Phraseologisms of ancient mythology. Phraseologisms of ancient greece

Kalugin Danila

This work is devoted to the meaning and history of phraseological units borrowed from ancient Greek mythology

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Myths of Ancient Greece as a source of phraseological units Author: Kalugin Danila student of grade 6 A MBOU "Kireevskaya gymnasium" Sixth regional scientific-practical conference of students of secondary schools "Steps to Science-2014" Section 6 "Linguistics" Project work

The expressions that came into our speech from the myths of Ancient Greece have become an important component of the Russian language and are often used by people who have no idea what these combinations originally meant and where they came from into our speech use. This is the hypothesis of my work. In accordance with the hypothesis, I determined the purpose of this work - the identification of phraseological phrases that have passed into our language from the mythology of Ancient Greece, the study and interpretation of their origin, an explanation of their meaning in modern Russian. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to become familiar with the concepts of "phraseology" and "phraseological unit"; find out the main sources of phraseological units; using the "Phraseological Dictionary" to find the phraseological units that originated from ancient Greek mythology; determine their lexical meaning; read the myths that have become the source of phraseological units; trace the similarity of a situation or image with the modern meaning and use of phraseological units; find works of painting or graphics illustrating phraseological units and their mythological sources.

Achilles' heel This legend has long occupied the minds of people. Thanks to her, the tendon located on the leg above the heel bone is called "Achilles '" by anatomists, and the expression "Achilles' heel" has long been used to denote a weak, vulnerable spot in a person. Carlo Albitsini

The expression “to fly to Helikon” means: to become a poet, to be carried away by poetry (ironic) To fly to Helikon Illustration from the Internet

Sword of Damocles The words "Sword of Damocles" remind us of the impending danger that can collapse any second. Richard Westall

Gifts of the Danaans From ancient times, these words began to sound everywhere as a call to vigilance, to alertness, against flattery, hypocritical gifts and any false ingratiation. Illustration from the internet

To sink into oblivion "To sink into oblivion" means: to disappear from memory, to be absorbed in eternal oblivion. Illustration from the internet

Procrustean bed It happens that someone tries, contrary to the meaning, to adjust some work of art or science to certain external requirements, to drive it into an artificial framework. Illustration from the internet

Augean stables The expression "Augean stables" began to be applied to everything neglected, polluted to the last limit, and in general to denote a great disorder. Illustration from the internet

The Arcadian idyll and the Arcadian shepherdesses "Arcadian idylls" were remembered for a long time, and therefore they began to derisively call "Arcadian shepherdesses" carefree people, leading a carefree existence in the bosom of nature. Boris Olshansky

Barrel Danaid And we call "barrel of Danaid" any aimless, endless work. John William Waterhouse

Age of Astrea Later, this expression began to characterize every happy streak of life, a time of joy. Salvator Rosa

Herculean exploits Is it surprising if after this whole millennia people call "the feat of Hercules" any work that requires superhuman strength, talk about "Herculean efforts" and generally call the most powerful strongmen "Hercules". Boris Valeggio

The Golden Fleece The Golden Fleece is the name given to gold, the wealth that J. F. Detroit seeks to acquire

Two-faced Janus We have long forgotten about the merits of the god Janus. When we call someone "two-faced Janus," we want to say: insincere, two-faced. Illustration from the Internet

Lucullus feast So we say, amazed by the abundance and sophistication of the table, the multitude of dishes, the luxury of the meal. Illustration from the internet

Between Scylla and Charybdis "To be in honey with Scylla and Charybdis" means a hopeless situation when certain death threatens from both sides at once. Illustration from the internet

Throwing thunder and lightning In the future, this expression became figurative and now means (as well as "throwing peruns"): rage, rage, smash someone (usually the weakest). Boris Valeggio (detail of the picture)

Olympic calmness (greatness) We have "Olympic calmness" or "greatness" - imperturbable, utter, like an ancient god. Illustration from the internet

Panic fear (horror) We still remember Pan: we talk about panic, we use the words "alarmist", "panic". M. Vrubel

Promethean fire We say: "The torment of Prometheus", wanting to describe endless suffering; we are talking about Promethean fire when we want to characterize the spirit of nobility, courage and talent. I. Cossiris

Penelope's Fabric We call the work of Penelope any work that lasts forever, the results of which are destroyed as it moves forward. "Penelope's fabric" means clever cunning, and the very name "Penelope" has become a symbol of a wife's loyalty to her absent husband. John William Waterhouse

Cornucopia This is the horn, becoming a symbol of an inexhaustible source of treasures, and was nicknamed the cornucopia. The expression "as from a cornucopia" means: with extraordinary generosity, in great numbers. Vladimir Kush

Sisyphus' work Punishment of Sisyphus was terrible not so much the difficulty as the senselessness of his work. Titian

Tantalum torments People call tantalum torments the suffering caused by the proximity of something extremely necessary, desired, which is nearby, at hand, and yet inaccessible. Bernard Pekar

The apple of discord The expression "apple of discord" remained in memory of this, meaning any reason for disputes and strife. They also sometimes say "apple of Eris", "apple of Paris". You can often hear the words "throw an apple of discord between several people." Alexey Golovin

Pandora's Box Remembering this, we now call "Pandora's Box" everything that can serve as a source of grief and misery in case of carelessness. Boris Valeggio

Nature. Borrowing in the XVI century. from lat. yaz., where natura "nature" - suf. derived from natum "born" (from nascor "I am born"). Wed nature.
"Boat, shuttle", Ukrainian kayuk. Borrowing from Tat., Tur., Crimean-Tat., Kazakh.

Scylla and Charybdis - in ancient Greek mythology, two monsters that lived on both sides of the narrow sea strait between Italy and Sicily and destroyed the sailing sailors. Scylla, who possessed six heads, grabbed rowers from the sailing ships, and Charybdis, which sucked water into itself at a great distance, absorbed the ship with her.

Skilla (ancient Greek Σκύλλα, in Latin transliteration Scylla, Latin Scylla) and Charybdis (ancient Greek Χάρυβδις, the transcription of Charybdis is acceptable) are sea monsters from ancient Greek mythology.

Charybdis in the ancient Greek epic is the personified representation of the all-consuming deep sea (etymologically Charybdis means "whirlpool", although there are other interpretations of the word). In the Odyssey, Charybdis is depicted as a sea deity (ancient Greek δία Χάρυβδις) living in a strait under a rock at an arrow's distance from another rock, which served as the seat of Scylla.

Comparison of Skilla with Charybdis led to the formation of a proverb, which is equivalent to the Russian one “out of the fire into the fire”:

Phraseologisms from ancient Greek myths

Phraseologism "Sisyphean labor" meaning

The ancient Greek myth tells about the cunning and insidious Corinthian king Sisyphus, who several times deceived the gods in order to prolong his luxurious life on earth.

The enraged Zeus awarded him eternal torment in hell for this: Sisyphus had to roll a huge stone onto a high mountain, which at the top suddenly broke out of his hands and rolled down. And it all started all over again ...

The expression of the Sisyphean work began to mean hard, exhausting, useless work.

Phraseologism "Apple of discord" meaning

According to ancient Greek myth, once the goddess of discord Eridu was not invited to a feast. Holding a grudge, Eris decided to take revenge on the gods. She took the golden apple, on which was written "the most beautiful", and quietly threw it between the goddesses Hero, Aphrodite and Athena. The goddesses argued over which of them it should belong. Each considered herself the most beautiful. The son of the Trojan king Paris, who was invited to be a judge, gave the apple to Aphrodite, and in gratitude she helped him to kidnap the wife of the Spartan king Elena. Because of this, the Trojan War broke out.

The expression apple of discord has turned into a phraseological unit denoting the cause of a quarrel, enmity

THE VIEW OF MEDUSA

If a person is unpleasant in communication and does not like others, then it is often said that he has the look of Medusa.

Medusa the Gorgon is a monster with snakes wriggling on its head, and instead of feet there were copper hooves. If a person looked at her, he immediately turned to stone.

Perseus managed to defeat the monster. To kill Medusa, the hero had to show remarkable ingenuity: during the battle he used a shining shield in which the Gorgon was reflected - so Perseus never looked at the monster. Then he cut off the head of the defeated Medusa and attached it to the shield. As it turned out, her gaze could still turn all living things into stone.

BARREL DANAID

A danaid barrel is a pointless, useless work.

As the ancient Greek legend says, long ago on the Libyan throne sat King Danai, who had fifty beautiful daughters. And the Egyptian king Egypt, the gods gave fifty sons, whom he planned to marry with the daughters of Danaus. But the Libyan king opposed the will of Egypt and fled with his daughters. In the Greek city of Argos, the sons overtook Danae and forced his daughters to marry them. But Danai did not want to put up with such an outcome and persuaded his daughters to kill the spouses after the wedding feast. All but one of the sisters obeyed their father's command. The beautiful Hypernestra sincerely fell in love with the handsome Linkey and could not take his life.

The crime committed by the Danaids angered the Gods, and they severely punished the guilty. A terrible curse awaited them in the terrible Tartarus - the sisters were forever doomed to pour water into a bottomless barrel, trying to fill it.

ATTIC SALT

Attic salt - (book) - an elegant joke, refined wit.

Turnover - tracing paper from lat. sal Atticus. The expression is attributed to the ancient Roman writer and orator Cicero (106 - 43 BC). In an effort to popularize Greek culture in Rome, Cicero in his writings devoted a significant place to the theory of oratory, developed by the Greeks. He especially singled out the inhabitants of Attica, famous for their eloquence. "They were all ... sprinkled with the salt of wit ..." - wrote Cicero.

