The development of Siberia and the Far East by Russians is brief. Conquest of Siberia

In the development of Siberia and the Far East, the Russians closely intertwined free people's spontaneous settlement and resettlement by "sovereign decrees". The local population was either directly conquered, or voluntarily entered into the Russian state, hoping to find protection from warlike neighbors.

Russian people got acquainted with the Trans-Urals at the turn of the 11th-12th centuries, however, mass settlement from European Russia to the east began at the end of the 16th century, after a campaign against the Siberian Khan Kuchum by a Cossack squad led by ataman Ermak Timofeevich. In October 1582, the detachment occupied the capital of the Khanate, the city of Siberia (Kashlyk, Isker). Yermak's campaign (he himself died in one of the skirmishes) dealt a mortal blow to Kuchumov's "kingdom": it could no longer successfully resist the tsarist troops, who, having included Yermak's surviving associates, moved along the paved path. in 1586, Tyumen was founded by the sovereign's servants; in 1587, Tobolsk arose not far from the former Kuchum capital, which soon also became the main city of Siberia. The more northern regions - in the upper reaches of the Tavda and in the lower reaches of the Ob - were assigned to the Russian state in 1593-1594, after the construction of Pelym, Berezov and Surgut, the more southern ones - along the middle Irtysh - were covered in 1594 by the new city of Tara. Relying on these and other, less significant, fortresses, service people (Cossacks, archers) and industrial people (fur-bearing animal hunters) began to quickly advance the borders of Russia “meeting the sun”, building new strongholds as they advanced, many of them soon turned from military administrative centers to centers of trade and crafts.

The weak population of most of the regions of Siberia and the Far East was the main reason for the rapid advance of small detachments of service and industrial people into the depths of North Asia and its comparative bloodlessness. The circumstance that the development of these lands was carried out, as a rule, by seasoned and experienced people, also played its role. In the 17th century the main migration flow beyond the Urals came from the northern Russian (Pomor) cities and counties, whose inhabitants had the necessary fishing skills and experience in moving both along the Arctic Ocean and along the taiga rivers, were accustomed to severe frosts and midges (midges) - the true scourge of Siberia in summer time.

With the founding of Tomsk in 1604 and Kuznetsk in 1618, Russia's advance to the south of Western Siberia in the 17th century was basically completed. In the north, Mangazeya became a stronghold in the further colonization of the region - a city founded by service people near the Arctic Circle in 1601 on the site of one of the winter quarters of industrialists. From here, a few Russian gangs began to move deep into the East Siberian taiga in search of "unexplored" and rich in sable "countrymen". The widespread use of the southern routes for the same purpose began after the construction in 1619 of the Yenisei prison, which became another important base for the development of Siberian and Far Eastern lands. Later, the Yenisei service people came out of Yakutsk, founded in 1632. After the campaign of the detachment of the Tomsk Cossack Ivan Moskvitin in 1639 along the river. Hive to the Pacific Ocean, it turned out that in the east the Russians came close to the natural limits of North Asia, but the lands north and south of the Okhotsk coast were “visited” only after a number of military and fishing expeditions sent from Yakutsk. In 1643-1646. a campaign of Yakut servicemen led by Vasily Poyarkov took place, who examined the river. Amur. He made more successful campaigns there in 1649-1653. Erofey Khabarov, who actually annexed the Amur region to Russia. In 1648, the Yakut Cossack Semyon Dezhnev and the “trading man” Fedot Alekseev Popov set off to sail around the Chukotka Peninsula from the mouth of the Kolyma. About 100 people went with them on seven ships, to the goal of the campaign - the mouth of the river. Anadyr - only the crew of the Dezhnev ship reached - 24 people. In 1697-1699, the Siberian Cossack Vladimir Atlasov traveled almost all of Kamchatka and actually completed Russia's exit to its natural borders in the east.

