Project work "sources of origin of phraseological units". Phraseologisms and their origin
1.3 Sources of phraseological units.
Exploring phraseological unit as a structural unit of the lexical-semantic system of a language, one cannot ignore the question of the origin of this unit.
Such scientists as A.I. Vlasenkov, N.F.Alefirenko, A.A.Girutsky were engaged in the study of the sources of PU.
A.I. Vlasenkov proposes to divide phraseological units, depending on their origin, into several groups: primordially Russian, borrowed and slavic origin [cm. 6.48]. NF Alefirenko says that “according to its origin, phraseological units are usually divided into two groups - originally existing in a given language and borrowed ones. That is, N.F. Alefirenko combines primordially Russian and phraseological units of Slavic origin into one group. A. A. Girutsky in his work lists the sources of phraseological units. Now let's take a closer look at this problem.
Phraseologisms with a primordially Russian origin, according to AI Vlasenkov, arise: 1) from turns of colloquial and everyday speech: from the fire and into the fire, from a gulkin's nose, into the whole of Ivanovo; 2) from proverbs, sayings, winged words and stable combinations from Russian folklore: a red maiden, a good fellow, an open field; 3) from individual expressions of professional speech: in an hour, a teaspoon; without a hitch, without a hitch; pull the strap; 4) expressions from the book language: Fresh legend, but hard to believe [see. 6.48].
AI Vlasenkov only mentions phraseological phrases of Old Church Slavonic origin, but gives many examples: "for the coming sleep, a stumbling block, daily bread, make your own contribution ..." [see. 6.48]. As you can see, these phrases are mainly quotes from the Bible.
According to N.F. Alefirenko, phraseological units with a primordially Russian origin include: 1) colloquial and everyday origin, constituting the core of the phraseological composition of the language: rolling up their sleeves, on bare feet; 2) proverbial and proverbial origin: old sparrow; 3) arising in professional and jargon speech (lay the foundation, beat map ...); 4) book origin: but things are still there; 5) associated with historical events, traditions and customs of the people: how Mamai passed, disappeared as a Swede near Poltava [see. 2.265].
Thus, AI Vlasenkov and NF Alefirenko, among the general ones, cite such sources of phraseological units as the appearance of phraseological turns from colloquial everyday speech; from proverbs, sayings, winged words; from individual expressions of professional speech; from the book language. In addition, N.F. Alefirenko also points to the emergence of phraseological units from slang speech and their appearance associated with historical events, traditions and customs of the people.
Phraseologisms borrowed from other languages, according to A.I. Vlasenkov, are 1) a literal translation of foreign language proverbs, sayings: from a bird's eye view, a funny mine at bad game, tastes could not be discussed; 2) expressions and quotes from literary works, sayings, aphorisms: bonds of the Guinea; it is not worth it; golden mean; 3) expressions used without translation: post factum, notabene, terra incognita [see. 6.48].
N.F. Alefirenko believes that the sources of the emergence of phraseological units of foreign language origin are: 1) Holy Bible (Russian. babel, wolf in sheep's clothing); 2) ancient culture and mythology (Russian Trojan horse); 3) works by foreign language authors (Augean stables, Achilles' heel); 4) quotations used without translation (Italian: Finita la commedia - the presentation is over) [see. 2.265].
Based on the foregoing, we conclude: A. I. Vlasenkov gives three sources of PU, and N. F. Alefirenko - four. Common sources include: works by foreign language authors; quotes used without translation. In addition, A. I. Vlasenkov also notes that phraseological units can arise as a result of the literal translation of foreign language proverbs and sayings, and N. F Alefirenko cites Holy Scripture and ancient culture and mythology as sources.
Girutsky A.A. cites the following sources of phraseological units. “One of the sources of phraseology, - in his opinion, - is folklore: Meli, Emelya, your week; I’m not up to fat, I’d live. ” “An important source of replenishment of Russian phraseology,” he continues, “is the professional speech of representatives of various professions, jargons: pull the strap from the speech of the barge haulers, pull the gimp from the speech of the masters of golden threads,” etc. They are also adjoined by the rethought compound terms of sciences and industries: negative value, center of gravity [see. 10,170]. As sources of replenishment of the phraseological stock of the language, A. A. Girutsky also names winged expressions dating back to the text of the Bible, that is, biblicalisms (Babylonian pandemonium, prodigal son, vanity), quotes from world literature (between Scylla and Charybdis), Russian tracing papers [ cm. 10,170].
2. Types of phraseological units
One more a big problem worries researchers of phraseology, it consists in determining the types of phraseological units. This problem is very extensive, because today there are several classifications of phraseological units. In our study, we will consider the classification of phraseological units only from the point of view of semantic fusion (cohesion), that is, the relationship that exists between its meaning and the meaning of the words that form it.