PROMETEEV FIRE

Promethean fire - (book) the spirit of nobility, courage, an inextinguishable desire to achieve lofty goals.

The expression comes from ancient Greek mythology. One of the titans, Prometheus, stole fire from the gods and taught people to use it. Enraged Zeus told Hephaestus to chain the titan to a rock, where an eagle flew every day to peck at Prometheus's liver. The hero Hercules freed Prometheus.

Ariadne's thread

Ariadne's thread - means a way out of any difficult, confusing situation. The expression arose from the ancient Greek myth of the Golden Fleece, when Ariadne gave her lover a ball of thread so that he could find a way out of the maze. Here you can download or listen to the MYTH "Theseus's Journey to Crete" - the source of the phraseological unit thread of Ariadne.

OLYMPIAN CALM

Olympic serenity is serenity.

Olympus is a mountain in Greece where, as the Greek myths tell, the gods lived. For Sophocles, Aristotle, Virgil and other authors, Olympus is the firmament inhabited by gods. The Olympians are immortal gods who always preserve the majestic solemnity of their appearance and imperturbable serenity of spirit.

KING! REMEMBER THE GREEKS

King! Remember the Greeks. 1. Reminder of urgent business. 2. A reminder of the need for revenge.

The king of Persia (522-4X6 BC) Darius I ordered his slave to repeat these words to him loudly three times a day, every time Darius sat down at the table. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, this ruler thereby showed that he had not forgotten how the Greeks (Athenians and Ionians) captured and burned the Persian city of Sardis, and that he would certainly take revenge whenever possible.

PANDORA'S BOX

Pandora's Box. Allegorically - "the source of misfortunes, troubles." Phraseologism is associated with the myth of Pandora, who received from the god Zeus a closed box filled with all earthly calamities and misfortunes. Curious Pandora opened a box, and human misfortune flew out of there

PROCRUSTEAN BED

Procrustean bed. An allegorical expression - "a sample given in advance, for which you need to prepare something." One of the Greek myths tells about the robber Procrustes (the torturer). He caught passers-by and adjusted them to fit his bed: if a person was longer, his legs were cut off, if shorter, he was pulled out.

THE GOLDEN FLEECE

The Golden Fleece is gold, wealth, which they seek to master.

In ancient Greek myths, it is said that the hero Jason went to Colchis (the eastern coast of the Black Sea) to get the golden fleece (golden wool of a ram), which was guarded by a dragon and bulls that spewed fire from their mouths. Jason built the ship "Argo" (fast), after which the participants in this, according to the legend of the first long voyage of antiquity, were called Argonauts. With the help of the sorceress Medea, Jason, having overcome all obstacles, safely took possession of the golden fleece. The first to expound this myth was the poet Pindar (518-442 BC).

RETURN TO YOUR PENATES

To return to your penates - to return under your own roof.

What does penates mean and why are they returning to them? The ancient Romans believed in kind, cozy gods living in every house and guarding it, peculiar brownies. They were called Penates, honored, treated with food from their table, and when leaving for a foreign land, they tried to take their small images with them.

Remember "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin:

Returned to their penates,

Vladimir Lensky visited

A neighbor's monument is mortal.

TWO-FACED JANUS

In Roman mythology, Janus - the god of time, entrances and exits - was depicted with two faces. One face, young, was facing forward, into the future. Another, senile, - back to the past. In modern language, it is used as a synonym for an insincere, two-faced person, a double-dealing.

GREEK GIFT

The gifts of the Danaans are treacherous gifts brought with a treacherous purpose.

Expression from the Iliad: in the legend, the Greeks took Troy by building a huge wooden horse and donating it to the Trojans. A detachment of soldiers was hidden inside the horse.

PENELOPE FABRIC

Penelope's fabric is about sophisticated cunning.

Penelope, wife of Odysseus (the hero of Homer's poem "The Odyssey"), promised to make a choice from among the suitors who annoyed her after she finished weaving a blanket for her old father-in-law Laertes. But every night she dismissed everything she could do in a day. When her cunning was revealed, Odysseus returned and interrupted in a fierce battle all the applicants for the hand of his wife.

GOLDEN AGE

In ancient times, people believed that a long time ago, at the dawn of time, a beautiful golden age reigned on earth, when humanity enjoyed peace and serenity - people did not know what fear, wars, laws, crimes, hunger were.

And although these naive beliefs have long sunk into oblivion, the phraseological unit of the golden age is still alive - this is how we call the best time, the days of the heyday of anything.

Here you can listen to or download the MYTH "FIVE CENTURIES"

CORNUCOPIA

A cornucopia is an endless source of prosperity, wealth.

The ancient Greek myth tells that the cruel god Kronos did not want to have children, because he was afraid that they would take away his power. Therefore, his wife gave birth to Zeus secretly, instructing the nymphs to take care of him, Zeus was fed with the milk of the divine goat Amalfea. Once she caught on a tree and broke off her horn. The nymph filled it with fruits and gave it to Zeus. Zeus presented the horn to the nymphs who raised him, promising that whatever they wished would emerge from it.

So the expression cornucopia became a symbol of prosperity, wealth.

Here you can listen to or download MYTH "BIRTH OF ZEUS"

BONDS OF GIMENE

The bonds of Hymen are mutual obligations that joint life imposes on spouses, or, simply, the marriage itself.

Ties are bonds, something that binds a person or binds one living creature to another. There are many words of this root: "prisoner", "knot", "bridle", "burden", etc. Thus, we are talking about something like "bundles" or "chains", while in Ancient Greece the god was called Hymen marriage, patron saint of weddings.

Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin says to Tatyana Larina:

You judge what kind of roses

Hymen will prepare for us ... -

when it comes to their possible marriage.

Here you can download or listen to the MYTH "GIMENEUS"

Tantalum flour

Tantalum torments, Tantalus torments - suffering from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the inability to achieve it. Here you can listen to or download the MYTH "TANTAL"

AUGEAN STABLES

AVGIEVY STABLES - a dirty place, neglected business, a mess.

GORDIAN KNOT

Cutting the Gordian knot is a bold, energetic solution to a difficult matter.

I carry everything with me

All that a person carries with him is his inner wealth, knowledge and mind.

PANIC FEAR (HORROR)

Panic fear is intense fear. Here you can listen to or download the myth "PAN"

PALM OF EXCELLENCE

The palm tree is a symbol of victory, almost the same as a laurel wreath.

RIDING THE PEGASUS

Ride Pegasus - become a poet, speak in poetry

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

To be under the auspices - to enjoy someone's patronage, to be protected.

SWORD OF DAMOCLES

The sword of Damocles is a constant threat.

HOMERIC LAUGHTER (LAUGHTER)

Homeric laughter is unrestrained laughter.

HERCULES PILLARS (PILLARS)

To say “reached the Pillars of Hercules” means reached the extreme limit.

MENTOR TONE

"Mentor tone" is a mentoring, arrogant tone.

In Greek mythology, the Augean stables are the vast stables of Augeus, king of Elis, which were not cleaned for many years. They were cleaned in one day by Hercules: he sent a river through the stables, the waters of which carried away all the manure.

2. Ariadne's thread - what helps to find a way out of a difficult situation.

The expression arose from Greek myths about the hero Theseus who killed the Minotaur. The Athenians were obliged, at the request of the Cretan king Minos, to send seven young men and seven girls to Crete every year to be devoured by the Minotaur, who lived in a labyrinth built for him, from which no one could get out. Theseus were helped to accomplish a dangerous feat by the daughter of the Cretan king Ariadne, who fell in love with him. Secretly from her father, she gave him a sharp sword and a ball of thread. When Theseus and the young men and women who were doomed to be torn apart were taken to the labyrinth, Theseus tied the end of the thread at the entrance and walked along the tangled passages, gradually unwinding the ball. After killing the Minotaur, Theseus found the way back from the labyrinth along a thread and led all the doomed out of there.

3. Achilles' heel is a weak spot.

In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the most powerful and brave heroes. He is sung in Homer's Iliad. The mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Thetis, to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him into the sacred river Styx. Dipping, she held him by the heel, which was not touched by the water, so the heel remained the only vulnerable spot of Achilles, where he was mortally wounded by Paris's arrow.

4. Barrel Danaid - endless labor, fruitless work.

Danaids - fifty daughters of the king of Libya Danaus, with whom his brother Egypt, the king of Egypt, was at enmity. Fifty sons of Egypt, pursuing Danaus, who had fled from Libya to Argolis, forced the fugitive to give them his fifty daughters to wife. On their wedding night, Danaids, at the request of their father, killed their husbands. Only one of them decided to disobey her father. For the crime committed, forty-nine Danaids were, after their death, sentenced by the gods to forever fill a bottomless barrel with water in the underworld of Hades.

5. Age of Astrea - a happy time, time.

Astrea is the goddess of justice. The time when she was on earth was a happy, “golden age”. She left the earth in the Iron Age and since then, under the name of Virgo, shines in the constellation of the Zodiac.

6. Hercules. Hercules labor (feat). Pillars of Hercules (pillars).

Hercules (Hercules) is a hero of Greek myths, gifted with extraordinary physical strength. He performed the famous twelve labors. On the opposite shores of Europe and Africa, near the Strait of Gibraltar, he set up the “Pillars of Hercules (Pillars)”. So in the ancient world the rocks were called - Gibraltar and Jebel Musa. These pillars were considered “the end of the world”, beyond which there is no way. Therefore, the expression “to reach the Pillars of Hercules” began to be used in the meaning: to reach the limit of something, to the extreme point. The expression "Herculean labor, feat" is used when they talk about any business that requires extraordinary efforts.

