What is a condensing boiler. Overview of condensing gas boilers Manufacturers of heating equipment of the type in question

Recently, a new type of gas boilers has appeared - condensing boilers. They work, as befits gas boilers, on natural or liquefied gas. Liquefied gas, as a rule, is used by more constructive boilers, more often industrial than domestic ones. Condensing gas boilers owe their name to the ability to extract from the combustion products "latent" heat obtained as a result of the condensation of the water vapor contained in them. Using such heat, which usually goes away with the flue gases, condensing boilers can reach the average efficiency (efficiency) for the heating period, which is conventionally designated as 107-109%.

Wall-hung condensing boilers have long been widespread in Europe, where they occupy about 70% of the gas boiler market.

With the development of individual heating for apartments, they find more and more widespread use in Russia and begin to penetrate the Ukrainian market. Recently, in connection with the active construction of apartments with an improved layout and a large area, it is believed that a wall-mounted gas boiler (condensing or conventional) is the lot of apartment heating. It should be noted that wall-mounted condensing boilers, like non-condensing gas boilers, can heat apartments or small country cottages, large individual houses (from about 230 m2) require the installation of a floor-standing boiler, regardless of condensing or conventional gas. Do not forget that in individual cottages, in addition to heating water in the heating system, the boiler also works to heat water for domestic needs.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: In conventional gas boilers, combustion products pass through the heat exchange surfaces of the boiler, where they give up part of their energy to the heat carrier. Part of the energy, together with the combustion products, leaves the boiler through the chimney system into the atmosphere, and together with the gases, the water vapor formed during the condensation process also leaves. In conventional boilers, the fight against condensation is mandatory, in condensing boilers condensation of water vapor is only welcome, it is the most important condition for the operation of the boiler. A huge amount of water vapor is contained in flue gases, which are not used by conventional gas boilers. In a condensing boiler, these vapors are cooled in a heat exchanger with a heating medium from the return line of the heating system. Water vapor condenses, and the latent heat of condensation is transferred to the heat carrier from the return line of the heating system, adding to the heat obtained from fuel combustion.

Condensing boilers have a variable speed blower fan in front of the heat exchanger, therefore they are made with a closed combustion chamber and the discharge of combustion products through a coaxial, plastic or aluminum chimney. Fan speed control makes it possible to always maintain the optimum air / gas ratio for combustion. This achieves an efficiency in excess of 100% for a lower calorific value, resulting in significant fuel savings. With this process of gas combustion, the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere is very small.

In order to minimize heat losses with flue gases, condensation of water vapor from flue gases must occur in the boiler heat exchanger. The fundamental possibility of using condensation heat will be the higher, the lower the temperature of the heating system, while the temperature of at least part of the heat exchange surface should be equal to or lower than the dew point temperature. For natural gas under normal conditions it is + 57 ° С. Therefore, in order for the boiler to operate in condensation mode, the temperature of the coolant in the return line (through which it returns from the heating system to the boiler) must not be higher than + 57 ° C. Thus, the basic principle of operation of any condensing boiler is that the lower the temperature of the heating system, the greater the possibility of using the condensing principle.

When the condensing boiler is operated at an operating temperature of 80/60 "C, the minimum condensation of water vapor occurs and the efficiency of the condensing boiler will be approximately 98%. The difference in efficiency compared to a classic boiler (92%) is not so great. When the temperatures of the heating system are reduced, for example , up to 53/30 "C, the situation will be different. Then the boiler condensation mode will be fully used, significant condensation of water vapor will occur and the boiler efficiency will reach 107-109%.

Condensing boilers, like any gas boilers, can be wall-mounted, floor-standing, single or double-circuit.

Install condensing boilers on specially designed low-temperature heating systems (preferably no higher than 60/40 ° C, maximum 70/50 ° C)

As a result of the fact that the temperature of the exhaust gases is often below 40 ° C, it is possible and even recommended to use only plastic or ceramic chimneys, which will significantly reduce the financial costs of their installation.

