The sheer confusion in these units. Megabits and megabytes sound and look similar, so mistakes are common, sometimes leading to a misunderstanding of certain characteristics. Well, manufacturers, providers, developers are contributing their five cents to the bank of confusion, for marketing purposes (I do not want to think that out of ignorance) using one instead of the other. In general, as in the story with the presidential pike: either a pound, or a kilogram, but exactly 21. Let's try to figure out where we have megabytes, where megabytes.

Definition

Megabit  - a unit of measurement of the amount of information equal to one million bits (or 1,048,576 bits).

Megabyte  - a unit of measurement of the amount of information equal to either one million bytes or 2²º (1048576) bytes.

Comparison

The difference between megabyte and megabyte is mathematically logical, but the duality of perception is not explained by a whim, but by the peculiarity of the measurement system according to Russian GOST. The prefixes of the measurement system are standardized, and in the case of mega, they mean a number multiplied by 10⁶ (that same million). Mathematically, this is not true, since in one megabyte there are 1024 kilobytes, that is, 2 is raised to the power of (twentieth) 2. The same goes for bits: in 1 Mbps, 1024 Kbps. Based on the fact that there are 8 bits in one byte, it is not difficult to calculate that any indicators in megabytes are translated into megabytes by dividing by 8.

The average user rarely has to deal with calculations, mainly in the process of pulling files from the network. Megabits and megabytes have long divided the scope of operation: in megabytes (per second) the speed of transferring files on the network is measured, in megabytes - the volume of files. Confusion arises when, for example, torrent clients show the download speed in megabytes (an eternal mystery), and the provider takes money for the speed in megabytes. Then, instead of the promised three-digit numbers, a modest two-digit number appears on the monitor, plunging the user into shock and forcing them to scold the equipment both their own and the operator. Divide by 8 - and everything will converge (well, how much is it possible at all in peer-to-peer networks - the speed depends not only on the provider).

And in order not to get confused in the future - look carefully. Megabytes are designated as Mbit (Mbit), and megabytes - MB (MB).

Website conclusions

1. Megabyte is a bit unit, megabyte is a byte.
2. In megabytes, the file transfer speed is measured, in megabytes the file size.
3. Megabits are Mb, megabytes are MB.

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1 megabit per second (metric) [Mb / s] \u003d 0.00643004115226337 Optical carrier 3

Initial value

Converted value

bits per second bytes per second kilobits per second (metric) kilobytes per second (metric) kibibits per second kibibytes per second megabits per second (metric) megabytes per second (metric) mebibit per second mebibytes per second gigabytes per second (metric) gigabytes in second (metric) gibibit per second gibibit per second terabit per second (metric) terabyte per second (metric) tebibit per second terabyte per second Ethernet 10BASE-T Ethernet 100BASE-TX (fast) Ethernet 1000BASE-T (gigabit) Optical carrier 1 Optical carrier 3 Optical carrier 12 Optical carrier 24 Optical carrier 48 Optical carrier 192 Optical carrier 768 ISDN (single channel) ISDN (dual channel) modem (110) modem (300) modem (1200) modem (2400) modem (9600) modem (14.4k) modem ( 28.8k) modem (33.6k) modem (56k) SCSI (asynchronous mode) SCSI (synchronous mode) SCSI (Fast) SCSI (Fast Ultra) SCSI (Fast Wide) SCSI (Fast Ultra Wide) SCSI (Ultra-2) SCSI ( Ultra-3) SCSI (LVD Ultra80) SCSI (LVD Ultra160) IDE (PIO mode 0) ATA-1 (PIO mode 1) ATA-1 (PIO mode 2) ATA-2 (PIO mode 3) ATA-2 (PIO mode 4) ATA / ATAPI-4 (DMA mode 0) ATA / ATAPI-4 (DMA mode 1) ATA / ATAPI-4 (DMA mode 2) ATA / ATAPI-4 (UDMA mode 0) ATA / ATAPI-4 (UDMA mode 1) ATA / ATAPI-4 (UDMA mode 2) ATA / ATAPI-5 (UDMA mode 3) ATA / ATAPI-5 (UDMA mode 4) ATA / ATAPI-4 (UDMA-33) ATA / ATAPI-5 (UDMA- 66) USB 1.X FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995) T0 (by full signal) T0 (B8ZS full signal) T1 (useful signal) T1 (full signal) T1Z (full signal) T1C (useful signal) T1C (full signal) T2 (useful signal) T3 (useful signal) T3 (full signal) T3Z (full signal) T4 (useful signal) Virtual Tributary 1 (useful signal) Virtual Tributary 1 (full signal) Virtual Tributary 2 (useful signal) Virtual Tributary 2 (full signal) Virtual Tributary 6 (useful signal) Virtual Tributary 6 (full signal ) STS1 (useful signal) STS1 (complete signal) STS3 (useful signal) STS3 (complete signal) STS3c (useful signal) STS3c (complete signal) STS12 (useful signal) STS24 (useful signal) STS48 (useful signal) STS192 (wanted signal) STM-1 (wanted signal) STM-4 (wanted signal) STM-16 (wanted signal) STM-64 (wanted signal) USB 2.X USB 3.0 USB 3.1 FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b- 2002) FireWire S1600 and S3200 (IEEE 1394-2008)