7. Hercules at a crossroads. Applies to a person who finds it difficult to choose between two solutions.

The expression arose from the speech of the Greek sophist Prodicus. In this speech, Prodicus told an allegory he had composed about the young man Hercules (Hercules), who was sitting at a crossroads and reflecting on the path of life that he was to choose. Two women approached him: Affection, which painted him a life full of pleasure and luxury, and Virtue, which showed him the difficult path to fame.

8. Ties (chains) of Hymen - marriage, matrimony.

In ancient Greece, the word "hymen" meant both a wedding song and the deity of marriage, consecrated by religion and law, in contrast to Eros, the god of free love.

9. Sword of Damocles - impending, threatening danger.

The expression arose from an ancient Greek tradition told by Cicero in his "Tuskulan Conversations". Damocles, one of the confidants of the Syracuse tyrant Dionysius the Elder, began to enviously speak of him as the happiest of people. Dionysius, in order to teach the envious a lesson, put him in his place. During the feast, Damocles saw a sharp sword hanging from a horsehair above his head. Dionysius explained that this is the emblem of the dangers to which he, as a ruler, is constantly exposed, despite his seemingly happy life.

10. Gifts of the Danaans. - "insidious" gifts that bring death with them for those who receive them.

The Trojan Horse is a secret cunning design (hence the Trojan Virus (Trojan)).

The expressions originated from the Greek legends of the Trojan War. The Danai (Greeks), after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to trickery: they built a huge wooden horse, left it at the walls of Troy, and pretended to float away from the Troad coast. Priest Laocoon, seeing this horse and knowing the tricks of the Danaans, exclaimed: "Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!" But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess of Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, hiding inside the horse, went out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in the comrades who had returned on the ships, and thus captured Troy.

11. Two-faced Janus is a two-faced man.

Janus is the god of all beginning and end, of entrances and exits (janua - door). He was depicted with two faces facing in opposite directions: young - forward, into the future, old - back, into the past.

12. Golden Fleece - gold, wealth, which they seek to master.

Argonauts are brave seafarers, adventure seekers.

Jason went to Colchis (the eastern coast of the Black Sea) to get the golden fleece (golden wool of a ram), which was guarded by a dragon and bulls that spewed fire from their mouths. Jason built the ship "Argo", after which the participants of this, according to legend, the first long voyage of antiquity were called the Argonauts. With the help of the sorceress Medea, Jason, having overcome all obstacles, safely took possession of the golden fleece.

13. To sink into oblivion - to disappear forever, to be forgotten.

Lethe is the river of oblivion in Hades, the underworld. The souls of the dead, upon arrival in the underworld, drank water from it and forgot their whole past life. The name of the river has become a symbol of oblivion.

14. Between Scylla and Charybdis - in a difficult position, when danger threatens from both sides.

According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the strait: Scylla and Charybdis, who devoured seafarers.

15. Tantalus torment - suffering due to unsatisfied desires.

Tantalus, king of Phrygia (also called king of Lydia), was a favorite of the gods, who often invited him to their feasts. But, being proud of his position, he insulted the gods, for which he was severely punished. According to Homer (“Odyssey”, II, 582-592), his punishment consisted in the fact that, being cast down into Tartarus (hell), he always experiences intolerable torments of thirst and hunger. He stands up to his throat in water, but the water recedes from him as soon as he tilts his head to drink. Branches with luxurious fruits hung over him, but as soon as he stretches out his hands to them, the branches deflect.

16. Narcissus is a person who loves only himself.

Narcissus is a handsome young man, the son of the river god Kephis and the nymph Leiriope. One day Narcissus, who had never loved anyone, bent over the stream and, seeing his face in it, fell in love with himself and died of melancholy. His body turned into a flower.

17. Nectar and ambrosia is an unusually tasty drink, an exquisite dish.

In Greek mythology, nectar is a drink, ambrosia is the food of the gods, which gives them immortality.

18. Olympians are arrogant, inaccessible people.

Olympic bliss is the highest degree of bliss.

Olympic serenity is serenity that is undisturbed.

Olympic grandeur - solemnity with manners.

Olympus is a mountain in Greece where, as the Greek myths tell, the immortal gods lived.

19. Panic fear - sudden, intense fear that causes confusion.

Arose from the myths of Pan, the god of forests and fields. According to myths, Pan brings sudden and unaccountable terror to people, especially to travelers in remote and secluded places, as well as to the troops rushing from this to flight. Hence the word "panic"

20. Pygmalion and Galatea - about passionate love without reciprocity.

The myth of the famed sculptor Pygmalion is said to have openly expressed his contempt for women. The goddess Aphrodite, enraged by this, made him fall in love with the statue of the young girl Galatea, created by him himself, and doomed him to the torments of unrequited love. The passion of Pygmalion was, however, so strong that it breathed life into the statue. Lively Galatea became his wife.

21. Promethean fire - a sacred fire that burns in the human soul; an unquenchable desire to achieve lofty goals.

Prometheus is one of the titans. He stole fire from heaven and taught people to use it, thereby undermining faith in the power of the gods. For this, an angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock. The eagle flew in every day tore at the liver of the chained titan.

22. Penelope's work is never-ending work (wife's loyalty).

The expression originated from Homer's Odyssey. Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, during many years of separation from him remained faithful to him, despite the harassment of the suitors. She said that she was postponing a new marriage until the day when she finished weaving the coffin for her father-in-law, Elder Laertes. She spent the whole day at the weaving, and at night everything that she had knitted in the day was dismissed and returned to work.

23. Sphinx riddle - something insoluble.

The Sphinx is a monster with the face and chest of a woman, the body of a lion and the wings of a bird, who lived on a rock near Thebes. The Sphinx lay in wait for travelers and asked them riddles. Those who could not figure them out, he killed. When the Theban king Oedipus solved the riddles given to him, the monster took his own life.

24. Sisyphean labor is endless, disembodied (useless) work.

The Corinthian king Sisyphus was sentenced by Zeus to eternal torment in Hades for insulting the gods: he had to roll a huge stone onto the mountain, which, having reached the top, again rolled down.

25. Circe is a dangerous beauty, an insidious seducer.

Circe (Latin form; Greek Kirke) - according to Homer, an insidious sorceress. With the help of a magic potion, she turned Odysseus' companions into pigs. Odysseus, to whom Hermes gave a magic plant, defeated her spell, and she invited him to share her love. Having made Circe swear that she was not plotting anything wrong against him and would return human form to his companions, Odysseus bowed to her proposal.

26. The apple of discord is the cause of dispute, enmity.

The goddess of contention Eris rolled between the guests at the wedding feast a golden apple with the inscription: "The most beautiful." Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should get the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris to kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

27. Pandora's box is a source of misfortune, great calamities.

Once people lived without knowing any misfortunes, illnesses and old age, until Prometheus stole fire from the gods. For this, an angry Zeus sent a beautiful woman to earth - Pandora. She received from Zeus a casket in which all human misfortunes were locked. Spurred on by curiosity, Pandora opened the chest and scattered all the misfortunes.

28. Golden rain - big money or easily obtained wealth.

This image arose from the Greek myth of Zeus, who, captivated by the beauty of Danaë, the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, appeared to her in the form of a golden rain, after which her son Perseus was born.

29. Cyclops - one-eyed

Cyclops are one-eyed giant blacksmiths, strong men, cannibals, cruel and rude, living in caves on the mountain tops, engaged in cattle breeding. The Cyclops were credited with building gigantic structures.

WORKS

A.S. Pushkin

PROPHET

We languish with spiritual thirst,

I dragged myself in the gloomy desert, -

And the six-winged seraph

He appeared to me at the crossroads.

With fingers as light as a dream

He touched my apple.

Prophetic apples were opened,

Like a frightened eagle.

He touched my ears, -

And they were filled with noise and ringing:

And I heeded the shudder of the sky,

And the high flight of angels,

And a reptile underwater passage,

And vegetation along the vine.

And he clung to my lips,

And tore out my sinful tongue,

And idle and crafty,

And the sting of a wise snake

My frozen lips

Inserted with a bloody right hand.

And he cut my chest with a sword,

And he took out his quivering heart,

And coal blazing with fire

I put it in my chest.

I lay like a corpse in the desert

And God's voice called to me:

"Rise, prophet, and see, and listen,

Fulfill my will

And, bypassing the seas and lands,

Burn people's hearts with the verb. "

Notes

* Prophet (p. 149). In the image of a prophet, as in "Imitations of the Koran" (see above), Pushkin understood the poet. The picture depicted by Pushkin, in several small details, goes back to the VI chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Bible (six-winged Seraphim with a burning coal in his hand).

The poem was originally part of a cycle of four poems, entitled "The Prophet", of anti-government content, dedicated to the events of December 14. MP Pogodin explained to PA Vyazemsky in a letter dated March 29, 1837: "He wrote" The Prophet "on his way to Moscow in 1826. There should be four poems, the first just printed (" We are tormented by spiritual thirst, etc. ") "(" Links ", VI, 1936, p. 153). The other three poems were destroyed and did not reach us.

The version of the first verse of the "Prophet" - "We torment the great sorrow", which is available in Pushkin's notes, apparently refers to the original edition of the well-known text.

Six-winged seraph - In Christian mythology, angels were called seraphim, especially close to God and glorifying him.

Finger- finger

Zenitsy- Pupil, eye.

Opened- opened

Prophetic - Foreseeing the future, prophetic

Gorny (flight) - Above.

Vegetation - growth

Right hand - right hand, sometimes even a hand

See - look

Heed- To listen to someone, to direct attention to something.

Poem theme:

The time of writing the poem dates back to 1826. This multidimensional poetic work belongs to a series of poems, the key themes of which are the problem of the poet's spiritual realization and the problem of the essence of poetry.