The choice of the heating system also influences the efficiency of the condensing boiler: underfloor heating or radiator heating. For heating systems with radiators, the design winter temperature in the supply line is often taken as 70 degrees and 50 degrees in the return line. For optimum condensation, the return water temperature is decisive. It should be as low as possible to the dew point temperature. Even if the calculated winter temperature is minus 20 degrees, the return water temperature will just reach the dew point temperature. The lower the return water temperature becomes, the higher the degree of condensation in the condensing boiler becomes.

If, instead of radiator heating, a floor heating system is used as much as possible with a supply temperature of 40 -45 degrees and a return temperature of 35-30 degrees, the degree of condensation becomes even higher. As a result, during the entire heating season, the return water temperature is well below the dew point temperature. The working conditions of the condensing boiler are optimized and it works even more efficiently.

The use of a condensing boiler for heating a private house makes it possible to increase the comfort of the heating system (due to the possibility of operating the boiler at lower temperatures) and to reduce the gas consumption by 15-20% (with the correct calculation of the heating system). With a differentiated tariff for natural gas, in some cases, a reduction in gas consumption by 20% leads to a decrease in heating costs by 1.5-2 times.

Among the advantages of condensing boilers can also be called their higher efficiency, about 15-20% higher in comparison with conventional ones. In addition, such boilers use high-tech burners that ensure the preparation of the fuel-air mixture in optimal proportions for a given combustion mode (with continuous control of the gas-air ratio), which minimizes the likelihood of incomplete fuel combustion.

Chimneys for conventional gas boilers are different from those for condensing boilers. The myths about too complex and expensive chimneys for air conditioning boilers have no foundation. The main difference between chimneys for condensing boilers is that the design of the condensing boiler assumes the removal of combustion products forcibly, which makes it possible to connect the boiler to such flue exhaust systems as a coaxial chimney, a two-pipe system, as well as to the system of air intake from the room and removal of combustion products through chimney. The advantage of such boilers is a large number of options for connecting to a chimney without building it. This is exactly what floor standing boilers lack so much. The only requirement for chimneys for condensing boilers is their tightness.

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The range of heating boilers presented in retail chains is unusually diverse and wide. Today there is an opportunity to purchase not just a good, but an almost technically perfect unit. Do you think these do not exist? You are wrong. The market is rapidly and confidently conquering condensing boilers - the true embodiment of environmental friendliness and efficiency. Unlike typical gas boilers, which have an efficiency of about 85%, condensing units are able to use fuel more economically - and at the same time demonstrate an efficiency of 95-96%. In this regard, rational Europeans encourage the widespread use of such equipment, even at the legislative level.

Despite the relatively high cost of condensing boilers in comparison with the "conventional designs", the first successfully and quickly pay off in the face of continuous growth in gas prices. Condensers are offered by almost all leading manufacturers of heating equipment - Vaillant, Junkers, Ferroli, Baxi, Viessmann.

Condensation of water vapor resulting from the combustion of hydrocarbons is one of the most promising innovative technologies for heat production. That is why we can say with confidence that the future belongs to such units.

A bit of the history of progressive development

The first "representatives" of condensing boilers appeared in the 50s. Naturally, these models were very, very far from perfect - but they showed real fuel economy even then. Their key disadvantage was the fragility of structural elements in contact with aggressive condensate. Steel and cast-iron heat exchangers suddenly fell into disrepair under the "onslaught" of merciless corrosion, and the device failed.

Condensing boilers, the most similar to modern ones in design and quality, were seen by the world in the 70s. Their heat exchangers have already been made of stainless steel - a durable and reliable material.

Modern condensing boilers are the embodiment of economy, environmental friendliness and high efficiency. According to many experts, they definitely have a promising future in the heating equipment market.

Various studies and developments in relation to the use of the "latent energy of vaporization" were also in the Soviet Union, but for many reasons they did not succeed in becoming massive and global.