By the beginning of the XVIII century. the number of migrants throughout the entire space from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean amounted to about 200 thousand people, i.e., equaled the number of indigenous people. At the same time, the density of the Russian population was highest in Western Siberia and decreased significantly as we moved east. Along with the construction of cities, the laying of roads, the establishment of trade, a reliable system of communication and control, the most important achievement of Russian settlers at the end of the 17th century. the spread of arable farming began in almost the entire strip of Siberia and the Far East suitable for it and the self-sufficiency of the once “wild land” with bread. The first stage of the agricultural development of the North Asian lands took place with the strongest opposition from the nomadic feudal lords of southern Siberia, Mongolia and the Manchu dynasty of China, who sought to prevent the strengthening of Russian positions in the adjacent territories most suitable for arable farming. In 1689, Russia and China signed the Nerchinsk peace treaty, according to which the Russians were forced to leave the Amur. The fight against other opponents was more successful. Relying on a rare chain of prisons in the Tara, Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk districts, the Russians managed not only to repel the raids of the nomads, but also to move further south. At the beginning of the XVIII century. the fortified cities of Biysk, Barnaul, Abakan, Omsk arose. As a result, Russia acquired land, which later became one of its main granaries, and gained access to the richest mineral resources of Altai. Since the 18th century there they began to smelt copper, to mine silver, much needed by Russia (it had not previously had its own deposits). Another center of silver mining was the Nerchinsk district.

The 19th century was marked by the beginning of the development of gold deposits in Siberia. Their first mines were discovered in Altai, as well as in the Tomsk and Yenisei provinces; from the 40s 19th century gold mining unfolded on the river. Lena. Siberian trade expanded. Back in the 17th century. the fair in Irbit, located in Western Siberia, on the border with the European part of the country, gained all-Russian fame; no less famous was the Trans-Baikal Kyakhta, founded in 1727 and becoming the center of Russian-Chinese trade. After the expeditions of G.I. Nevelsky, who proved in 1848-1855. the island position of Sakhalin and the absence of the Chinese population in the lower reaches of the Amur, Russia received a convenient outlet to the Pacific Ocean. In 1860, an agreement was concluded with China, according to which lands in the Amur and Primorye were assigned to Russia. At the same time, the city of Vladivostok was founded, which later turned into the main Pacific port of Russia; earlier such ports were Okhotsk (founded in 1647), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (1740) and Nikolaevsk (1850). By the end of the XIX century. there have been qualitative changes in the transport system throughout North Asia. In the 17th century The main river communication was here, from the 18th century. land roads built along the expanding southern borders of Siberia competed with it more and more successfully. In the first half of the XIX century. they developed into a grandiose Moscow-Siberian tract, connecting the largest South Siberian cities (Tyumen, Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Nerchinsk) and having branches both to the south and to the north - up to Yakutsk and Okhotsk. Since 1891, separate sections of the Great Siberian Railway began to come into operation beyond the Urals. It was built parallel to the Moscow-Siberian tract and was completed at the beginning of the 20th century, when a new industrial stage began in the development of North Asia. Industrialization continued until very recently, confirming the prophetic words of M.V. Lomonosov that "Russian power will grow in Siberia and the Northern Ocean." A clear confirmation of this is the Tyumen oil, Yakut diamonds and gold, Kuzbass coal and Norilsk nickel, the transformation of the cities of Siberia and the Far East into industrial and scientific centers of world significance.

There are dark pages in the history of the development of Siberia and the Far East: far from everything that has happened in this territory over the past centuries has had and still has a positive meaning. Recently, the territories beyond the Urals have been causing great concern due to the accumulated environmental problems. The memory of Siberia as a place of hard labor and exile, the main base of the Gulag, is still fresh. The development of North Asia, especially at the initial stage of Russian colonization of the region, brought many troubles to the indigenous inhabitants. Once in the Russian state, the peoples of Siberia and the Far East had to pay a tax in kind - yasak, the size of which, although inferior to the taxes imposed on Russian settlers, was heavy due to the abuses of the administration. For some clans and tribes, drunkenness and infectious diseases brought by settlers, which were previously unknown to them, had detrimental consequences, as well as the impoverishment of fishing grounds, inevitable in the course of their agricultural and industrial development. But for most of the peoples of North Asia, the positive consequences of Russian colonization are obvious. The bloody strife stopped, the natives adopted from the Russians more advanced tools and efficient ways of managing. The once non-literate peoples, who lived in the Stone Age 300 years ago, had their own intelligentsia, including scientists and writers. The total number of the indigenous population of the region was also steadily growing: in the middle of the 19th century. it has already reached 600 thousand people, in the 20-30s. 20th century - 800 thousand, and now it is more than a million. The Russian population of North Asia increased over the years even faster and in the middle of the 19th century. numbered 2.7 million people. Now it exceeds 27 million, but this is the result not so much of natural growth as of intensive migration beyond the Urals of natives of European Russia. It took on especially large dimensions in the 20th century, for several reasons. These are the Stolypin agrarian reform, dispossession in the late 1920s and 1930s; extensive recruitment of labor for the construction of factories, mines, roads, and power stations in the east of the country during the first five-year plans; development of virgin lands in the 1950s, development of oil and gas fields, giant new buildings in Siberia and the Far East in the 1960s-1970s. And today, despite all the difficulties, the development of a harsh, but fabulously rich and far from exhausted its potential, region, which became Russian land 300 years ago, continues.

