumably, these stories taught children in schools.

It is believed that Aesop wrote from 400 to 500 fables, possibly in the form of poems. The original works of the ancient Greek poet themselves have not reached the present. Fables were long passed from mouth to mouth, and then were rewritten by some authors. One of them, and most likely the first, was Demetrius Falersky, although his collections were also lost. The fables of the famous Russian writer Krylov are translated and rewritten works of Aesop. In French, fables are known by Jean Lafontaine.

Option number 2

In most countries of the world, in different schools, children study a lot of literary works. Among them are poems, novels, short stories, short stories and other things. Literature is divided into two types, classic and popular. In schools, children study the classical literature of writers from their home country, as well as the works of the most prominent foreign artists.

Each literary work is aimed at drawing people's attention to the problems that surround us. An attentive reader will notice morality and precept in any book, and draw conclusions. Indeed, very often writers do not say directly and openly what exactly they want to convey to readers in their works. But as early as the 6th century BC, in ancient Greece there was one man who, one might say, discovered a new trend in literature - fables. And his name is as well known as his work. Aesop is considered the founder of the fable. But to our great regret, to our time his works in the original have not been preserved, but only his rewritten stories by other writers. The fables depict the most important problems in human relations and the nature of each. Most often, people in fables personify images of animals. It is not known for certain who introduced this rule, either Aesop himself or his followers.

Aesop had a hard and troubled life. He was the son of a slave, and he himself was a slave. But at the same time he did not lose heart, and always enjoyed life, which was very angry for the people around him. His whole life, Aesop was considered ugly and stupid. The people with whom he lived did not have a sense of compassion and pity, but only a desire for profit. And he ridiculed their lifestyles, their values \u200b\u200bin his fables, for which he soon paid with his life.

He was accused of a crime that he did not commit. And they beat him to death with stones, but thanks to his works, the memory of him is still alive and will live on, transmitted from generation to generation. And we must remember what sacrifice Aesop made in order to show the rest of their weaknesses and ignorance.

For 3, 4, 5 class, according to the literature

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Short biography - AESOP Sayings and aphorisms of Aesop Aesop is a semi-mythical ancient Greek fabulist who lived in the VI century BC. e. He is considered the founder of the fable genre; by his name the allegorical manner of expression of thoughts, which is used to this day, is called Aesopian language.

Today it is not known for certain whether such an author of fables really existed or whether they belonged to different persons, and Aesop’s image is collective. Information about his biography is often contradictory and historically unconfirmed. According to legend, was born in Phrygia (Asia Minor), Aesop was a slave, and later a freedman, he served at the court of the Lydian king and was killed in Delphi. For the first time, Herodotus mentions Aesop. According to him, Aesop served as a slave, and his lord was a certain Iadmon from the island of Samos, who later granted him freedom. He lived when the Egyptian king Amasis ruled, i.e. in years BC e. He was killed by the Delphians, for which the descendants of Jadmon subsequently received a ransom.

Later, Asia Minor was called his homeland, which is quite plausible, since the nature of his name is consistent with this. His death at Delphi was adorned with a legend that can be restored from Herodotus and Aristophanes, combining them with later testimonies. According to this legend, Aesop, while in Delphi, aroused several citizens against himself with his slander, and they decided to punish him.

To do this, they, having stolen the golden cup from the temple utensils, secretly put it in Aesop's bag and then sounded the alarm; it was ordered to search the pilgrims, the cup was found at Aesop, and he, like a patriarch, was stoned. Many years later, a miraculous discovery of Aesop's innocence followed; the descendants of his killers were forced to pay the virus, for the receipt of which was the grandson of that Jadmon, who was his master.

Aesop's fables were translated (often reworked) into many languages \u200b\u200bof the world, including the famous fables by Jean Lafontaine and Ivan Krylov. Jean Lafontaine Ivan Krylov In Russian, a complete translation of all Aesop's fables was published in 1968. 1968

Under the name of Aesop, a collection of fables (of 426 short works) in a prosaic presentation has been preserved. There is reason to believe that in the era of Aristophanes (end of the 5th century), a written collection of the Aesopian fables was known in Athens, according to which children were taught at school; “You are an ignoramus and a lazy person, you have not even learned Aesop,” says one character from Aristophanes. These were prosaic retelling, without any artistic decoration. In fact, the so-called Aesopian collection includes fables of various eras. Aristophanes Aesopov's collection

Camel Lamb and Wolf Horse and Ishak Partridge and Chicken Reed and Olive tree Eagle and Fox Eagle and Jackdaw Eagle and Turtle Boar and Fox Donkey and Horse Donkey and Fox Donkey and Goat Donkey, Rook and Shepherd Frog, Rat and Crane Lisa and Baran Donkey Fox and Lumberjack Fox and Stork

One poor man fell ill and felt very ill; the doctors backed away from him; and then he prayed to the gods, promising to bring them a hecatomb and donate rich gifts if he recovered. His wife, being nearby, asked: “But what kind of money will you do it for?” “Do you really think,” he replied, “that I will only recover if the gods demand it from me?” The fable shows that people easily promise in words what they don’t even think of doing in practice.