Composition and plot:

In the compositional aspect, it seems possible to divide the text into three equivalent parts. The first characterizes the place and time of the action (it consists of four verses). To some extent, the initial formula of the poem echoes the introductory part of Dante's Divine Comedy. The “six-winged seraphim,” an angel especially close to the throne of God and glorifying it, indicates immersion in the Old Testament space; he is a hero "at a crossroads", which also emphasizes the sacredness and universality of the problem under consideration. According to the Old Testament concepts described in the Book of Isaiah, one of the seraphim cleanses the prophet's lips by touching them with hot coal, which he takes with tongs from the sacred altar, thereby preparing him for the mission of service. The theme of fire is extensively developed in the poem at the compositional and lexical-semantic levels; the internal form of the word "seraphim" (translated from the Hebrew "fiery", "flaming") also actualizes the concept: in the word one can distinguish the producing root srp "to burn", "to burn", "to burn". The second part of the poem takes twenty lines and is devoted to the transformation of a person into a Prophet. Its fusion and internal correlation is actualized by a special mechanism of poetic expressiveness: a complex sound anaphora on "and". The concluding section is six lines long and expresses the idea of \u200b\u200ba prophetic ministry; in it, the voice of God, calling out to the lyrical hero, sums up the original result of the accomplished reincarnation. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter with periodic significant interruptions in the form of spondees and pyrrhiaes, with paired, cross and sweeping rhymes with male and female rhymes; at the rhythmic-metric level, the key idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem is also reflected.

Lermontov "Duma"

Sadly I look at our generation!

His future is either empty, or dark,

Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,

In inaction it will grow old.

We are rich, barely from the cradle,

By the mistakes of the fathers and their late minds,

And life weary us, like a straight path without a goal,

Like a feast at a stranger's holiday.

Shamefully indifferent to good and evil,

At the beginning of the race, we wither without a fight;

Shamefully cowardly in the face of danger

And before the authorities - despicable slaves.

So skinny fruit, ripe for a time,

Neither our taste pleases nor the eyes,

Hanging between flowers, an orphaned stranger,

And the hour of their beauty - the hour of his fall!

We have dried up the mind with sterile science,

Taya envious of neighbors and friends

Disbelief of ridiculed passions.

We barely touched the cup of pleasure,

But we did not save our youthful strength;

From every joy, afraid of satiety,

We have extracted the best juice forever.

Poetry dreams, art creation

They do not stir our mind with sweet delight;

We greedily cherish the rest of the feeling in our chest -

Buried with avarice and useless treasure.

And we hate, and we love by chance,

Sacrificing nothing for malice or love,

And some secret cold reigns in the soul,

When the fire boils in blood

And the luxurious fun of our ancestors is boring,

Their conscientious, childish depravity;

And we hurry to the grave without happiness and without glory,

Looking back mockingly.

We will pass over the world without noise or trace,

Not the genius of the work begun.

And our ashes, with the severity of a judge and a citizen,

The descendant will offend with a contemptuous verse,

By the bitter mockery of a deceived son

Over a squandered father.

The poem "Duma" in its genre is the same elegy-satire, like "Death of a Poet". Only the satire here is directed not at court society, but at the bulk of the noble intelligentsia of the 30s.

The main theme of the poem is human social behavior. The topic is revealed in the Characteristics of the Generation of the 30s given here by Lermontov. This generation, which grew up in conditions of a gloomy reaction, is not at all what it was in the 10-20s, not the generation of “fathers”, that is, the Decembrists. The social and political struggle of the Decembrists is considered by them as a "mistake" ("We are rich, barely out of the cradle, in the mistakes of our fathers ..."). The new generation has moved away from participation in public life and has gone deep into the pursuit of "fruitless science", it is not worried about questions of good and evil; it shows "shameful cowardice before danger", is "despicable slaves before the authorities." Neither poetry nor art says anything to these people. Their fate is bleak:

In a crowd gloomy and soon forgotten

We will pass over the world without noise or trace,

Without abandoning for centuries a fertile thought,

Not the genius of the work begun.

Such a harsh assessment of his contemporaries by Lermontov is dictated by his public views as an advanced poet. For him, who as a young man declared: “Life is so boring when there is no struggle,” an indifferent attitude towards the evil reigning in life is especially unacceptable. Indifference to public life is the spiritual death of a person.

Severely condemning his generation for this indifference, for the departure from the social and political struggle, Lermontov, as it were, calls him to moral renewal, to awakening from spiritual slumber. Lermontov, acting as a prosecutor, echoes in this with Ryleev, who, with the same denunciation, addressed his contemporaries who were evading political struggle in the poem "Citizen".

How fair and accurate was the characterization of the generation of the 1930s, given by Lermontov in the Duma, is best illustrated by the testimonies of his contemporaries - Belinsky and Herzen, who deeply felt the horror of their era. Belinsky wrote about the Duma: “These verses were written in blood; they came out of the depths of the offended spirit. This is a cry, this is the groan of a person for whom the absence of inner life is evil, a thousand times the most terrible physical death! .. And who among the people of the new generation will not find in him the clues to his own despondency, spiritual

apathy, internal emptiness and will not respond to him with a cry, with his groan? " And Herzen spoke about this era: "Will the people of the future understand, will they appreciate all the horror, the entire tragic side of our existence? .. Will they understand ... why do not they raise their hands to great work, why do we not forget melancholy in a moment of delight?"

Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

"Woe from Wit" - a comedy in verse by A. Griboyedov - a work that made its creator a classic of Russian literature. It combines elements of classicism and romanticism and realism, new for the beginning of the 19th century.

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is a satire on the aristocratic Moscow society of the first half of the 19th century - one of the heights of Russian drama and poetry; actually completed "comedy in poetry" as a genre. The aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she "went into quotations."

Text history:

Around 1816, Griboyedov, returning from abroad, found himself in St. Petersburg at one of the secular evenings and was amazed at how the entire audience splendidly before everything foreign. That evening she surrounded with the attention and care of some chatty Frenchman; Griboyedov could not resist and made a fiery, incriminating speech. While he was talking, someone from the public declared that Griboyedov was crazy, and thus spread a rumor all over Petersburg. Griboyedov, in order to take revenge on secular society, conceived of writing a comedy on this matter.

Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

"The Thunderstorm" - a play in five acts by Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky

History of creation

The play was started by Alexander Ostrovsky in July and completed on October 9, 1859. The manuscript is at the Russian State Library.

The writer's personal drama is also connected with the writing of the play "The Thunderstorm". In the manuscript of the play, next to the famous monologue of Katerina: “And what dreams I dreamed, Varenka, what dreams! Or golden temples, or some extraordinary gardens, and everyone sings invisible voices ... ", there is Ostrovsky's entry:" I heard from LP about the same dream ... ". L.P. is actress Lyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya, with whom the young playwright had a very difficult personal relationship: both had families. The husband of the actress was the artist of the Maly Theater I.M. Nikulin. And Alexander Nikolaevich also had a family: he lived in a civil marriage with a commoner Agafya Ivanovna, with whom he had children in common (they all died as children). Ostrovsky lived with Agafya Ivanovna for nearly twenty years.

It was Lyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya who served as the prototype for the image of the heroine of the play Katerina, she also became the first performer of the role.

Alexander Golovin. Bank of the Volga. 1916 Sketches of scenery for the drama A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

In 1848, Alexander Ostrovsky went with his family to Kostroma, to the Shchelykovo estate. The natural beauty of the Volga region amazed the playwright, and then he thought about the play. For a long time it was believed that the plot of the drama "The Thunderstorm" was taken by Ostrovsky from the life of the Kostroma merchants. Kostroma residents at the beginning of the 20th century could accurately indicate the place of Katerina's suicide.

In his play, Ostrovsky raises the problem of the turning point in social life that occurred in the 1850s, the problem of changing social foundations.

The names of the characters in the play are endowed with symbolism: Kabanova is a heavy, heavy woman; Kuligin is a "kuliga", a swamp, some of its features and name are similar to the name of the inventor Kulibin; the name Katerina means "pure"; opposed to her Barbarian - "barbarian".

In the play "The Thunderstorm", the writer described the state of provincial society in Russia on the eve of reforms. The playwright examines such issues as the position of women in the family, the modernity of Domostroi, the awakening of a person's sense of personality and dignity, the relationship between the “old”, oppressive, and “young”, voiceless.

The main idea of \u200b\u200b"Thunderstorm" is that a strong, gifted and courageous person with natural tendencies and desires cannot live happily in a society where "cruel morals" prevail, where "Domostroy" reigns, where everything is based on fear, deception and submission ...

The name “Thunderstorm” can be viewed from several positions. A thunderstorm is a natural phenomenon, and nature plays an important role in the composition of the play. So, it complements the action, emphasizes the main idea, the essence of what is happening. For example, the beautiful night landscape matches the date of Katerina and Boris. The expanses of the Volga emphasize Katerina's dreams of freedom, a picture of cruel nature opens when describing the suicide of the main character. Then nature promotes the development of action, as if pushing events, stimulates the development and resolution of the conflict. So, in the scene of a thunderstorm, the elements prompts Katherine to public repentance.

So, the title “Thunderstorm” underlines the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe play: the self-esteem awakening in people; the desire for freedom and independence begins to threaten the existence of the old order.