It was in the 17th century that it became widespread. Enterprising merchants, travelers, adventurers and Cossacks were heading east. At this time, the oldest Russians were founded, some of them are now megacities.

Trade in Siberian furs

The first detachment of Cossacks appeared in Siberia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The army of the famous ataman Yermak fought with the Tatar Khanate in the Ob basin. It was then that Tobolsk was founded. At the turn of the XVI and XVII centuries. Time of Troubles began in Russia. Due to the economic crisis, famine and the military intervention of Poland, as well as peasant uprisings, the economic development of distant Siberia was suspended.

Only when the Romanov dynasty came to power, and order was restored in the country, did the active population again direct their gaze to the east, where vast spaces were empty. In the 17th century, the development of Siberia was carried out for the sake of furs. Fur was valued in European markets worth its weight in gold. Those wishing to cash in on trade organized hunting expeditions.

At the beginning of the 17th century, Russian colonization mainly affected the taiga and tundra regions. Firstly, it was there that valuable furs were located. Secondly, the steppes and forest-steppes were too dangerous for the settlers because of the threat of invasions by local nomads. Fragments of the Mongol Empire and Kazakh khanates continued to exist in this region, the inhabitants of which considered the Russians to be their natural enemies.

Yenisei expeditions

On the northern route, the settlement of Siberia was more intense. At the end of the 16th century, the first expeditions reached the Yenisei. In 1607, the city of Turukhansk was built on its shore. For a long time it was the main transit point and springboard for the further advancement of Russian colonists to the east.

Industrialists were looking for sable fur here. Over time, the number of wild animals has decreased significantly. It became an incentive to move on. The Yenisei tributaries Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Podkamennaya Tunguska were guiding arteries deep into Siberia. At that time, cities were just winter quarters where industrialists stopped to sell their goods or wait out severe frosts. In spring and summer, they left the camps and hunted for furs almost all year round.

Pyanda's journey

In 1623, the legendary traveler Pyanda reached the banks of the Lena. Almost nothing is known about the identity of this man. A few information about his expedition was passed by industrialists by word of mouth. Their stories were recorded by the historian Gerard Miller already in the Petrine era. The exotic name of the traveler can be explained by the fact that he belonged to the Pomors by nationality.

In 1632, on the site of one of his winter quarters, the Cossacks founded a prison, which was soon renamed Yakutsk. The city became the center of the newly created voivodeship. The first Cossack garrisons faced the hostile attitude of the Yakuts, who even tried to besiege the settlement. In the 17th century, the development of Siberia and its most distant frontiers was controlled from this city, which became the northeastern border of the country.

Character of colonization

It is important to note that colonization at that time was of a spontaneous and popular nature. At first, the state practically did not interfere in this process in any way. People went east on their own initiative, taking all the risks on themselves. As a rule, they were driven by the desire to make money on trading. Also, peasants who fled from their native places, fleeing from serfdom, rushed to the east. The desire to gain freedom pushed thousands of people into unexplored spaces, which made a huge contribution to the development of Siberia and the Far East. The 17th century gave the peasants the opportunity to start a new life in a new land.

The villagers had to go to a real labor feat in order to start a farm in Siberia. The steppe was occupied by nomads, and the tundra turned out to be unsuitable for cultivating the land. Therefore, the peasants had to arrange arable land in dense forests with their own hands, winning plot after plot from nature. Only purposeful and energetic people could cope with such work. The authorities sent detachments of service people after the colonists. They did not so much discover lands as they were engaged in the development of those already open, and were also responsible for security and tax collection. That is how a prison was built in the southern direction, on the banks of the Yenisei, to protect civilians, which later became the rich city of Krasnoyarsk. This happened in 1628.

Dezhnev's activities

The history of the development of Siberia imprinted on its pages the names of many brave travelers who spent years of their lives on risky ventures. One of these pioneers was Semyon Dezhnev. This Cossack ataman was from Veliky Ustyug, and went east to engage in fur hunting and trade. He was a skilled navigator and spent most of his active life in the northeast of Siberia.