Featured Article

Details on data transfer and Kotelnikov's theorem

General information

Modern devices that record and process data, such as computers, mainly work with data in digital format. If the signal is analog, then in order for these devices to work with it, it is converted to digital. An analog signal is continuous and continuous, like a sound wave, shown in pink in the illustration.

The conversion of the analog signal to digital occurs during the sampling process. At the same time, after each defined period of time, the signal amplitude is measured, in other words, a discrete sample is taken, and a model of this signal in digital format is built on the basis of the received information. The illustration in orange shows the intervals at which the count was made.

If these intervals are small enough, you can quite accurately recreate the analog signal from a digital one. In this case, the reconstructed signal is practically no different from the original analog. However, the more readings, the more space is occupied by a digital file containing this signal, which increases the size of the memory needed to store it, and the bandwidth of the communication channel needed to transfer this file.

When converting a signal from analog to digital, some information is lost, but if these losses are small, then the human brain supplements the missing information. This means that there is no need to often take samples of the signal - they can be made no more often than necessary to make the signal seem continuous to a person. You can imagine these sampling frequencies using the example of a stroboscope. When it is tuned to a low frequency, such as 25 flashes per second (25 Hz), we notice that the light turns on and off. If you set the strobe to a higher frequency, for example, 72 flashes per second, then the blinks will be invisible, since at this frequency the human brain fills the gaps in the signal. The cathode ray tubes used in computer monitors, which were recently replaced by liquid crystal displays, update the image at a certain frequency, for example 72 Hz. If this frequency is lowered, for example, to 60 Hz or lower, the screen will blink. This is due to the reason described above. Each pixel when updating the image is darkened for a short time, according to a principle similar to the operation of a stroboscope. In LCD monitors, this does not happen, so they do not blink, even at a low refresh rate.

Insufficient sampling and signal distortion

This distortion is called aliasing. One of the most common examples of such distortion is moire. It can be seen on images of surfaces with a repeating pattern, for example on walls, on hair and on clothes.

In some cases, due to the insufficient number of samples, two different analog signals can be converted to the same digital signal. In the upper figure, the blue analog signal is different from the pink, but when converted to digital, the same signal is obtained, shown in blue.

This problem with signal processing distorts the digital signal even at a sufficiently high sample rate, which is usually used for sound recording. When recording sound, high-frequency signals that are not audible to the human ear are sometimes converted to a digital signal of a lower frequency (in the illustration), which is audible to people. This causes noise and sound distortion. One way to get rid of this problem is to filter all components of the signal above the threshold of audibility, that is, above 22 kHz. In this case, the signal does not distort.

Another solution to this problem is to increase the sampling rate. The higher this frequency, the smoother the digital signal, as in the illustration. Here, the digital signal obtained from the analog signal in the graph at the top, it is shown in blue. This digital signal is almost identical to the analog signal, and overlaps it, so the pink signal is not visible at all in this illustration.