The world of Kabanikha and the Wild is coming to an end, because in the “dark kingdom” a “ray of light” has appeared - Katerina - a woman who cannot put up with the oppressive atmosphere that reigns in the family, in the city. Her protest was expressed in love for Boris, in an unauthorized departure from life. Katerina preferred death to existence in a world where everything was “hateful” to her. She is the first lightning of the thunderstorm that will soon break out in society. The clouds over the "old" world have been gathering for a long time. Domostroy has lost its original meaning. Kabanikha and Dikoy use his ideas only to justify their tyranny and tyranny. They were unable to convey to children the true faith in the inviolability of their rules of life. Young people live according to the laws of their fathers as long as they can reach a compromise through deception. When the oppression becomes unbearable, when deception saves only partially, then a protest begins to wake up in a person, he develops and is able to break out at any moment.

Katerina's suicide awakened a man in Tikhon. He saw that there was always a way out of this situation, and he, the most weak-willed of all the characters described by Ostrovsky, who had been unquestioningly obeying his mother all his life, blames her for the death of his wife in public. If Tikhon is already able to declare his protest, then the "dark kingdom" really does not have long to exist.

The thunderstorm is also a symbol of renewal. In nature, after a thunderstorm, the air is fresh and clean. In society, after the thunderstorm that began with Katherine's protest, there will also be a renewal: the oppressive and subordinate order will probably be replaced by a society of freedom and independence.

But the thunderstorm occurs not only in nature, but also in the soul of Katerina. She committed a sin and repents of it. Two feelings are fighting in her: fear of Kabanikha and fear that “death will suddenly catch you as you are, with all your sins ...” In the end, religiosity, fear of retribution for sin prevail, and Katerina publicly confesses what she had done. sin. None of the residents of Kalinov can understand her: these people, like Katerina, do not have a rich spiritual world and high moral values; they do not feel remorse, because their morality is as long as everything is “sewn and covered”. However, the recognition does not bring relief to Katherine. As long as she believes in Boris's love, she is able to live. But, realizing that Boris is no better than Tikhon, that she is still alone in this world, where everything “hates” for her, she finds no other way out but to throw herself into the Volga. Katerina transgressed religious law for the sake of freedom. Thunderstorm and in her soul ends with renewal. The young woman completely freed herself from the shackles of the Kalinov world and religion.

Thus, a thunderstorm in the soul of the main character turns into a thunderstorm in society itself, and all the action takes place against the backdrop of the elements.

Using the image of a thunderstorm, Ostrovsky showed that a society that has outlived itself, based on deception, and the old order, depriving a person of the opportunity to manifest the highest feelings, are doomed to destruction. This is as natural as cleansing nature through a thunderstorm. Thus, Ostrovsky expressed the hope that the renewal in society will come as soon as possible.

1. a heavily clogged, dirty place, usually a room where everything is lying around in a mess;

2. something that is in an extremely neglected state, in disorder, etc. Usually about an organization, about a complete mess in the conduct of business.

· · ·

From the name of the huge canyons of the Elidian king Augius, not cleaned for many years. Only a mighty son could cleanse them. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, sending the waters of two turbulent rivers through them.

a firm determination to be irreconcilable towards someone or something, to fight someone or something to the end.

· · ·

On behalf of the Corfagen commander Annibal (or Hannibal, 247-183 BC), who, according to legend, while still a boy, vowed to be an implacable enemy of Rome all his life. Annibal kept his oath: during the Second Punic War (218-210 BC), the troops under his command inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the troops of Rome.

happy serene life, peaceful, unclouded existence.

· · ·

From the name of Arcadia - the central mountainous part of the Peloponnese, whose population in ancient times was engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture, and which in the classical literature of the 17th-18th centuries. portrayed as a happy country where people live a serene, carefree life.

subtle, graceful wit, elegant joke; mockery.

· · ·

According to the name of the ancient Greek region of Attica, the former center of the intellectual and spiritual life of that time and famous for its rich and subtle culture.

an extreme limit, a boundary of something, an extreme in something.

· · ·

Originally - the name of two rocks on the shores of Europe and Africa near the Strait of Gibraltar, according to ancient legend, erected on the border of the world.

intractable, confusing matter, task, some kind of difficulty. Also Cut (cut) the Gordian knot - resolve a complex and confusing issue boldly, decisively and immediately.

· · ·

From the name of a complex, intricate knot, tied, according to one of the legends, by the Phrygian king Gordius, which no one was able to untie. According to the prediction of the oracle, who managed to untangle this knot was to become the ruler of all Asia. The legend told by ancient Greek writers tells that only Alexander the Great managed to do it - he cut the knot in half with a sword.

danger constantly threatening someone, a nuisance.

· · ·

The expression arose from the ancient Greek legend about the Syracuse tyrant Dionysius the Elder (432-367 BC), who, in order to teach a lesson to one of his confidants, Damocles, who envied his position, seated him during a feast in his place, hanging over his head Damocles a sharp sword on a horsehair as a symbol of the dangers that inevitably threaten the tyrant. Damocles realized how little happy he is who is under eternal fear.

1. a two-faced person; 2. a case having two opposite sides.

· · ·

In ancient Roman mythology, Janus is the god of time, as well as of every beginning and end, the god of change, movement. He was depicted with two faces, young and old, which were turned in different directions: the young - forward, into the future, the old - back, into the past.

a difficult, intractable task that requires a subtle approach, a fair amount of intelligence and competence.

· · ·

It arose from a myth that tells how a terrible monster was sent to Thebes as punishment for the misconduct of one of the rulers of the city, which was located on a mountain near Thebes (or in a city square) and asked everyone who passed the question: “Which living creature in the morning walks on four legs, during the day - not two, but in the evening on three? ”. Unable to give a clue, the Sphinx killed and thus destroyed many noble Thebans, including the son of the king Creon. The riddle was solved by Oedipus, only he managed to guess that it was a man; The Sphinx, in despair, threw herself into the abyss and crashed to death.

large sums of money.

· · ·

The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Fr. Captivated by the beauty of the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of a golden rain and from this connection Perseus was born later. Danae, showered with rain of gold coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck and others. Hence the expressions “golden rain is pouring”, “golden rain”.

to be forgotten, without a trace and disappear forever.

· · ·

From the name Lethe - the rivers of oblivion in the underworld; the souls of the dead drank water from it and forgot their whole past life.

someone has a keen sense of envy of someone else's success.

· · ·

The words of the ancient Greek commander Themistocles: "Lavra Miltiada do not let me sleep", said by him after the brilliant victory of Miltiades over the troops of the Persian king Darius in 490 BC.

scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing or threatening someone.

· · ·

It arose from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe supreme god, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people he disliked with the help of lightning forged by terrifying power.

in a position where danger threatens from both sides (to be, to be, to be, etc.). Synonyms: between a hammer and an anvil, between two fires.

· · ·

From the name of two mythical monsters, and, who lived on both sides of the narrow Strait of Messina and destroyed everyone passing by.

something that helps to find a way out of a predicament.

first place among others due to superiority over all others.

· · ·

From the custom that existed in Ancient Greece to award the winner in a competition with a palm branch or wreath.

inappropriately, enthusiastically praise, praise someone or something.

· · ·

It arose from the name of dithyrambs - songs of praise in honor of the god of wine and grapevine, sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

what is the yardstick for something, to which something is violently adjusted or adapted.

· · ·

Initially, it was a bed on which, according to ancient Greek myth, the robber Polypemon, nicknamed Procrustes (“stretching”), laid the travelers seized by him and stretched the legs of those to whom this bed was large, or cut off the legs of those for whom it was not enough.

As if from a cornucopia - in huge quantities, inexhaustible.

· · ·

In ancient Greek mythology, there is the wonderful horn of the goat Amalfea, which nursed a baby with her milk. According to one of the legends, when one day a goat accidentally broke off its horn, the thunderer gave this horn a miraculous ability to be filled with whatever its owner desires. Therefore, the horn of Amalfea has become a symbol of wealth and abundance.

Augean stables

*one. a heavily clogged, dirty place, usually a room where everything is lying around in a mess;
* 2. something that is in an extremely neglected state, in disarray, etc. Usually about an organization, about a complete mess in the conduct of business.

From the name of the huge stables of the Elidian king Auge, not cleaned for many years. Only the mighty Hercules, the son of Zeus, could cleanse them. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, sending the waters of two turbulent rivers through them.

Annibal's oath

* a firm determination to be irreconcilable in relation to someone or something, to fight with someone or with something to the end.

On behalf of the Carthaginian general Hannibal (or Annibal, 247-183 BC), who, according to legend, while still a boy, vowed to be an implacable enemy of Rome all his life. Hannibal kept his oath: during the Second Punic War (218-210 BC), the troops under his command inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the troops of Rome.

Arcadian idyll

* happy serene life, peaceful, unclouded existence.

Attic salt

* subtle, graceful wit, elegant joke; mockery.

By the name of the ancient Greek region of Attica, the former center of mental and spiritual life of that time and famous for its rich and delicate culture.

Pillars of Hercules

* an extreme limit, a boundary of something, an extreme in something.

Originally - the name of two rocks on the shores of Europe and Africa near the Strait of Gibraltar, according to ancient legend, erected by Hercules on the border of the world.

Gordian knot

* intractable, confusing matter, task, some difficulties. Also
Cut (cut) the Gordian knot

* resolve a complex and confusing issue boldly, decisively and immediately.

Sword of Damocles

* constantly threatening someone danger, trouble.

The expression arose from the ancient Greek legend about the Syracuse tyrant Dionysius the Elder (432-367 BC), who, in order to teach a lesson to one of his confidants, Damocles, who envied his position, put him in his place during a feast, hanging him over his head Damocles a sharp sword on a horsehair as a symbol of the dangers that inevitably threaten the tyrant. Damocles realized how little happy he is who is under eternal fear.

Two-faced Janus

*one. Two-faced person;
* 2. a case having two opposite sides.