In 1638 Dezhnev moved to Yakutsk. His closest associate was Pyotr Beketov, who founded such cities as Chita and Nerchinsk. Semyon Dezhnev was engaged in collecting yasak from the indigenous peoples of Yakutia. It was a special type of tax imposed by the state for the natives. Payments were often violated, as local princes periodically rebelled, not wanting to recognize Russian power. It was for such a case that detachments of Cossacks were needed.

Ships in the Arctic seas

Dezhnev was one of the first travelers who visited the banks of rivers flowing into the Arctic seas. We are talking about such arteries as Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Anadyr, etc.

Russian colonists penetrated into the basins of these rivers in the following way. First, the ships descended along the Lena. Having reached the sea, the ships went east along the continental coasts. So they fell into the mouths of other rivers, rising along which, the Cossacks found themselves in the most uninhabited and outlandish places in Siberia.

Opening of Chukotka

Dezhnev's main achievements were his expeditions to Kolyma and Chukotka. In 1648 he went to the North to find places where he could get a valuable walrus bone. His expedition was the first to reach here Eurasia ended and America began. The strait separating Alaska from Chukotka was not known to the colonialists. Already 80 years after Dezhnev, Bering's scientific expedition, organized by Peter I, visited here.

The journey of desperate Cossacks lasted 16 years. It took another 4 years to return to Moscow. There, Semyon Dezhnev received all the money due to him from the tsar himself. But the importance of his geographical discovery became clear after the death of the brave traveler.

Khabarov on the banks of the Amur

If Dezhnev conquered new frontiers in the northeast direction, then in the south there was a hero. They became Erofey Khabarov. This discoverer became famous after he discovered salt mines on the banks of the Kuta River in 1639. was not only an outstanding traveler, but also a good organizer. The former peasant founded the salt production in the modern Irkutsk region.

In 1649, the Yakut governor made Khabarov the commander of a Cossack detachment sent to Dauria. It was a remote and poorly explored region on the borders with the Chinese Empire. Natives lived in Dauria, who could not offer serious resistance to Russian expansion. Local princelings voluntarily passed into the citizenship of the king, after a detachment of Erofei Khabarov turned out to be on their lands.

However, the Cossacks had to turn back when the Manchus came into conflict with them. They lived on the banks of the Amur. Khabarov made several attempts to gain a foothold in this region by building fortified fortresses. Due to the confusion in the documents of that era, it is still not clear when and where the famous pioneer died. But, despite this, the memory of him was alive among the people, and much later, in the 19th century, one of the Russian cities based on the Amur was named Khabarovsk.

Disputes with China

The South Siberian tribes, passing into the citizenship of Russia, did this in order to escape the expansion of the wild Mongol hordes, who lived only by war and the ruin of their neighbors. Duchers and Daurs suffered especially. In the second half of the 17th century, the foreign policy situation in the region became even more complicated after the restless Manchus captured China.

The emperors of the new Qing Dynasty began aggressive campaigns against the peoples living nearby. The Russian government tried to avoid conflicts with China, because of which the development of Siberia could suffer. In short, diplomatic uncertainty in the Far East persisted throughout the 17th century. It wasn't until the next century that states entered into a treaty that formally defined the borders of countries.

Vladimir Atlasov

In the middle of the 17th century, Russian colonists learned about the existence of Kamchatka. This territory of Siberia was shrouded in secrets and rumors, which only multiplied over time due to the fact that this region remained inaccessible even to the most daring and enterprising Cossack detachments.

"Kamchatsky Ermak" (in the words of Pushkin) was the explorer Vladimir Atlasov. In his youth, he was a yasak collector. Public service was easy for him, and in 1695 the Yakut Cossack became a clerk in the distant Anadyr prison.

His dream was Kamchatka... Having found out about it, Atlasov began to prepare an expedition to a distant peninsula. Without this enterprise, the development of Siberia would be incomplete. The year of preparation and collection of the necessary things was not in vain, and in 1697 the trained detachment of Atlasov set off.

Exploration of Kamchatka

The Cossacks crossed the Koryak Mountains and, having reached Kamchatka, were divided into two parts. One detachment went along the western coast, the other studied the east coast. Having reached the southern tip of the peninsula, Atlasov saw from afar the islands previously unknown to Russian explorers. It was the Kuril archipelago. In the same place, among the Kamchadals in captivity, a Japanese named Denbey was discovered. was shipwrecked and fell into the hands of the natives. The liberated Denbey went to Moscow and even met with Peter I. He became the first Japanese that the Russians had ever met. His stories about his native country were popular subjects of conversation and gossip in the capital.