Kotelnikov Theorem

Since we are interested in the fact that the file with our digital signal is as small as possible, we need to determine how often we should take samples so as not to degrade the signal quality. For these calculations use kotelnikov theorem, also known in English literature as the reference theorem or the Nyquist-Shannon theorem. According to this theorem, the frequency at which the samples are taken should be at least twice the highest frequency of the analog signal. The frequency determines how many complete oscillations occur in a given time. In our example, we used SI units, seconds, for time and hertz (Hz) for frequency. If you know the time during which one oscillation occurs, then you can calculate the frequency by dividing 1 by this time. In the illustration, the signal in the upper graph, marked in pink, completes one oscillation in 6 seconds, so its frequency is 1/6 Hz. In order to convert this signal to digital and not lose quality, according to Kotelnikov's theorem, it is necessary to take samples twice as often, that is, with a frequency of 1/3 Hz, or every 3 seconds. In the illustration, the samples are taken with such purity - each sample is indicated by an orange dot. In the lower graph, the frequency of the signal shown in green is higher. It reaches 1 Hz, since one oscillation is completed in one second. To sample this signal, it is necessary to take samples with a frequency of 2 Hz or every 1/2 second, as shown in the illustration.

History of the theorem

The reference theorem was deduced and proved almost simultaneously by a number of independent scientists around the world. In Russian, it is known as the Kotelnikov theorem, but in other languages, the name often includes the names of other scientists, for example, Nyquist and Shannon in the English version. Other contributors to this area include D. M. Whittaker and G. Raabe.

Examples of sample rate selection

How often to take samples is usually decided using the Kotelnikov theorem, but the choice of the maximum signal frequency depends on what the digital signal will be used for. In some cases, the sampling frequency is greater than the doubled signal frequency. Typically, such a high frequency is necessary to improve the quality of the digital signal. In other cases, the frequency is limited to an audible spectrum, as, for example, in the case of compact discs, in which the sampling frequency is 44 & nbsp100 Hz. This frequency allows you to transfer sounds to the highest frequency that the human ear can hear, that is, up to 20 Hz. Doubling this frequency to 44 & nbsp100 Hz allows signal transmission without loss of quality.

It should be noted that the threshold of audibility depends on age. So, for example, children and young people hear sounds with a frequency of up to 18 & nbsp000 Hz, but with age, this threshold drops to 15 & nbsp000 Hz and below. Manufacturers use this knowledge to create electronic devices and software specifically for young people. For example, some smartphones can be configured to ring at a frequency above 15 Hz - this call is not heard by most adults. Audio recordings are also made taking into account the hearing threshold of young people and those who have very good hearing. That is why to the threshold of audibility of most people added an additional 50 Hz, multiplied by two for the sampling frequency. That is, they are guided by 22 & nbsp050 Hz doubled - hence the high sampling frequency of 44 & nbsp100 Hz. The sampling rate in audio recordings for video, for example used in films or television programs, is even higher, up to 48 & nbsp000 Hz.

Sometimes, on the contrary, the frequency range for recording is narrowed. For example, if most of the sound is a human voice, then it is not necessary to recreate a digital signal with high quality. So, for example, in transmitting devices, such as telephones, the sampling frequency is only 8 & nbsp000 Hz. This is enough to transmit voice, since few will transmit records of a symphony orchestra by telephone.

Do you have difficulty translating units from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post your question to TCTerms  and within a few minutes you will receive a response.

What does the concept of “normal Internet speed” mean? What should it be for optimal operation and leisure on a personal computer. The same connection will seem to some quite sufficient, and to someone - the inability to work effectively. What is normal for an Internet cafe, for the University of Moscow State University, for example, "will not be enough."

Using computers at home raises reasonable questions for users: what Internet speed is considered normal for a home and how to choose a suitable tariff plan.

If the PC owner’s finances are limited, when choosing a tariff for home Internet, he will surely encounter a number of offers from providers that prevent him from making the right decision. To avoid errors, you should know some parameters that determine the quality of the Internet at home.

To determine what the speed of the Internet is, you first need to familiarize yourself with the basic concepts.

Bits, kilobits, megabits

The speed of data transmission is usually measured in bits / sec. But since the bit is very small, kilobits or megabits are used:

• Kilobits \u003d 1024 bits.
• Megabits \u003d 1024 kilobits.

With the advent of optical cables, Internet speeds have increased dramatically. If earlier the 128 kbit / s indicator was considered normal, today the parameter is measured in megabits and amounts to 100 megabits per second (Mbps).