The riddle of the Sphinx

* a difficult, intractable task that requires a subtle approach, a fair amount of intelligence and competence.

It arose from the myth that tells how the gods sent a terrible monster to Thebes as punishment for the misdeed of one of the city's rulers - the Sphinx, which was located on a mountain near Thebes (or in a city square) and asked everyone who passed the question: "Which living creature in the morning walks on four legs, in the afternoon - not two, but in the evening on three? ". Unable to give a clue, the Sphinx killed and thus destroyed many noble Thebans, including the son of the king Creon. The riddle was solved by Oedipus, only he managed to guess that it was a man; The Sphinx, in despair, threw herself into the abyss and crashed to death.

Golden Rain

* large sums of money.

The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danaë, daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of a golden rain and from this connection Perseus was born later. Danae, showered with rain of gold coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck and others. Hence the expressions "golden rain is pouring", "golden rain will be pouring".

Sink into oblivion

* be forgotten, disappear without a trace and forever.

From the name Lethe - the rivers of oblivion in the underworld of Hades; the souls of the dead drank water from it and forgot their whole past life.

Laurels do not let sleep

* Someone has a keen sense of envy for someone else's success.

The words of the ancient Greek commander Themistocles: "Lavra Miltiada do not let me sleep", said by him after the brilliant victory of Miltiades over the troops of the Persian king Darius in 490 BC.

Throwing thunder and lightning

* scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing or threatening someone.

It arose from the ideas of Zeus - the supreme god of Olympus - who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people unwanted by him with the help of terrifying lightning forged by Hephaestus.

Between Scylla and Charybdis

* in a position where danger threatens from both sides (to be, to be, to be, etc.). Synonyms: between a hammer and an anvil, between two fires.

From the name of two mythical monsters, Scylla and Charybdis, who lived on both sides of the narrow Strait of Messina and destroyed everyone passing by.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread

* what helps to find a way out of a predicament.

By the name of Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus after he killed the half-bull, half-human Minotaur, to safely get out of the underground labyrinth using a ball of thread.

Palm tree

* first place among others, due to superiority over all others.

From the custom that existed in Ancient Greece to award the winner in a competition with a palm branch or wreath.

Sing praises

* excessively, enthusiastically praise, praise someone or something.

It originated from the name of dithyrambs - songs of praise in honor of the god of wine and the vine Dionysus, sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Procrustean bed

* what is the yardstick for something, to which something is forcibly adjusted or adapted.

Initially, it was a bed on which, according to ancient Greek myth, the robber Polypemon, nicknamed Procrustes ("stretching"), laid the travelers seized by him and stretched out the legs of those to whom this bed was large, or cut off the legs of those for whom it was not enough.

Cornucopia

* As if from a cornucopia - in huge quantities, inexhaustible.

In ancient Greek mythology, there is the wonderful horn of the goat Amalthea, who fed the baby Zeus with her milk. According to one of the legends, when one day a goat accidentally broke off its horn, the thunderer gave this horn a miraculous ability to be filled with whatever its owner desires. Therefore, the horn of Amalthea became a symbol of wealth and abundance.

Saddle Pegasus

* the same as to Fly to Helikon - to become a poet, write poetry; feel a surge of inspiration.

By the name of the winged horse Pegasus, the fruit of the connection between the Gorgon Medusa and Poseidon, bringing good luck to his rider. With a blow of his hoof, Pegasus knocked out the spring of Hippocrenus ("horse spring") on Helikon (the mountain is the home of the muses), the water of which gives inspiration to poets.

Sisyphean labor

* the same as the Barrel Danaid - useless, endless hard work, fruitless work.

The expression came from the ancient Greek legend about Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who could deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to bind Thanatos, the god of death, sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades - he had to roll a heavy stone onto the mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all the work had to start anew.

Pandora's Box

* a source of multiple misfortunes, disasters.

From the ancient Greek myth about Pandora, according to which people once lived without knowing any misfortunes, illness and old age, until Prometheus stole fire from the gods. For this, an angry Zeus sent a beautiful woman to earth - Pandora; she received from God a casket in which all human misfortunes were locked. Despite Prometheus' warning not to open the chest, Pandora, spurred on by curiosity, opened it and scattered all the misfortunes.

Phraseologisms from ancient Greek myths Phraseologism "Sisyphean labor" meaning - page №1 / 2

Comparison of Skilla with Charybdis led to the formation of a proverb, which is equivalent to the Russian one “out of the fire into the fire”:

Phraseologisms from ancient Greek myths

Phraseologism "Sisyphean labor" meaning

The ancient Greek myth tells about the cunning and insidious Corinthian king Sisyphus, who several times deceived the gods in order to prolong his luxurious life on earth.

The expression of the Sisyphean work began to mean hard, exhausting, useless work.

Phraseologism "Apple of discord" meaning

The expression apple of discord has turned into a phraseological unit denoting the cause of a quarrel, enmity

THE VIEW OF MEDUSA

If a person is unpleasant in communication and does not like others, then it is often said that he has the look of Medusa.

Medusa the Gorgon is a monster with snakes wriggling on its head, and instead of feet there were copper hooves. If a person looked at her, he immediately turned to stone.

BARREL DANAID

A danaid barrel is a pointless, useless work.

ATTIC SALT

Attic salt - (book) - an elegant joke, refined wit.

PROMETEEV FIRE

Promethean fire - (book) the spirit of nobility, courage, an inextinguishable desire to achieve lofty goals.

Ariadne's thread

OLYMPIAN CALM

Olympic serenity is serenity.

KING! REMEMBER THE GREEKS

King! Remember the Greeks. 1. Reminder of urgent business. 2. A reminder of the need for revenge.

PANDORA'S BOX

PROCRUSTEAN BED

THE GOLDEN FLEECE

The Golden Fleece is gold, wealth, which they seek to master.

RETURN TO YOUR PENATES

To return to your penates - to return under your own roof.

Remember "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin:

Returned to their penates,

Vladimir Lensky visited

A neighbor's monument is mortal.

TWO-FACED JANUS

GREEK GIFT

The gifts of the Danaans are treacherous gifts brought with a treacherous purpose.

Expression from the Iliad: in the legend, the Greeks took Troy by building a huge wooden horse and donating it to the Trojans. A detachment of soldiers was hidden inside the horse.

PENELOPE FABRIC

Penelope's fabric is about sophisticated cunning.

GOLDEN AGE

And although these naive beliefs have long sunk into oblivion, the phraseological unit of the golden age is still alive - this is how we call the best time, the days of the heyday of anything.

Here you can listen to or download the MYTH "FIVE CENTURIES"

CORNUCOPIA

A cornucopia is an endless source of prosperity, wealth.

So the expression cornucopia became a symbol of prosperity, wealth.

Here you can listen to or download MYTH "BIRTH OF ZEUS"

BONDS OF GIMENE

The bonds of Hymen are mutual obligations that joint life imposes on spouses, or, simply, the marriage itself.

Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin says to Tatyana Larina:

You judge what kind of roses

Hymen will prepare for us ... -

when it comes to their possible marriage.

Here you can download or listen to the MYTH "GIMENEUS"

Tantalum flour

Tantalum torments, Tantalus torments - suffering from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the inability to achieve it. Here you can listen to or download the MYTH "TANTAL"

AUGEAN STABLES

AVGIEVY STABLES - a dirty place, neglected business, a mess.

GORDIAN KNOT

Cutting the Gordian knot is a bold, energetic solution to a difficult matter.

I carry everything with me

All that a person carries with him is his inner wealth, knowledge and mind.

PANIC FEAR (HORROR)

Panic fear is intense fear. Here you can listen to or download the myth "PAN"

PALM OF EXCELLENCE

The palm tree is a symbol of victory, almost the same as a laurel wreath.

RIDING THE PEGASUS

Ride Pegasus - become a poet, speak in poetry

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

To be under the auspices - to enjoy someone's patronage, to be protected.

SWORD OF DAMOCLES

The sword of Damocles is a constant threat.

HOMERIC LAUGHTER (LAUGHTER)

Homeric laughter is unrestrained laughter.

HERCULES PILLARS (PILLARS)

To say “reached the Pillars of Hercules” means reached the extreme limit.

MENTOR TONE

"Mentor tone" is a mentoring, arrogant tone.

2. Ariadne's thread - what helps to find a way out of a difficult situation.

3. Achilles' heel is a weak spot.

4. Barrel Danaid - endless labor, fruitless work.

5. Age of Astrea - a happy time, time.

6. Hercules. Hercules labor (feat). Pillars of Hercules (pillars).

7. Hercules at a crossroads. Applies to a person who finds it difficult to choose between two solutions.

8. Ties (chains) of Hymen - marriage, matrimony.

In ancient Greece, the word "hymen" meant both a wedding song and the deity of marriage, consecrated by religion and law, in contrast to Eros, the god of free love.

9. Sword of Damocles - impending, threatening danger.

10. Gifts of the Danaans. - "insidious" gifts that bring death with them for those who receive them.

The Trojan Horse is a secret cunning design (hence the Trojan Virus (Trojan)).

11. Two-faced Janus is a two-faced man.

12. Golden Fleece - gold, wealth, which they seek to master.

Argonauts are brave seafarers, adventure seekers.

13. To sink into oblivion - to disappear forever, to be forgotten.

14. Between Scylla and Charybdis - in a difficult position, when danger threatens from both sides.

According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the strait: Scylla and Charybdis, who devoured seafarers.

15. Tantalus torment - suffering due to unsatisfied desires.

16. Narcissus is a person who loves only himself.

17. Nectar and ambrosia is an unusually tasty drink, an exquisite dish.

In Greek mythology, nectar is a drink, ambrosia is the food of the gods, which gives them immortality.