Atlasov, having returned to Yakutsk, prepared the first written description of Kamchatka in Russian. These materials were called "fairy tales". They were accompanied by maps compiled during the expedition. For a successful campaign in Moscow, he was awarded a reward of one hundred rubles. Atlasov also became a Cossack head. A few years later he returned to Kamchatka once again. The famous pioneer died in 1711 during a Cossack riot.

Thanks to such people, in the 17th century, the development of Siberia became a profitable and useful enterprise for the whole country. It was in this century that the distant land was finally annexed to Russia.

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Type of GCD: Communicative activity. Duration: 45 minutes. Lesson form: Generalizations Teaching methods: According to the sources of knowledge: verbal, visual-informational. According to the degree of interaction between the teacher and students: conversation, group work, individual messages. Depending on specific didactic tasks: preparation for perception, actualization of knowledge, application of knowledge and skills in a new situation, consolidation, generalization and systematization of knowledge, correction of knowledge, reflection (results).

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Equipment: multimedia projector. Material: presentation; Map of the Khabarovsk Territory; - photos of "young" and modern Khabarovsk.

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Purpose: to create conditions for the formation of students' holistic ideas about the history of their native land. Tasks: educational: arouse students' interest in the history of their native land; developing: to promote the development of skills in a communicative culture; educational: to cultivate a sense of love and respect for their small homeland.

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Expected result: Students should know: the routes of the expeditions of the pioneers of Siberia and the Far East; Persons: Beketov P.I. , Moskvitin I.Yu., Stadukhin M.V., Dezhnev S.I., Poyarkov V.D., Khabarov E.P., Atlasov V.V. Students should be able to: talk about the most important events that took place in the history of their native land; use the term "pioneer" Involving the family in the patriotic upbringing of children through the opportunity to learn how to apply knowledge at a creative level.

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Lesson plan 1. Actualization of knowledge about the native land. 2. Generalization and systematization of knowledge on the topic: "The history of the development of the native land." 3. Application of knowledge and skills in a new situation (Group work with a map.) 4. reflection 5. information about creative homework

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Actualization of knowledge about the native land Guys, tell me, please, what is the name of the land in which we live? That's right, Khabarovsk Territory. Can you explain why? One of the pioneers of our region is Yerofei Pavlovich Khabarov. Today in the lesson we will learn his biographies and other glorious pioneers.

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Komarov P.S. In this short, song-sounding poem, which can be placed next to the best examples of lyrical Russian poetry, there is a high understanding of duty, filial love for the Motherland, and, as a result, the meaning of human destiny on Earth. And it would be strange if someone's soul did not respond to this with a consensual feeling. Such is the eternal influence of the poetic word that unites people. This is what Pyotr Komarov always aspired to. ..Explorers came barefoot, Cutting a path with an ax. Do not forget them, my Russia, to remember them with a good name.

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Pioneers of the 17th century We live in the largest country in the world, and our small homeland - the Far East, was discovered and settled by Russian people quite recently: 300 years ago. People who paved new paths, discovered new lands are called pioneers.

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What are "skas"? Very little documentary evidence has survived about the very first explorers of the 17th century. However, the leaders of the expeditions made detailed "skas" (that is, descriptions), a kind of reports on the routes taken, the open lands and the peoples inhabiting them. Thanks to these "tales" we know the heroes of our region and the main geographical discoveries that they made.

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Homework for the lesson Together with parents, provide information about one of the discoverers of the FAR EAST.

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Beketov Pyotr Ivanovich time spent on campaigns (1628-1655) Sovereign serviceman, voivode, explorer of Siberia. I came to Siberia voluntarily. The founder of a number of Siberian cities: Yakutsk - "In 1632, Pyotr Beketov founded a prison on the Lena River, later called Yakutsk." Chita and Nerchinsk. In 1628-1629, he participated in the campaigns of the Yenisei service people up the Angara, collected yasak, and brought the local population under Moscow's control.

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Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin, time spent on campaigns (1639-1640) The first European to reach the Sea of Okhotsk. The first to visit Sakhalin. I.Yu. Moskvitin began his service in 1626 as an ordinary Cossack of the Tomsk prison. In the spring of 1639, he set off from Yakutsk to the Sea of Okhotsk with a detachment of 39 servicemen. “Soon the Cossacks learned from the Evenks about the existence of a large river flowing into the sea. In the summer of 1640, the Muscovites went to the mouth of the Amur, but did not dare to enter the river because of the small number of the detachment (31 Cossacks).” He discovered and explored the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk for 1300 km, the Uda Bay, Sakhalin Bay, the Amur Estuary, the mouth of the Amur and Sakhalin Island.