Therefore, megabits per second is the standard unit for measuring the speed of the modern Internet. The conditional classification of an Internet connection is as follows:

• slow - 512 Kbps;
• low - 2 Mbps;
• average - 10 Mbps;
• high - 50 Mbps;
• very high - 100 Mbps.

You need to understand that the lower the speed, the lower the tariff.

Byte is not a bit

Internet users are interested in working with files, their size is usually measured in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes equal to:

• Byte - 8 bits.
• Kilobytes \u003d 1024 bytes.
• Megabytes \u003d 1024 kilobytes.
• Gigabytes \u003d 1024 megabytes.

Inexperienced users confuse byte with bit. And instead of megabytes they get megabits (Mbps). This leads to a serious error, for example, when calculating the download time of files.

It is unrealistic to accurately determine the file download period, because:

• Providers indicate the maximum connection speed. The average (working) will be lower.
• Noise reduction reduces speed, especially if a remote router is used.
• A remote FTP server limits the ability to download, so much so that everything else becomes irrelevant.

But the approximate time, nevertheless, is possible to establish. Calculations will be easier if you round:

• byte \u003d 10 bits;
• kilobytes \u003d 1 thousand bytes.

But it’s better to just start downloading and determine the download time using the program than to calculate the time theoretically.

What tasks affect the choice of speed

The lower the Internet connection speed, the smaller the range of available tasks, but the tariff is cheaper. The right choice allows you to feel comfortable without wasting money.

We outline the range of interests

The Internet is used to solve various problems:

• Surfing on social networks, listening to music.
• Online games.
• Organization of streaming broadcasting (stream).
• Video calls.
• Watching videos online.
• Download music, movies, other files.
• Uploading files to the cloud.

Choose a connection

When the range of interests is determined, we set ourselves the tasks and choose the appropriate tariff.

Providers offer various types of connection, for example, 300 rubles per month for Internet access at a speed of 15 Mbit / s.

There are two numbers in the tariff descriptions:

If the second number is missing, then the speeds are equal. If necessary, check with your Internet service provider.

  What Internet speed is enough

A number of tasks assigned to him in working with a PC helps the user to determine this indicator:

For social networks and music

For surfing on social networks and listening to music, high speed is not needed. The user will feel quite comfortable with 2 Mbps. Even a speed of 512 Kbps will do, but site pages will open more slowly.

To watch videos online

The following speed indicators are considered normal for watching videos online, depending on the quality of the clips and films:

• SD-video (360 p, 480 p) - 2 Mbps.
• HD video (720 p) - 5 Mbps.
• Full-HD (1080 p) - 8 Mbps.
• Ultra-HD (2160 p) - 30 Mbps.

100 Mbps - this speed is more than enough to watch online video in any quality. Since buffering occurs while viewing, small speed drops do not affect viewing.

For streams

To organize streaming, you need a stable Internet. For a quality stream, the speed should not fall below a critical level. For video stream:

• 480 p - 5 Mbps
• 720 p - 10 Mbps
• 1080 p - 20 Mbps

But these are risky values. The most critical transmission, since broadcasting is downloading data on the Internet, so we focus on it.

No matter how stable the Internet is, leaps are still possible. The tariff is chosen so as to level them.

We calculate the optimal speed for the Internet by multiplying the speed of a quality stream by 2.5. For example, we calculate the speed for 480 p: 5 x 2.5 \u003d 12.5 Mbit / s.

Given that the boundary values \u200b\u200bare risky, select Upload at least 15 Mbit / s.

Online Games

Games are undemanding to speed parameters. For most popular games, 512 Kbps is enough. This value is suitable for:

• “Dota 2”.
• “World of Warcraft”.
• “GTA”.
• “World of Tanks”.

But downloading the game and downloading updates at 512 Kbps will be very slow, since tens of gigabytes will have to be downloaded. In order not to wait for hours, it is better to provide speeds of up to 70 Mbit / s.

For games, the determining factor is the quality of the communication channel, characterized by the “ping” parameter. Ping is the time during which a signal (request) reaches the server and returns (response). Ping is measured in milliseconds (ms).

Ping is affected by:

• Reliability of the Internet provider, which consists in the ability to maintain the claimed quality of communication.
• The distance from the client to the server. For example, the player is located in Sevastopol, and the game server “World of Warcraft” is in London.