The principle of operation of such units

As you know, the principle of operation of any heating boiler is extremely simple:

Fuel burns.
Heat energy is released.
Thermal energy through the heat exchanger "enters" to the coolant.

Naturally, it is not complete without heat loss. In a traditional gas boiler, the flue gases escape into the atmosphere through the chimney; together with them, part of the unused heat is also lost, because together with the gases, water vapor is also lost, which is formed during the combustion of fuel.

This steam contains exactly that latent energy that condensing boilers can store and transfer to the heating system. Extraction of "precious heat" is made possible by the condensation of steam in a special heat exchanger.

The water flow ("return") cools the vapors to the dew point temperature; the energy released during the condensation of vapors is absorbed by the same water.

Condensation heat exchangers are made exclusively of corrosion-resistant materials - stainless steel or silumin, since the practical use of condensate, unfortunately, does not in any way improve its chemically aggressive composition.

Usually condensate is collected in a special tank built into the unit, and only then is discharged into the sewer. Due to the high aggressiveness of this product of the "vital activity" of the boiler, different norms and rules for its disposal have been adopted in different countries. In some, condensate is allowed to be sent directly to the sewer, in others it must first be neutralized. Condensate neutralizers are offered by many manufacturers. What are they? These are containers filled with granulate containing calcium or magnesium compounds.

Determination of the actual efficiency of the boiler

Condensing boilers can be safely "introduced" into both traditional and low-temperature systems such as underfloor heating. Working in tandem with the latter, these units demonstrate an unusually high efficiency, since the conditions for condensation are almost ideal.

Competent installation of the "condensing boiler + underfloor heating" system allows you to completely abandon radiators and operate underfloor heating as the main, and not an auxiliary source of heat

We often hear that the efficiency of a condensing boiler can reach a fantastic 109%. Such audacious statements from manufacturers usually amaze people with even the slightest understanding of physics. After all, it turns out that actually perpetual motion machines appeared on sale! In fact, this is an exclusively marketing ploy, designed only to draw attention to the development, and in no way claiming to be scientific truth. But how did this figure come about? It turns out that the coefficient of efficiency which is "off scale" for 100% is the result of a careful comparison of condensing units with ordinary gas boilers.

"Nonsense" is explained by experts as follows: the efficiency of a typical boiler is calculated by the lowest heat of combustion, without taking into account the heat "flying into the pipe", and with such mathematics is 92-95%. The efficiency of a condensing boiler according to this calculation method is as much as 100%. If you add to it an 8-9% "charge of energy" from the use of the latent heat of condensation, you will get "phenomenal performance". But this is all conditional.

If we make objective calculations, it turns out that the efficiency of standard units is only 84-86%, and of condensing units - a little more than 95%. And this is under ideal conditions.

The condensing boiler can always be equipped with modern weather-compensated automation. It controls the boiler, focusing on the average daily temperature, thereby further increasing the efficiency of the equipment.

Condensing boilers are equipment with a closed combustion chamber. Air supply, removal of combustion products are carried out in a "forced manner". They do not need a classic chimney and are reasonably safe. They can be connected to such smoke removal systems as a two-pipe system, a coaxial chimney, etc.

The relatively low temperature of the combustion products of the condensation units makes it possible to equip the smoke exhaust system for them using plastic pipes. This allows you to save a little, which is good news.

Should you buy a "condensation unit"?

There are wall-mounted and floor-standing condensers. The power of the first, depending on the model, can be up to 120 kW, the second - up to 320 kW or more. If it is necessary to increase the capacity of the installations, it is possible to link the boilers into a cascade.

Depending on the purpose, there are single-circuit and double-circuit condensing boilers. Single-circuit - exclusively for solving the issue of heating; double-circuit is heating + hot water supply.