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Stadukhin Mikhail Vasilyevich, time spent on campaigns (1641-1657) "... Yakut Cossack, explorer, navigator, one of the active organizers and leaders of campaigns in North-Eastern Siberia." The discoverer of the Kolyma River. He founded the Nizhnekolymsky prison. He explored the Chukotka Peninsula and was the first to enter the north of Kamchatka. Described one and a half thousand kilometers of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. He described and compiled a drawing-map of places in Yakutia and Chukotka.

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Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev, time spent on campaigns (1648 - 1649) Cossack ataman, explorer, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia. Participated in the opening of Kolyma as part of the detachment of Ivan Stadukhin. 80 years before Vitus Bering, the first European in 1648, S.I. Dezhnev, discovered the strait between Asia and America. "... opened a sea passage from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and gave the first description of this route, paying special attention to the eastern cape of Asia."

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Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov, time spent on campaigns (1643-1646) Russian explorer, Cossack, explorer of Siberia and the Far East. The discoverer of the Middle and Lower Amur. In 1643 - 1646. led the detachment, which was the first of the Russians to penetrate the Amur River basin, discovered the Zeya River, the Zeya Plain. He collected valuable information about the nature and population of the Amur region “As a result of the campaign, part of the population of the Amur region was brought under the rule of the Russian Tsar and collected from the Nivkhs yasak to the treasury of “twelve magpies” (480 sable skins). Poyarkov gave a detailed description and drawings of Amur.

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Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov, time spent on campaigns (1649-1653) Russian industrialist and entrepreneur, traded furs in Mangazeya, then moved to the upper reaches of the Lena, where from 1632 he was engaged in buying up furs. In 1639, he discovered salt springs on the Kut River. In 1649-53 he made a big trip to the river. Amur. He secured the Amur for Russia. He often acted by force and left a bad reputation among the indigenous population. "As a result of the campaign of Yerofey Khabarov (1649-1653), the Amur population accepted Russian citizenship." E.P. Khabarov compiled a “Drawing on the Amur River”. The Khabarovka military post founded in 1858 (since 1893 - Khabarovsk) and the railway station E. P. Khabarov in 1909 are named after Khabarov.

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Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov time spent on the expedition (1696-1697) Cossack Pentecostal, clerk of the Anadyr prison. Atlasov on borrowed money, at his own risk, organized an expedition to explore Kamchatka in early 1697. The first explorer of Kamchatka. Atlasov was not the discoverer of Kamchatka, but he made a detailed "skaska" and the first map of Kachatka, turned part of the indigenous population into Russian citizenship. His report contained detailed information about the climate, flora and fauna. He managed to persuade a significant part of the local population to come under the authority of the Moscow Tsar. "An island, a bay and a volcano on the Kuril Islands, as well as a village in the Milkovsky district of the Kamchatka Territory, are named after Atlasov." "AT. L. Komarov named in honor of V.V. Atlasov a herbaceous plant from the legume family that grows only in Kamchatka - Atlasov's astragalus "

Development of Siberia

In the development of Siberia by the Russians, free-folk spontaneous settlement and resettlement by “sovereign decrees” were closely intertwined. The local population was either directly conquered, or voluntarily became part of the Russian state, hoping to find protection from warlike neighbors.

The conquest of the Trans-Ural regions began as early as the 1580s. ataman Ermak Timofeevich and his associates. But by the end of the sixteenth century only a small part of the vast spaces lying there was mastered. The main territories of Siberia and the Far East became part of Russia only in the 17th century.

The timing of the conquest of Siberian lands by Russian people is amazing. The army of Ataman Yermak came into the possession of Kuchum in 1582, and already in 1639 Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin, commanding a small Cossack detachment, went to the shore of the Sea of Okhotsk and walked along it to the mouth of the Uda River and further to Sakhalin. They discovered the Shantar Islands, the Sakhalin Bay, the Amur Estuary and the actual mouth of the Amur. Thus, the road from the foothills of the Urals to the Okhotsk coast of the Pacific Ocean was overcome by Russian explorers in just 57 years.

Through the expanses of Siberia, explorers walked not only on foot. They used all the vehicles known then in that region: riding and pack horses and deer, reindeer sleds, skis.

On the rivers, and, if necessary, on the sea, they went on plows and canoes, planks and boats. But the main type of river and sea vessel was the koch - a single-masted and single-deck vessel with a hinged (removable) rudder and a rounded hull that did not break when the ice was compressed, but was pushed up.