Acceptable ping values:

A constant ping value above 300 ms on any servers is considered a symptom of serious network connection problems. The reaction time is extremely low.

For smartphones and tablets

If the device is connected to the router via Wi-Fi, it will work just like a computer. The difference is that advanced sites offer pages for gadgets with convenient placement of information on a small screen.

But smartphones and tablets are “sharpened” for mobile Internet. Mobile network operators to work with the Internet offer:

• 3G standard - up to 4 Mbps;
• 4G standard - up to 80 Mbps.

The operator’s website contains a coverage map with marked 3G and 4G zones. The terrain of a particular area makes adjustments, then instead of 4G there will be 3G, and instead of 3G there will be 2G - the standard is too slow for the Internet.

4G communication is provided only by devices equipped with modern radio modules.

On the mobile Internet, the client pays for traffic, not speed. The question of choosing a normal Internet speed for the device is not worth it. The user selects the appropriate amount of megabytes of traffic.

For video calls

• voice calls - 100 Kbps;
• video calls - 300 Kbps;
• video calls (HD standard) - 5 Mbps;
• voice video communication (five participants) - 4 Mbps (reception) 512 Kbps (transmission).

In practice, these values \u200b\u200bare multiplied by 2.5 to level jumps.

Factors Affecting Connection Speed

The following factors affect the quality of a connection:

• Wi-Fi standard supported by devices.
• The frequency at which data is transmitted.
• Walls and partitions in the signal path.
• Computer and browser settings.
• VPN and proxy.
• Outdated drivers.
• Interference from other networks.
• Viruses and malware.

You can find out the current connection speed (it is better to check at night) using the SpeedTest service. If it is very different from the one stated by the provider, you need to find the reason.

When choosing a connection speed, the number of users connected to Wi-Fi, the speed characteristics of tasks used in parallel and taken into account when choosing the appropriate tariff, are taken into account.

Conclusion

You can use the Internet in different ways. All tasks are difficult to list. But among the reviewed, you need to find a similar one and determine the connection.

In the era of fiber and tens of terabytes of storage, counting in bits is not accepted. We would completely forget the difference between Kbit and Mbit if it were not for the discrepancies between the promises of providers and the data transfer rate in networks, which is precisely calculated mainly in these units. In order not to get confused at the sight of mysterious abbreviations, you need to know:

• 1 bit is not the same as 1 byte (and even with kilo and mega prefixes);
• in bits measure the amount of information transmitted, in bytes - the amount of information stored;
• 1 byte (1 B) \u003d 8 bits (respectively, 1 kilobyte (Kb) \u003d 8 kilobits (Kbit), etc.).

So, both Kbit and Mbit are units of information multiples of bits that are used today mainly in the context of discussing data transfer rates in telecommunication and computer networks.

Comparison

As is known by the example of kilometers and megabytes, decimal prefixes are used in SI to indicate the multiplication of units by degrees 10. Kilo - 10³ (x 1000), Mega - 10⁶ (x 1,000,000). So, the main difference between kilobits and megabits is in the multiplicity of a bit:

1 Kbps \u003d 1000 bits,

1 Mbps \u003d 1,000,000 bits.

At the same time, sometimes other units are also called kilobits and megabits - kibibits (Kibit) and mebibits (Mibit). The confusion arose due to the adoption of the IEC binary prefix naming system, in which units are multiplied by degree 2. It turns out that

1 Kbps \u003d 2¹º bits \u003d 1024 bits,

1 Mbps \u003d 2²º bits \u003d 1048576 bits.

Regardless of the measurement context, you can immediately see what the difference between Kbit and Mbit is: they correlate as smaller to larger. They operate more often with binary bits, but sometimes they measure the speed and bit depth in a binary system, leaving the notation in decimal - this is more convenient for users.

Today, every home needs the Internet no less than water or light. And in every city there are lots of companies or small firms that can provide people with access to the Internet.

The user can choose any package for using the Internet from a maximum of 100 Mbit / s to a low speed, for example 512 kB / s. How to choose the right speed and the right Internet provider for yourself?