18. Olympians are arrogant, inaccessible people.

Olympic bliss is the highest degree of bliss.

Olympic serenity is serenity that is undisturbed.

Olympic grandeur - solemnity with manners.

Olympus is a mountain in Greece where, as the Greek myths tell, the immortal gods lived.

19. Panic fear - sudden, intense fear that causes confusion.

20. Pygmalion and Galatea - about passionate love without reciprocity.

21. Promethean fire - a sacred fire that burns in the human soul; an unquenchable desire to achieve lofty goals.

22. Penelope's work is never-ending work (wife's loyalty).

23. Sphinx riddle - something insoluble.

24. Sisyphean labor is endless, disembodied (useless) work.

The Corinthian king Sisyphus was sentenced by Zeus to eternal torment in Hades for insulting the gods: he had to roll a huge stone onto the mountain, which, having reached the top, again rolled down.

25. Circe is a dangerous beauty, an insidious seducer.

26. The apple of discord is the cause of dispute, enmity.

27. Pandora's box is a source of misfortune, great calamities.

28. Golden rain - big money or easily obtained wealth.

29. Cyclops - one-eyed

WORKS

A.S. Pushkin

PROPHET

We languish with spiritual thirst,

I dragged myself in the gloomy desert, -

And the six-winged seraph

He appeared to me at the crossroads.

With fingers as light as a dream

He touched my apple.

Prophetic apples were opened,

Like a frightened eagle.

He touched my ears, -

And they were filled with noise and ringing:

And I heeded the shudder of the sky,

And the high flight of angels,

And a reptile underwater passage,

And vegetation along the vine.

And he clung to my lips,

And tore out my sinful tongue,

And idle and crafty,

And the sting of a wise snake

My frozen lips

Inserted with a bloody right hand.

And he cut my chest with a sword,

And he took out his quivering heart,

And coal blazing with fire

I put it in my chest.

I lay like a corpse in the desert

And God's voice called to me:

"Rise, prophet, and see, and listen,

Fulfill my will

And, bypassing the seas and lands,

Burn people's hearts with the verb. "

Notes

The version of the first verse of the "Prophet" - "We torment the great sorrow", which is available in Pushkin's notes, apparently refers to the original edition of the well-known text.

Six-winged seraph - In Christian mythology, angels were called seraphim, especially close to God and glorifying him.

Finger- finger

Zenitsy- Pupil, eye.

Opened- opened

Prophetic - Foreseeing the future, prophetic

Gorny (flight) - Above.

Vegetation - growth

Right hand - right hand, sometimes even a hand

See - look

Heed- To listen to someone, to direct attention to something.

Poem theme:

Composition and plot:

Lermontov "Duma"

Sadly I look at our generation!

His future is either empty, or dark,

Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,

In inaction it will grow old.

We are rich, barely from the cradle,

By the mistakes of the fathers and their late minds,

And life weary us, like a straight path without a goal,

Like a feast at a stranger's holiday.

Shamefully indifferent to good and evil,

At the beginning of the race, we wither without a fight;

Shamefully cowardly in the face of danger

And before the authorities - despicable slaves.

So skinny fruit, ripe for a time,

Neither our taste pleases nor the eyes,

Hanging between flowers, an orphaned stranger,

And the hour of their beauty - the hour of his fall!

We have dried up the mind with sterile science,

Taya envious of neighbors and friends

Disbelief of ridiculed passions.

We barely touched the cup of pleasure,

But we did not save our youthful strength;

From every joy, afraid of satiety,

We have extracted the best juice forever.

Poetry dreams, art creation

They do not stir our mind with sweet delight;

We greedily cherish the rest of the feeling in our chest -

Buried with avarice and useless treasure.

And we hate, and we love by chance,

Sacrificing nothing for malice or love,

And some secret cold reigns in the soul,

When the fire boils in blood

And the luxurious fun of our ancestors is boring,

Their conscientious, childish depravity;

And we hurry to the grave without happiness and without glory,

Looking back mockingly.

We will pass over the world without noise or trace,

Not the genius of the work begun.

And our ashes, with the severity of a judge and a citizen,

The descendant will offend with a contemptuous verse,

By the bitter mockery of a deceived son

Over a squandered father.

The poem "Duma" in its genre is the same elegy-satire, like "Death of a Poet". Only the satire here is directed not at court society, but at the bulk of the noble intelligentsia of the 30s.

In a crowd gloomy and soon forgotten

We will pass over the world without noise or trace,

Without abandoning for centuries a fertile thought,

Not the genius of the work begun.

Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

Text history:

Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

"The Thunderstorm" - a play in five acts by Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky

History of creation

The play was started by Alexander Ostrovsky in July and completed on October 9, 1859. The manuscript is at the Russian State Library.

It was Lyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya who served as the prototype for the image of the heroine of the play Katerina, she also became the first performer of the role.

Alexander Golovin. Bank of the Volga. 1916 Sketches of scenery for the drama A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

In his play, Ostrovsky raises the problem of the turning point in social life that occurred in the 1850s, the problem of changing social foundations.

Thus, a thunderstorm in the soul of the main character turns into a thunderstorm in society itself, and all the action takes place against the backdrop of the elements.

Goncharov "Oblomov"

History of creation

The novel was conceived in 1847 and took 10 years to write. In 1849, the chapter “Oblomov's Dream” was published in the almanac “Literary Collection with Illustrations” under Sovremennik as an independent work.

Work on the novel proceeded slowly, at the end of the 40s Goncharov wrote to the publisher A.A.Kraevsky:

“After reading what was written carefully, I saw that all this had gone to the extreme, that I had taken the wrong approach to the subject, that one had to be changed, the other released<...> In my head, the thing is worked out slowly and hard. "

Completely the novel "Oblomov" was first published only in 1859 in the first four issues of the journal "Otechestvennye zapiski". The beginning of work on the novel dates back to an earlier period. In 1849, one of the central chapters of "Oblomov" was published - "Oblomov's Dream", which the author himself called "the overture of the whole novel." The author asks the question: what is “Oblomovism” - the “golden age” or death, stagnation? In "Dream ..." motives of static and immobility, stagnation prevail, but at the same time the author's sympathy, good-natured humor, and not just satirical denial, are felt. As Goncharov later argued, in 1849 a plan for the novel Oblomov was ready and a rough version of its first part was completed. “Soon,” wrote Goncharov, “after the publication of“ Ordinary History ”in Sovremennik in 1847, I already had Oblomov's plan in mind.” In the summer of 1849, when Oblomov's Dream was ready, Goncharov made a trip to his homeland, to Simbirsk, whose life retained the imprint of patriarchal antiquity. In this small town, the writer saw many examples of the "dream" with which the inhabitants of Oblomovka, fictional by him, slept. Work on the novel was interrupted due to Goncharov's trip around the world on the frigate Pallada. Only in the summer of 1857, after the travel essays "Pallas frigate" were published, Goncharov continued to work on "Oblomov". In the summer of 1857, he left for the resort of Marienbad, where he completed three parts of the novel within a few weeks. In August of the same year, Goncharov began working on the last, fourth, part of the novel, the final chapters of which were written in 1858. However, preparing the novel for publication, Goncharov in 1858 rewrote "Oblomov", supplementing it with new scenes, and made some reductions. After completing work on the novel, Goncharov said: "I wrote my life and what I grow to it."

Goncharov admitted that the influence of Belinsky's ideas influenced Oblomov's concept. The most important circumstance that influenced the concept of the work is Belinsky's speech on Goncharov's first novel, An Ordinary History. There are also autobiographical features in the image of Oblomov. By his own admission, Goncharov, he himself was a sybarite, he loved the serene peace that gave birth to creativity.

Published in 1859, the novel was hailed as a major public event. The newspaper Pravda wrote in an article dedicated to the 125th anniversary of Goncharov's birth: “Oblomov appeared in an era of social excitement, several years before the peasant reform, and was perceived as a call to fight against inertia and stagnation.” Immediately after its publication, the novel became the subject of discussion in criticism and among writers.

The novel by I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov” is one of the most popular classical works. Since the critic Pisarev announced upon the publication of the novel that he, "in all likelihood, will constitute an epoch in the history of Russian literature," and prophesied the common sense of the types introduced in it, there is not a single literate Russian who does not know at least approximately that such Oblomovism. Roman was lucky: a month after his appearance, he found not only an intelligent reviewer, but also a serious interpreter in the person of Dobrolyubov; Moreover, the author himself, far from the views and even more so from the practice of revolutionary democracy, and also an extremely jealous and suspicious person, completely agreed with Dobrolyubov's article "What is Oblomovism?"

“The impression that this novel made in Russia by its appearance defies description,” recalled Prince P. Kropotkin forty years later. “All educated Russia read Oblomov and discussed Oblomovism.

The study of Oblomovism in all its manifestations made Goncharov's novel immortal. The protagonist is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a hereditary nobleman, an intelligent, intelligent young man who received a good education and dreamed in his youth of selfless service to Russia. Goncharov gives the following description of his appearance: "He was a man of medium height, pleasant appearance, with dark gray eyes, but with no definite idea." By nature, Ilya Ilyich is honest, kind and meek. His childhood friend, Andrei Stolts, says about him: "This is a crystal, transparent soul." But all these positive character traits are opposed by such qualities as lack of will and laziness.