Such scientists as T.I. Vendina, A.A.Girutsky, P.A.Lekant, M.I.Fomina, N.F. Alefirenko, B.N.Golovin and others were engaged in the problem of determining the types of phraseological units.
T.I. Vendina, A.A.Girutsky and M.I.Fomina, E.I.Dibrova solve the problem of determining the types of phraseological units in accordance with the classification proposed by Sh. Balli and V.V. Vinogradov, according to which phraseological units are divided into three groups: phraseological adhesions, phraseological unity and phraseological combinations [see. 13,144].
PA Lekant adhered to a similar classification: “there are three types of phraseological units: phraseological adhesions, phraseological unity and phraseological combinations”. In their classification, P. A. Lekant and E. I. Dibrova note that the first two types refer to idioms, which were not mentioned by the linguists we mentioned earlier.
Yu.S. Maslov complements the statement of PA Lekant, saying that the former are idioms with unmotivated meaning, and the latter with motivated meaning [see. 20,118].
BN Golovin proposes a classification that is different from the classifications of all other researchers. In his opinion, all phraseological units are divided into four types (idioms, phraseological adhesions, phraseological unity and phraseological combinations). That is, the concept of "idiom" is not common to him for phraseological mergers and unities, but acts as independent type phraseological turns [see. 11,110].
Some researchers do not attribute phraseological combinations to the types of phraseological units. The presence in their composition of words with direct meanings naturally contradicts the requirement of idiomaticity, therefore, the attribution of this kind of phraseological combinations to the field of phraseology, understood in the narrow sense of the word, raises doubts [see. 17.201]. This, for example, is the opinion of PA Lekant [see. 18.62].
In addition, there is another problem, which consists in the fuzzy delimitation of phraseological adhesions from phraseological unity. The degree of comprehension of the internal form of turnover is difficult to determine and sometimes individual, it depends on the level of education, the nature of thinking, the ability to imaginative thinking... Along with the leading factors in the formation of phraseological units, others can also participate, already as additional, sometimes very strong ones. This leads to the fact that many phraseological phrases have a dual character and can be correlated simultaneously with different types revolutions (black box, burning brunette) [see. 17.204-205].
Let us consider in more detail the individual types of phraseological units. In their study, we will rely on the classification proposed by the majority of researchers: TI Vendina, AA Girutsky and MI Fomina.
Phraseology is one of the branches of linguistics that studies stable word combinations. Surely each of us is familiar with the expressions "to beat the thumbs up", "to drive the nose", "like a bolt from the blue", "slipshod", etc. But how many of us have ever thought about where they came from our language? I bring to your attention a small selection of phraseological units with their meanings and history of origin, thanks to which you may learn something new and be able to make your speech more expressive and diverse.
Let's start with such a well-known expression as "Augean stables", used to describe a very dirty place that will take a lot of effort to clean. Phraseologism originates from the times of Ancient Greece, where King Augeus lived, who was very fond of horses, but not caring for them: the stables where animals lived did not see cleaning for about thirty years. According to legend, Hercules (Hercules) entered the service of the king, who received an order from Avgius to clean the stalls. For this, the strongman used the river, the flow of which he sent to the stables, thereby getting rid of the mud. Impressive, right?
"Alma Mater"(from lat. "mother-nurse")
In ancient times, students used this phraseological phrase, describing educational institution, which, as it were, “nurtured”, “raised” and “educated” them. Nowadays, it is used with a certain amount of irony.
"Achilles' heel"(weak, vulnerable spot)
The source of this phraseological unit is ancient greek mythology... According to legend, Thetis - the mother of Achilles - wanted to make her son invulnerable. To do this, she dipped him into the sacred river Styx, forgetting, however, about the heel by which she held the boy. Later, while fighting his enemy Paris, Achilles received an arrow in that heel and died.
"Gogol to walk"(walk around with very important species, self-confident)
No, this expression has nothing to do with the famous Russian writer, as it might seem at first. Gogol is a wild duck that walks along the shore with its head thrown back and protruding chest, which prompts comparison with a person trying to show all his importance.
"Nick down"(very good to remember something)
IN this expression the word "nose" does not mean part of the human body at all. In ancient times, this word was used to refer to tablets on which all kinds of marks were made. People carried it with them as a reminder.
"Get away with your nose"(get away with nothing)
Another phraseological unit associated with the nose. However, like the previous one, it has nothing to do with the organ of smell. This expression takes its origin from Ancient Ruswhere bribery was widespread. People, dealing with the authorities and hoping for a positive outcome, used "bribes" (bribes). If the judge, steward, or clerk accepted this "nose", one could be sure that everything would be resolved. However, if the bribe was rejected, the petitioner left with his "nose".