Zeus celebrated the wedding and put up a treat for all the animals. Only the turtle did not come. Not understanding what was happening, the next day Zeus asked her why she alone had not come to the feast. “Your home is the best home,” the turtle replied. Zeus was angry with her and forced her to carry her own house everywhere. So many people are more pleasant to live modestly at home than richly at strangers.

His story ends with an unjust execution on a false charge of theft from a Delphic temple. In the biography of Aesop, pre-sent to the set of fables attributed to him, which were collected by the monk Maxim Planud (14th century), there are many other anecdotes, most of which are unreliable.

Aesop  (Áisopos) - the legendary ancient Greek fabulist (6th century BC), considered the creator (canonizer) of the fable. Legends are painted by Aesop as a holy fool, folk sage (in the guise of a lame slave), innocently thrown from a cliff. He was credited with the plots of almost all the fables known in antiquity (“Aesopian Fables”), processed by many fabulists - from Fedr and Babri to Jean de Lafontaine and Russian writer Ivan Andreevich Krylov. Under the name of Aesop, a collection of fables from 97 short works in prosaic presentation has been preserved. According to 2013 data, not all of them were translated into Russian.

Aesop is the founder of the Aesopian fable named after him. According to ancient tradition, he lived around the middle of the VI century BC, was a slave to the man Jadmon and died a violent death in Delphi. Later, Asia Minor was called his homeland, which is quite plausible, since the nature of his name is consistent with this. His death at Delphi was adorned with a legend that can be restored according to Herodotus and Aristophanes, combining them with later testimonies.

According to this legend, Aesop, while in Delphi, aroused several citizens against himself with his slander, and they decided to punish him. To do this, they, having stolen the golden cup from the temple utensils, secretly put it in his bag and then sounded the alarm. After that, it was ordered to search the pilgrims, a bowl was found at Aesop, and he, like a patriarch, was stoned. Many years later, a miraculous discovery of the fabulist's innocence followed; the descendants of his killers were forced to pay the virus, for the receipt of which was the grandson of that Jadmon, who was his master.

The historical core of this legend lies in the relation of the Delphi, this focus of poetry of the 6th century, to the Aesopian fable: being initially hostile, it eventually became friendly, that is, Delphi considered it best to take under its protection this popular and influential type of narrative poetry. As for the Aesopian fable, then under this name the ancients understood the one in which the characters were animals and other wordless creatures and objects. Another variety was the so-called Sybarite fable, in which people performed; In addition, there were also fables of Libya, Egyptian, Cypriot, Carian and Cilician.

All named areas lay on the outskirts (western, southern, eastern) of the Greek world; this is due to the often noted fact that works of folk literature are better preserved and earlier attracted attention precisely on the outskirts, where antagonism with other nationalities forced more to treasure the treasury of national traditions. According to this, even in the Phrygian Aesop we should see simply the collector and reteller of the Greek fables; his popularity was the reason that any fable of an "esopian" character was attributed to him. There is reason to believe that in the era of Aristophanes (end of the 5th century), a written collection of Aesopian fables was known in Athens, according to which children were taught in school; “You are an ignoramus and a lazy person, you haven't even learned Aesop!” Says one character from Aristophanes. These were prosaic retelling without any artistic decoration.

Aesop's recognition of Delphi was an indirect call for poets to introduce this abandoned form of folk literature into poetic literature; the ancient Greek philosopher from Athens Socrates responded to him, under the influence of the mystical mood in which he, as the chosen one of the Delphic Apollo, spent the last days of his life. Alterations of Socrates were not preserved for posterity; and imaginary passages from them are fake.

The Aesopian fables in prose were composed at the end of the 4th century by Dimitri Falersky. From ancient times, only free poetic alterations of Babria (III century BC) in Greek, Fedra (1st century BC) and Aviene (IV century BC) in Latin have reached us; the same dry prose paraphrases that are entitled in manuscripts like “Aesopian Fables” are all composed in the Middle Ages.