To understand the reasons for the occurrence of such a phenomenon as Oblomovism, you need to remember “Oblomov's Dream”. In it, Ilya Ilyich sees his parents, his family estate and all her life. It was a life that hadn't changed for decades; everything seemed to stand still, fell asleep in this estate; life was unhurried, measured, lazy and sleepy. Nothing disturbed Oblomov's everyday life. When describing the life of a landlord's estate, Goncharov often uses the words "silence", "stagnation", "peace", "sleep", "silence". They very accurately convey the very atmosphere of the house, where life went on without changes and excitements from breakfast to lunch, from afternoon nap to evening tea, from dinner - again until the morning, where the most memorable event was how Luka Savelich unsuccessfully moved down the hill in winter. sled and hurt my forehead. It can be said that the life of the Oblomovites was defined by one word - "stagnation", this was the typical existence of a Russian provincial landlord estate, and Goncharov did not invent it: he himself grew up in such a family.

And little Ilyusha Oblomov was brought up by the very atmosphere of this house, the very life of Oblomovka. As N. A. Dobrolyubov very accurately defined in his article “What is Oblomovism?” Ilya Ilyich was brought up not just as a nobleman, but as a Russian gentleman who “does not need to fuss every day, does not need to work in the name of“ his daily bread ”. Ilya Oblomov should be regarded as a kind of result of the education of many generations of the Oblomovs, as a product of the “fossilized kingdom” of Russian life itself. This upbringing and this way of life killed all living things, all spontaneous, accustoming a person to sleepy idleness; moreover, they equally influenced both the master and the courtyard. In this sense, the image of Oblomov's servant Zakhara is very important. Ilya Ilyich says, addressing him: "Yes, you, brother, are even bigger Oblomov than myself!" This is a very accurate observation; Zakhar is like “Oblomov squared”: all the worst qualities of Oblomov are brought to caricature in Zakhar.

Oblomov's life is devoid of striving for any changes; on the contrary, most of all he values \u200b\u200bsolitude and peace. Oblomov is gradually breaking ties, first with the service, and then with the entire outside world, with society. A robe, shoes and a sofa - this is what contributes to the immersion of a young man into complete apathy. The fact that this person is morally dying, Goncharov makes us understand, describing Oblomov's life: “A cobweb sat on the glass, saturated with dust; mirrors ... could serve as tablets for writing down notes on them by dust ”; “Lying with Ilya Ilyich was his normal state.”

Dobrolyubov, and after him other critics, were amazed at the skill of the writer, who built the novel in such a way that nothing seems to happen in it, and there is no external movement at all, more precisely, the habitually “romantic” dynamics, and unremitting interest remains. The fact is that under the hero's outward inactivity, under the unhurried and detailed descriptions, there is an intense inner action. Its leading spring turns out to be Oblomov's stubborn struggle with the life that surrounds him, flowing from all sides - a struggle outwardly unnoticeable, sometimes almost invisible, but therefore no less fierce.

On the contrary, bitterness only grows due to the fact that vain, in some of its manifestations, life moves slowly and steadily, crushing everything hostile and hostile to it: progress crushes Oblomovism, which is represented in the novel by all inertia.

The meek Ilya Ilyich is desperately and to the end fighting off the invasion of life, from its great demands, from labor and from the small pricks of "anger for the day." Being wrong in his resistance to civic duty, he sometimes turns out to be above and to the right of the vain claims of then being. And, without throwing off his robe, without leaving the famous Oblomov sofa, he sometimes strikes well-aimed blows at the enemy who rushed in to him and disturbed his peace.

Goncharov introduces the reader to the atmosphere of this struggle from the very beginning, immediately outlining the contradictions of the hero's passive, albeit in his own way, militant position. "Oh my god! It touches life, gets it everywhere, "Oblomov yearns.

Morning visits to the hero, with which the novel begins, are a whole gallery of types, characteristic masks; some of them then no longer appear in the novel. Here is an empty dandy, and a careerist bureaucrat, and an accusatory writer. The masks are different, but the essence is the same: empty vanity, deceitful activity. It is thanks to the “removal” of such “heterogeneous faces” that the thought about the ghostly intensity of the existence of “business” people, the fullness of their life, becomes more full-blooded and expressive.

It is not surprising that Oblomov is far from the interests of practical life, weighed down by its demands, and is unable to protect even his own interests. When, using credulity, a swindler and a blackmailer asks Oblomov about the state of his affairs, Oblomov gives an answer that is stunning in its frankness. “Listen ... Listen,” he repeated in a deliberate manner, almost in a whisper, “I don't know what corvée is, what rural labor is, what does a poor man mean, what is rich; I don't know what a quarter of rye or oats means, what it costs, in what month, and what is sown and reaped, how and when they sell it; I don’t know whether I’m rich or poor, whether I’ll be full in a year, or whether I’m a beggar - I don’t know anything! - he concluded with despondency ... "This detail is remarkable - Oblomov makes his confession" almost in a whisper. " Before him, perhaps for the first time, the whole tragedy and helplessness of his position appeared. And despite this realization, Oblomov's death is inevitable.

Goncharov is stern and adamant in analyzing the fate of his hero, although the writer does not conceal his good qualities. “It began with the inability to put on stockings and ended with the inability to live.”

Oblomovism is not only Ilya Ilyich Oblomov himself. This is the serf Oblomovka, where the hero began his life and was brought up; this is "Vyborg Oblomovka" in the house of Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsyna, where Oblomov finished his inglorious career; this is the serf Zakhar, with his slavish devotion to the master, and a host of crooks, crooks, hunters for someone else's pie (Tarantyev, Ivan Matveyevich, Zaterty), scurrying around Oblomov and his free income. The serfdom, which gave rise to such phenomena, spoke with all its content of Goncharov's novel, was doomed to destruction, its destruction became an urgent requirement of the era.

Could not awaken Oblomov's interest in life and the love of a beautiful girl, Olga Ilyinskaya. The "Poem of Love" with its passions, ups and downs seems to the hero to be a "pre-hard school of life." Oblomov is frightened of those high qualities of the soul that he must possess in order to become worthy of a girl's love. Olga, trying in vain to save her beloved, asks him: “What ruined you? There is no name for this evil ... "-" There is ... Oblomovism, "- Ilya Ilyich answers. Oblomov is much more satisfied with another version of the relationship. He finds his “ideal” in the person of Agafya Matveyevna Pshenitsy-noy, who, demanding nothing from the object of her love, tries to indulge him in everything.

But why is one of the best people in the novel morally clean, honest, kind, warm-hearted Oblomov morally dying? What is the reason for this tragedy? Goncharov, condemning Oblomov's way of life, his laziness, lack of will, inability to practice, sees the reasons that gave rise to the phenomenon of Oblomovism, in the conditions of Russian local life, which allowed the landowner not to care about his daily bread. According to Dobrolyubov, “Oblomov is not a dull, apathetic nature, without aspirations and feelings, but a person who is also looking for something in his life, thinking about something. But the vile habit of receiving satisfaction of his desires not from his own efforts, but from others, developed in him an apathetic immobility and plunged him into a miserable state of a moral slave ”. This is the essence of Oblomov's tragedy.

But condemning Oblomov's laziness and apathy, Goncharov also ambiguously refers to another hero, Andrei Stolz, who seems to be ideally positive, and does not consider his path of personality formation more suitable for Russia. Unlike Oblomov, a warm-hearted person, the author describes Stolz to us as a kind of mechanism. His ideal, which nothing prevented from being realized, is the achievement of material prosperity, comfort, personal well-being. AP Chekhov wrote about him: “Stolz does not inspire me with any confidence. The author says that he is a wonderful fellow, but I do not believe him ... He is half composed, three-quarters stilted. "

Perhaps the origins of the tragedies of both heroes lie in their upbringing. The fault of Stolz's unnaturalness is the “correct”, rational, burgher upbringing.

The Oblomovs are the keepers of ancient traditions. This Oblomov utopia about a man harmoniously coexisting with nature was passed down from generation to generation. But the author shows the backwardness of patriarchy, the almost fabulous impossibility of such an existence in his contemporary world. Oblomov's dream is crumbling under the pressure of civilization.

In a rebuff to Zakhar about the lifestyle of “other” Oblomov, he looks almost like the personification of the typical psychology of a slave owner, confident in his right to do nothing and only consume the goods of life. But here Zakhar, overwhelmed by the "pathetic" words of the master, left, and Oblomov alone with himself seriously compares himself with the "others" and thinks completely opposite to what he was explaining to the old uncle with pathos. And the "painful consciousness" of the truth almost leads him to that terrible word, which, "like a stigma, captures his life and the true values \u200b\u200bof the spirit. Oblomov hid so diligently from life that secret pure gold turns into a clear evil for those who depend on him. Zakhar, touching in his slavish devotion, but completely depraved, weakened by idleness, perishes, and the rest of the three hundred Zakhars, invisible in the novel, ruined by swindlers and "honest figures", suffer.

A dream-like life and a death-like dream are the fate of the protagonist of the novel.

Oblomov's “pigeon soul” resolutely denies the world of false activity hostile to man, life, nature — above all, the world of active bourgeois affairs, the world of all predation and meanness. But this soul itself, as Goncharov shows, in its weakness acts as a hostile element to life. In this contradiction is the real immortality of Oblomov's tragic image.

Dobrolyubov with all his might showed the typicality of Oblomov not only for conservative, but also for liberal Russia. According to the correct remark of PA Kropotkin, "Oblomov's type is not at all limited to the borders of Russia alone: \u200b\u200b... Oblomovism exists on both continents and under all latitudes." Western European criticism has also recognized this. P. Hansen, a translator of Goncharov's works into Danish, wrote to him: “Not only at Aduev and Raysky, but even in Oblomov, I found so much familiar and old, so much dear. Yes, there is nothing to hide, and in our dear Denmark there is a lot of Oblomovism.

The concept of "Oblomovism" has become a household name for all sorts of inertia, inertia and stagnation.