The cascade connection of condensing boilers allows you to easily organize a compact, easy-to-use boiler room that can demonstrate tremendous savings during the transition period

Still in doubt, is it worth getting a condensing boiler and pinning high hopes on it? An objective look at the advantages and disadvantages of this equipment will help you make the right choice.

Condensing boilers have characteristics that exceed even the most stringent requirements for heating units by the certification authorities. They are recommended for installation in protected and resort areas. The amount of harmful emissions from condensing boilers is 5-8 times less than that of gas boilers

The main advantages of the units include:

Extremely compact. A condenser up to 120 kW can always be found in a wall-mounted version. Traditional boilers of the same power are, as a rule, exclusively floor-standing, therefore, they take up much more space;
Light weight;
High efficiency;
Deep modulation;
Saving money on the arrangement of the chimney;
Environmental friendliness - a minimum of harmful emissions into the environment;
Reduced vibration;
Low noise level. A well-thought-out design of the units allows you to almost completely eliminate noise effects. Operation of boilers of this type inside residential premises does not cause any discomfort;
And most importantly, a significant reduction in gas costs - from 10% to 35%, depending on the "baseline".

Among the disadvantages of the equipment it is worth noting:

Very high cost. The condensing unit will cost 40-120% more than a conventional boiler;
Ineffectiveness in severe frosts. When there is a fierce cold outside, the temperature of the water in the heating system definitely has to be increased. If the temperature of the return water exceeds 60 degrees, the condensing boiler will not be able to perform its miracle function and will switch to normal boiler mode with an efficiency of about 85%.

Practice shows that, despite all the nuances, condensing boilers are the right choice for thoughtful owners who value competent savings and want to bring maximum thermal comfort to their home. Please note that you can only enjoy a truly efficient system based on a condensing boiler if you trust competent professionals in the selection and installation of equipment.

Those who have at least once faced the need for high-quality and efficient heating of a country house or cottage opt for such equipment as a condensing boiler. This is the most popular device, which is characterized by high efficiency rates. Due to this, as well as a large number of other positive performance characteristics, the equipment is optimally suited for a large variety of premises.

Features of the condensing boiler

Such a boiler does not always use its entire energy, which is produced in the process of fuel production. Some part of it, which is called heat, goes away along with water vapor, which may be contained in products from evaporation. But it is this heat that is used for high-quality heating of the water that is in the boiler, since the resulting steam tends to condense. This process can be carried out only due to the fact that the combustion products are cooled to a certain temperature, which is called the dew point, which is usually 55 degrees.

This boiler works in such a way that all the combustion products inside it are cooled under the influence of water, and the water in turn returns from the general heating system. It is for this reason that the temperature of the water in the central heating system served by the boiler should be slightly lower when compared to traditional boilers..

The savings from using this device when compared with a traditional device is approximately 11%. At the same time, the cost of a gas condensing boiler decreases slightly from time to time, and the price of gas, as a rule, remains stable. Therefore, the costs associated with the purchase are quickly compensated.

Many users of this high-quality equipment highlight the ideal ratio of cost and a large amount of the beneficial effect of boilers, as well as their rather long service life. In addition, it attracts the presence of minimal costs for maintenance of boilers, which are quite insignificant amounts.

Based on the presence of a large number of positive qualities, it can quite rightly be attributed to the ideal equipment that will make heating a country house convenient, comfortable and simple... Equipment of such a plan is able to give a large number of warm minutes in the cold season.

Describing the features of such devices, it can be noted that a gas condensing boiler is used to effectively heat the room. In this process, it uses the thermal energy that is released during the combustion of fuel, as well as the heat of water vapor. A similar principle of operation can be possible due to the condensation of some combustion products on the inner walls.

Modern condensing double-circuit and single-circuit boilers are able to provide the opportunity to use the energy of the fuel used as efficiently as possible, while reducing consumer heating costs. Currently, thanks to effective engineering developments, it has become possible to collect such energy, therefore, in all modern condensing-type heating boilers, this energy is much higher than that of conventional ones.