The interest in Aesop's fables was also transferred to his personality; for lack of reliable information about him, they resorted to a legend. The Phrygian snobbish, allegorically blaspheming the powers that be, naturally seemed to be grumpy and vicious, like the Homeric Fersit, and therefore the portrait of Fersit, portrayed in detail by the ancient Greek poet Homer, was transferred to Aesop. He was represented as humpbacked, lame, with the face of a monkey - in a word, in all respects ugly and directly opposite to the divine beauty of Apollo; so he was portrayed in sculpture - in that interesting sculpture that has survived to us.

In Byzantium, an anecdotal Aesopian biography was composed in Byzantium, which was long taken as a source of reliable information about him. Here the fabulist was presented as a slave, sold for nothing at all, constantly offended by comrades and slaves, and overseers, and masters, but able to successfully avenge his offenders. This biography not only did not flow from the true tradition of Aesop - it was not even of Greek origin. Its source is the Jewish story of the wise Akiria, belonging to the cycle of legends that surrounded the identity of King Solomon among later Jews.

The intermediary links between this story and Aesop's Byzantine biography have not yet been discovered; the story itself is known mainly from ancient Slavic alterations. Aesop's biography gained wide popularity and was early translated into many languages: Bulgarian, Turkish and Romanian.

The story of the Aesopian fable is one of the most sensitive gaps in the history of ancient literature; it should be preceded by a collection of all vaults and passages of the Aesopian fable, and this is a very difficult task, which is unlikely to soon find a performer.

Aesop - The Humpbacked Sage

Aesop is considered the creator of the fable. His life literary tradition dates back to the 6th century. According to legend, he was a slave from Phrygia (in Asia Minor), he was subsequently released into the wild and lived for some time at the court of the Lydian king Croesus. It is believed that in the end he ended up in Delphi, where, accused by the priestly aristocracy of sacrilege, he was cast off a cliff.

A large collection of Aesop fables has been preserved, but it was compiled in the Middle Ages, so it is difficult to determine the true inheritance of Aesop. The basis of the Aesop fables is a folk fable, which had a long history. His fables are often lively everyday scenes taken from the very midst of popular life; they are a prime example of early fiction. Subsequently, the Aesopian inheritance underwent distortions, alterations and evoked imitations, beginning with retelling by poems by the Roman fabulist Fedr (1 in A.D.) and the Greek fabulist Babri (3 in A.D.) up to the poetic alterations of Lafontaine, Dmitriev, Izmailov, etc. Translations of fables from Greek and Latin were made by Mikhail Leonovich Gasparov (Mikhail Leonidovich is a Russian literary critic and classic philologist, historian of ancient literature and Russian poetry, translator (from ancient and new languages), poetry, literary theorist. Academ to the Academy of Sciences. Author of fundamental works of the Russian and European poetry. translator of ancient, medieval and modern poetry and prose. Essayist).

Martin Luther believed that the book of Aesop's fables is not the only work of one author, but a collection of more ancient and newer fables, and that the traditional image of Aesop is the fruit of a "poetic legend."

Aesop's fables have been translated (and often reworked) into many languages \u200b\u200bof the world, including the famous fables by Jean Lafontaine and Ivan Krylov.

Aesop's Fables

Aesop literature

• Keller, "Geschichte der griechischen Fabel" (1852);
• The best edition of fables - Halm (Lp., Teubner’a);
• Biographies - Eberhard - “Fabulae Romanenses” (ibid.).
• About Akiria Jagic in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (1892);
• Loparev, “A Word About St. Theostirikte ”(“ Memorial to Ancient Writings ”No. 94);
• Aesop article from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890–1907);
• Aesopian fables with moralizing and notes by Roger Letrange, newly published, and translated into Russian in St. Petersburg, the office of the Academy of Sciences Secretary Sergei Volchkov. St. Petersburg, 1747. 515 p. (Reprints);
• Aesopian fables with fables of the Latin poet Fielf, from the latest French translation, a complete description of the life of Ezopova ... endowed by Mr. Bellegard, now again translated into Russian T.M., 1792. 558 pp .;
• The Complete Collection of Aesop's Fables ... M., 1871. 132 pp .;
• Aesop's Fables. / Translation by M. L. Gasparov. (Series "Literary Monuments"). M .: Nauka, 1968.320 p. 30,000 copies;
• Antique fable. M .: Fiction 1991. S. 23-268;
• Aesopian Commandments. Fables. Biography / translation of Gasparov M.L. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003 .-- 288 p. - ISBN 5-222-03491-7;
• Gasparov M. L., Antique literary fables, M., 1971;
• Aesopica, ed. B, E. Perry, v. 1, Urbana, 1952; in the Russian translation - Aesop's Fables, M., 1968;
• Nøjgaard M., La fable antique, t. 1, Kbh., 1964.