The indigenous population of the Siberian expanses, stretching for thousands and thousands of miles to the Pacific Ocean, at that time barely reached 200 thousand people. The tribes living in the taiga and tundra, as a rule, were at a very low level of development, some of them still used stone tools. The Khanty, Mansi, Khakasses, Buryats and Yakuts were able to extract and process iron.

In the Far North from the Kola Peninsula to the Yenisei lived Nenets(Samoyeds). They led a nomadic life, moving with herds of deer across the endless tundra. Reindeer meat served them as food, the Nenets sewed clothes from reindeer skins and made dwellings. They were also engaged in fishing and hunting - for sea animals, arctic foxes and wild deer, for birds nesting on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. After the entry of their lands into the Russian state, the Nenets were granted considerable privileges. Most of them paid a small yasak (tax, paid mainly in furs), often "without salary and without lists" and "as much as they themselves wanted."

To the east of the Yenisei and to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, lands stretched Evenks(Russians called them Tungus). The Evenks led a nomadic lifestyle and, like the Nenets, were engaged in reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing. In summer they lived in tents covered with birch bark and deer and elk skins, in winter - in half-dugout logs. Iron products were exchanged by the Evenks from their neighbors for the precious sable furs they procured.

In the upper reaches of the Yenisei, in the Minusinsk steppe, the ancestors lived Khakass(self-name tadarlar), who were in yasak dependence on their neighbors, the Kyrgyz. By the time the detachments of Russian Cossacks appeared in these parts, their main occupations were semi-nomadic cattle breeding and hunting, but, unlike the Nenets and Evenks, the inhabitants of these places had already mastered primitive agriculture. Later, under the influence of the rushing Russian settlers, the Khakasses will finally switch to a settled way of life.

Along the Angara River and near Lake Baikal lived relatives of the Mongols Buryats, nomads and farmers, skilled artisans. "Kuyaki" (shells) made by darkhans - Buryat blacksmiths - were not pierced by every squeaky bullet. Tribes lived in the Amur region daurs(in the mid-50s of the 17th century they left the Russians for China), Natkov(ancestors of the Nanais) and ducherov, also following the Daurs who left for China. To the north of these peoples, in the vast territory between the Lena, Aldan and Amta rivers, lived Yakuts(sakhalar, or uraanghai). Their main occupations were cattle breeding (breeding of cattle - Yakut cows, also horses), dog breeding (Yakut Laika); hunting and fishing were important, but auxiliary in nature. Before the arrival of the Russians, the inhabitants of the interfluve of the Lena and Amga did not know agriculture. However, the processing of metals and the manufacture of iron products reached a high level among the Yakuts - it was no coincidence that the shells of local work were highly valued by the Cossacks and other service people.

In the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula lived kamchadals, in the north - Itelmens and Koryaks, in Chukotka - Chukchi and Yukagirs.

Dear Yermak, many went for the "Stone Belt". But here their paths diverged. Some went to the northeast - beyond the Yenisei to Vilyui and Lena and further to the Yana, Indigirka, Aldan rivers, to the Kolyma and Anadyr. Others were heading southeast, to the Amur region. The main routes of the Cossack explorers going to Siberia are very accurately marked by the cities and prisons they built. In 1601, on the Taz River, 300 versts from its confluence with the Kara Sea, the governor, Prince Miron Mikhailovich Shakhovskoy, and the written head Danila Khripunov, with a detachment of 70 archers and Cossacks, founded a new city - the four-walled and five-towered Mangazego. For its wealth, this city will be called the "gold-boiling sovereign patrimony." It had four streets and about 200 houses. Entrepreneurial people flocked to Mangazeya from Pomeranian and northern places, eager to acquire fabulous fortunes in the Mangazeya trade in valuable Siberian furs. Some succeeded - here the merchants Revyakins, Usovs, Guselnikovs, Bosovs, Fedotovs and others laid the foundations of their fortune. The journey from Arkhangelsk to Mangazeya (Mangazeya seaway) took four weeks under favorable circumstances.

In 1604, the Cossack head Gavril Pisemsky and the head of the archery Vasily Tyrkov founded another Siberian city on the Tom River - Tomsk. In 1605, the merchant Luka Moskvitin was the first to cross from the Ob mouth to the Yenisei Bay on three kochs. In 1607, Davyd Zherebtsov and Kurdyuk Davydov, at the confluence of the Tarukhan River with the Yenisei, founded the city of Turukhansk (New Mangazeya). In 1610, a merchant from Dvina, Kondraty Kurochkin, leaving Mangazeya, went along the Taz and Tarukhan rivers, then went down the Yenisei and passed through the Kara Sea to the mouth of the Pyasina River.