It is worth noting that a wall-mounted boiler is able to operate at sufficiently low temperatures, unlike a traditional one, and it can also provide high gas savings by about 20% and thus reduce the cost of all heating in general. It is thanks to this that you can buy a simple water heater, and then connect it to a heating device without any additional costs for heating and hot water supply. As for the material from which the boiler is made, it is a mandatory basis that is resistant to corrosion.

Boiler working principle

The most basic difference between such a floor-standing condensing boiler, from other devices, is the presence of a special heat-exchange tank, designed to significantly increase the area where various combustion products are cooled in some way to a temperature that does not exceed 40 degrees. For this reason, the water vapor contained in the smoke, after some time, passes into a special liquid state, gradually releasing heat energy.

The condensation process is carried out strictly in a heat exchanger, which is made of metal resistant to corrosion. To obtain the full effect of condensation, it is worth reducing the temperature to such an extent that the water vapor from the flue gas begins to turn into a liquid. Therefore, it can be judged that the principle of operation of the condensing boiler is the most effective.

High efficiency of the condensing boiler

Describing this device, it is possible to highlight in more detail some of the advantages such as environmental friendliness, efficiency, high performance indicators, which is based on the principle of operation of a condensing boiler. It is the economy that is one of the main positive qualities, which is especially important in the context of constantly growing gas prices.

If there is a need to increase the capacity of the boiler room, it is possible to combine several boilers at once into a certain cascade. This is especially in demand for rooftop devices, as well as in boiler rooms where a certain performance is required. Wall-mounted and floor-standing condensing boilers have, as the reviews say, advantageous reduced noise characteristics, which stand out especially when compared with conventional boilers. There are also disadvantages of condensing boilers - their relatively high cost.

Thus, in the process of purchasing such a design, the buyer makes a choice in favor of economy, modern innovation, the possibility of long-term use, as well as in protecting the purity of the environment.

Condensing heating boilers are an innovative development that is successfully used in the EU countries. Due to the increased efficiency, the device saves on heating, which is very important in our time. In this article I will tell you about its structure and features.

Condensing boilers

Operating principle

Condensing gas boilers are a type of heating equipment designed to heat the heating system and sanitary water (in the case of a double-circuit design).

As with conventional boilers, there are:

gas combustion chamber;
heat exchangers;
expansion tank;
coaxial chimney;
control automation;
circulation pump.

However, there are also significant differences.

The principle of operation of the device is based on the fact that when the heat of the burned fuel is released, the vapors formed from the water in the natural gas condense. As a result, the vaporization energy hidden in these vapors is not thrown out through the chimney into the street, but is used for additional heating of the coolant.

As you know, dew point temperature is required for water condensation. In a gas boiler, it is 57 ° C. Therefore, for the system to work, it is necessary to cool the heat exchanger or part of it below the dew point temperature.

For this, the return temperature of the heating agent must be at a level of 40 - 50 ° C or lower. This means that the condensing boiler will only work efficiently with a low-temperature, high-inertia heating system. It can be "warm floor" or panel heating.

Another condition for the effective operation of the device is availability of special a heat exchanger that can sufficiently cool the combustion products... First, these products pass through the part of the heat exchanger farthest from the return, they are pre-cooled, then they again pass through the coldest and closest to the return part of the economizer and are cooled below 57 ° С.

The water vapor contained in the combustion products condenses on the walls of the heat exchanger and releases the heat energy released during condensation. This, at first glance, is an insignificant amount of heat. can increase the efficiency of the boiler by 9 - 11% compared to a conventional convection device.

So, before us is a boiler, which receives additional heat due to the aftercooling of the gas combustion products. As a result steam condenses on the walls of the heat exchanger, and the released energy is used to heat the coolant.

Device

In general, the design of the condensate unit resembles that of a conventional gas boiler.