Of course, you need to choose the Internet speed based on what you do on the network and how much you are willing to pay per month for Internet access. From my own experience I want to say that the speed of 15 Mbit / s quite suits me as a person who works on the network. While working on the Internet, I have 2 browsers turned on, and each has 20-30 tabs open, and problems arise more from the computer side (to work with a large number of tabs, you need a lot of RAM and a powerful processor) than from the speed of the Internet. The only moment when you have to wait a bit is the moment you first launch the browser, when all the tabs are loaded at the same time, but usually it takes no more than a minute.

1. What do Internet speed mean?

Many users confuse the speed of the Internet thinking that 15Mb / s is 15 megabytes per second. Actually, 15 Mb / s is 15 megabytes per second, which is 8 times less than megabytes and at the output we get about 2 megabytes the speed of downloading files and pages. If you usually download movies for viewing in the size of 1500 Mb, then with a speed of 15 Mbps the movie will load 12-13 minutes.

Watching a lot or a little of your internet speed

• The speed is 512 kbit / s 512/8 \u003d 64 kB / s (this speed is not enough to watch online video);
• The speed is 4 Mbit / s 4/8 \u003d 0.5 MB / s or 512 kB / s (this speed is enough to watch online video in quality up to 480p);
• The speed is 6 Mbps 6/8 \u003d 0.75 MB / s (this speed is enough to watch online video in quality up to 720p);
• The speed is 16 Mbps 16/8 \u003d 2 MB / s (this speed is enough to watch online video in quality up to 2K);
• The speed is 30 Mbps 30/8 \u003d 3.75 MB / s (this speed is enough to watch online video in quality up to 4K);
• The speed is 60 Mbit / s 60/8 \u003d 7.5 MB / s (this speed is enough to watch online video in any quality);
• The speed is 70 Mb / s 60/8 \u003d 8.75 MB / s (this speed is enough to watch online video in any quality);
• The speed is 100 Mbps 100/8 \u003d 12.5 MB / s (this speed is enough to watch online video in any quality).

Many people connecting to the Internet are worried about the possibility of watching online video, let's see what traffic is needed for films with different quality.

2. Internet speed required to watch online video

And here you will learn a lot or a little of your speed for watching online videos with different quality formats.

We see that all the most popular formats are reproduced without problems with an Internet speed of 15 Mbit / s. But to watch video in 2160p (4K) format, you need at least 50-60 Mbit / s. but there is one BUT. I don’t think that many servers will be able to distribute video of such quality while maintaining such a speed, so if you connect to the Internet at 100 Mbps you can never watch online video in 4K.

3. Internet speed for online games

By connecting home Internet, every gamer wants to be 100% sure that his Internet speed will be enough to play his favorite game. But as it turns out, online games are not demanding on the speed of the Internet. Consider the speed that popular online games require:

1. DOTA 2 - 512 kbps
2. World of Warcraft - 512 kbps
3. GTA online - 512 kbps.
4. World of Tanks (WoT) - 256-512 kbit / s.
5. Panzar - 512 kbps
6. Counter Strike - 256-512 kbps

Important! The quality of your online game does not depend on the speed of the Internet, but on the quality of the channel itself. For example, if you (or your provider) get the Internet via satellite, then whatever package you use the ping in the game will be much larger than that of a wired channel with lower speed.

4. Why do we need the Internet more than 30 Mbps.

In exceptional cases, I could recommend using a faster connection of 50 Mbps or more. Not many people will be able to provide such speed in full, the Internet to Home company is not the first year on this market and inspires confidence, the stability of communication is all the more important, and I want to believe that they are at their best here. A high speed Internet connection may be necessary when working with large amounts of data (loading and unloading them from the network). Perhaps you are a fan of watching movies in remarkable quality, or download large-volume games daily, or upload large-volume videos or work files to the Internet. To check the speed of communication, you can use various online services, but to optimize the work you need to perform.

By the way, the speed of 3 Mbit / s and lower usually makes network work a little unpleasant, not all sites with online video work well, and downloading files does not please at all.

Whatever it is today in the Internet services market there is plenty to choose from. Sometimes, in addition to global providers, the Internet is offered by small-town firms, and often the level of their service is also up to par. The cost of services in such firms is certainly much lower than that of large companies, but as a rule, the coverage of such firms is very small, usually within a district or two.