It was Kurochkin who established that the Yenisei at the mouth is accessible to sea vessels. This was one of the reasons for the prohibition by the Russian government of navigation by sea from Arkhangelsk to Mangazeya (1619) in order to avoid duty-free trade of foreigners in this region. In 1620, a streltsy guard was set up on the Yamal portage, which detained all those passing by. Instead of the sea, it was proposed to use, as can be seen from the decree, the river route along the portage system of the Pechora, Kama and Irtysh basins. The prohibition of maritime trade in this region led to economic decline. In 1672, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the almost deserted city of Mangazeya was abolished.

The first of the explorers who visited Central Asia was Ataman Vasily Tyumenets. In 1616, he proceeded from Tomsk to the Ob through the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Minusinsk Basin, already known to Russians, and then, in unknown places, through the Western Sayan to the upper reaches of the Yenisei. In the basin of the Great Lakes, Vasily Tyumenets held successful negotiations with the Mongol Khan Konchakai and returned to Tomsk with his ambassador and reliable information about northwestern Mongolia and the "Tabynskaya land" (Tuva).

In the summer of 1619, a detachment of service people from Tobolsk, led by boyar children Peter Alabychev and Cherkas Rukin, who came to the Yenisei, began the construction of the Tunguska prison, later renamed the Yenisei prison, at the confluence of the Yenisei with the Angara. The first garrison of this fortress consisted of only 30 Shdovalytsik Cossacks. In 1628, the son of the boyar Andrei Dubenskoy with 300 Cossacks founded on the left elevated bank of the Yenisei, at the confluence of the Kachen River, the New Kachinsky Ostrog (Krasnoyarsk Ostrog).

The development of Siberia continued later. Going down the Angara River in 1631, the Pentecostal Maxim Perfilyev founded the Bratsk prison at the threshold of Padun. Soon the fortress will be transferred to the mouth of the Oka, the left tributary of the Angara. In 1632, having reached the Lena, the centurion Peter Beketov with a detachment of only 20 people. put the Yakut jail. In 1633–1635 Ilya Perfilyev discovered the Yana River, followed its course and founded the city of Verkhoyansk. At the same time, Pentecostal Ivan Rebrov discovered the Olenek Bay, in 1638 he was the first to pass through the Laptev Sea and find the mouth of the Indigirka River.

In 1639, the Russians had already reached the Sea of Okhotsk. In the middle of the XVII century. Western Buryatia was annexed to Russia, and then - Transbaikalia and the Amur region. In 1653, P. Beketov built the Ingodinsky winter hut (later, in 1675, a permanent Russian settlement arose here, called "Sloboda" - now the city of Chita). In the same year, the Nerchinsk prison was built, and in 1659 the Yenisei son of the boyar Yakov Pokhabov on Dyachy Island, near the confluence of the Irkut River with the Angara, set up the Irkutsk winter hut (the city of Irkutsk). In 1662 Timofey Nevezhin, a Tyumen peasant, founded a fortified settlement on the left bank of the Tobol River. The settlement was founded near a large Sarmatian mound, which is why it received the name Tsarevo Settlement, or Tsarev Kurgan (the city of Kurgan). In 1666, the Cossack winter hut Udinskoye was built on the Selenga River, since 1689 it was called the Verkhneudinsky prison (the modern city of Ulan-Ude). In 1675, the prison Abakan was set up on the left bank of the Yenisei. The conquered Siberian peoples and tribes were taxed with a relatively small yasak - a tax in kind, brought into the treasury more often with "soft junk" (furs) and much less often with cattle. By the end of the XVII century. the Russian population of Siberia reached 150 thousand people. and continued to grow rapidly.

Among the many glorious names of explorers, the Yakut Cossack should be highlighted. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev, in 1648 he opened the strait between Asia and America; writing head Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov , in 1643–1646 who made a trip along the rivers Lena, Aldan, Zeya and Amur to the Sea of Okhotsk; trading man Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov, at his own expense, he organized an expedition to conquer Dauria (1649–1652); explorer of Kamchatka Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov, who made his campaign at the very end of the 17th century (1697-1700).

Yearlings are service people who strengthened the small, and "according to dangerous news" and significant garrisons. Often they replaced the garrison where "their" service people were not.
Pentecostal is a military rank in the Streltsy and Cossack troops.