To implement the principle described above, the presence of such nodes is required:

A special heat exchanger made of corrosion-resistant material (copper or silumin), which is divided into two sections. In one of the sections, the main heating of the coolant takes place, then the combustion products are directed to an additional section with the coldest water, where water vapor condenses and gives up its energy;
A closed combustion chamber with a coaxial chimney allows you to more accurately control the process of movement of gas combustion products and the saturation of the mixture with oxygen;
The blower fan in front of the heat exchanger with a variable speed allows maintaining the optimal air / natural gas ratio;
Chimney made of ceramic or heat-resistant plastic. It is possible to use plastic here, since the smoke temperature does not exceed 70 ° C;
Flue gas evacuation pump with electronic power control. It optimizes the operation of the device, reduces noise and helps to adjust the optimal mode;
Condensate removal system. The water settled on the walls of the heat exchanger is discharged into the sewer.

The photo shows a plastic coaxial chimney.

For the most productive and comfortable operation of the device, it is necessary to have a low-temperature heating system, for example, "
You can customize the device with your own hands, but it is better to call a specialist.

Among the advantages of using condensate units are usually the following features:

The most efficient use of thermal energy from fuel combustion;

Highest efficiency of all known heating boilers;

Simple operating instructions for the device;

Significant savings in energy costs;

Reliable and durable performance.

It is important to understand that this is not a developmental innovation. The devices are successfully used in many European countries, and their inhabitants have not asked what it is for a long time. In some countries, for example, in the UK, only condensing boilers are sold, as the government cares about the economy and the general well-being of citizens.

The only drawback is the high price of the device, but it quickly pays off due to gas savings, which is very expensive in European countries. Considering the fact that the problem of the high cost of energy resources is gradually becoming relevant for everyone, Russian citizens should also take a closer look at this technology.

Output

We examined a condensing boiler and analyzed the principle of its operation. This device allows you to achieve maximum efficiency and significant savings on heating. You can find even more information from the video in this article, and ask your questions in the comments.

The condensing boiler is actively used in all European countries. No one doubts that this is a practical and reliable device. Europeans simply admire it - it is environmentally friendly equipment and significant energy savings. The first country to start using a condensing boiler was Holland. In the USA, the use of such devices makes it possible to obtain preferential tax conditions. In recent years, their production technology has become much cheaper, which makes it possible to draw the attention of an increasing number of people. However, these units cost twice as much as conventional ones, which is quite justified.

The condensing boiler works according to a very simple principle. The creation of such devices became possible only after the appearance of a corrosion-resistant light alloy from stainless steel. This is due to the fact that in the process of formation of water condensate, corrosion of cast iron and steel occurred. Now you can talk about how the gas condensing boiler works. Water enters the inside of the unit, heating up there due to the combustion of gas. After that, it is sent from the boiler to the heating system, where it cools down. Then the water is again in the boiler. When the gas burns, not only heat is generated, but also various products of this process in the form of chemical compounds. Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of water and nitrogen. The first component turns into steam when exposed to high temperatures. Incomplete combustion of fuel results in the formation of carbon monoxide and soot. These hot gases give up their energy to the coolant passing through the boiler heat exchanger, while the water is heated. The cooled gases escape to the atmosphere through the chimney. leaves with the smoke.

The condensing boiler is equipped with a secondary heat exchanger, which has a special design that allows water to condense on a surface where the temperature is less than 50. In order for the steam to settle, the heating medium from the heating system return is used. Warm gas, which was not used in the process of heating the water in the main heat exchanger, ends up in the second, where the liquid flows after cooling. The vapors condense, giving up some of the energy, which allows the water to be heated. The resulting condensate goes through an additional drain pipe to the sewer.

Gas condensing ones work the more efficiently, the lower the temperature of the water entering the device. The optimum temperature for such devices is 30-40 degrees Celsius. In a radiator system, the temperature is usually 60-70 degrees, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of such equipment, but it still remains quite high. Optimum operation of the condensing boiler is possible when the difference in the temperature of the direct and return lines is at the level of 20 degrees, no more.