"Pandora's Box"(source of troubles and misfortunes)
The ancient Greek myth says: before Prometheus stole fire from the gods, people on earth lived in joy and did not know any troubles. In response, Zeus sent a woman of unprecedented beauty to the earth - Pandora, giving her a casket in which all human misfortunes were kept. Pandora, yielding to curiosity, opened the chest and scattered them all.
"Filkin's certificate"(a document of no value, a meaningless piece of paper)
This phraseological turnover is rooted in the history of the Russian state, or rather, during the reign of Ivan IX the Terrible. Metropolitan Philip, in his letters to the emperor, tried to convince him to soften his policy, to cancel the oprichnina. In response, Ivan the Terrible only called the Metropolitan "Filka", and all his letters - "Filkin".
These are just some of the phraseological units of the Russian language, which have a very interesting story... I hope that the above material was useful and fun for you.
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Lesson objectives:
- teach schoolchildren to recognize the sources of Russian phraseological units and borrowed ones;
- to teach with the help of the "Phraseological Dictionary" to give the correct interpretation of phraseological phrases;
- train students in the correct use of phraseological units in speech.
Lesson type:lesson of general methodological orientation with elements of the game "Tic-tac-toe".
Activities: the formation of students' activity abilities and abilities for structuring and systematizing the studied subject content: group work (playing in a team, compiling a text of a linguistic description on the topic "Phraseology"), independent work with didactic material, design execution homework, commenting on the given marks.
Planned educational results:
1. Subject.Learn to compose the text of a linguistic description according to the algorithm for completing the task with the advice of a teacher.
2. Metasubject.
present specific content and communicate it in writing and orally.
3. Personal.
- Formation of sustainable motivation for research and creative activity.
- The teaching methods and technologies used: health preservation, pedagogy of cooperation, developmental learning, problem learning, game learning.
Equipment:
- Interactive board, which is a playing field and a screen for presentation; “School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language” (Compiled by A.Yu. Moskvin) - on students' desks; collection of N.S. Ashukina, M.G. Ashukina " Winged words”;
- presentation
The basic concepts with which the work is carried out in the lesson:
- syntactic units,
- phraseological units,
- free phrases,
- the text of the linguistic description.
During the classes.
I. Organizational moment.
Lesson topic message. All students are divided into two teams - "Noughts" and "Noughts".
II. Homework survey.
Where do you think phraseological units come from? ( The history of our Motherland, the customs of our ancestors; folklore; catch phrases from literary works; Russian crafts (professions); ancient mythology; Bible; foreign languages).
III. Updating basic knowledge
Selective dictation (oral)
Count the number of phraseological units in the text by ear. (The team with the most correct answers has the first move.)
SIT IN GALOSHA
(From the adventures of Erichin)
I started the day slipshod (1). Leading my mother by the nose (2) about the lessons and blushing to the tips of her ears (3) when she took me to clean water (4) and waved her hand at me (5), I rushed headlong (6) to the stadium. I was late for the lesson, as I lost my temper (7) because of an offensive joke and had a fight. When the teacher unexpectedly called me to the blackboard, I got out of my skin (8) in order to answer correctly, tried to pull myself together (9) and not hit my face in the dirt (10). But in the end I got into the galoshes (11).
Guys, read books at home from cover to cover (12), do not count the crows (13) and don’t beat your thumbs (14), otherwise you’ll sit in a galoshe like me. (14 phraseological units)
(I.L. Chelysheva)
IV. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.
Today, guys, you yourself will choose tasks for yourself, opening the fields of the game "Tic-tac-toe" one by one. In work on assignments you will be helped phraseological dictionarieslying on the desks. For each correctly completed task, the team receives one word. At the end of the lesson, these words should turn out to be a well-known statement by the famous French writer, a brilliant stylist.
V. Work on the topic of the lesson.
Questions and tasks:
1. Where did expressions such as veal delight, swallow the pill, play a role, bring it to the same denominator, heavy artillery, at the behest of a pike, and things are still there.
Answers: From agricultural life, from medical practice, from theatrical life, from mathematics, from military life, from fairy tales, from IA Krylov's fable “Swan, Cancer and Pike”.
2. Name 5 phraseological units that came from fairy tales.
Answers: At the behest of a pike, the beaten unbeaten is lucky, beyond the distant lands, a tale about a white bull, horns and legs.
3. Name five “winged” expressions from Krylov's fables.
Answers: And the casket just opened; An obliging fool is more dangerous than an enemy; And nothing has changed; I didn't notice the elephant; And Vaska listens and eats.
4. Find out with the help of the phraseological dictionary the sources of the borrowed phraseological units:
1) For the coming sleep, i.e. before bedtime; before going to bed.
2)
A voice crying in the wilderness is a call that goes unanswered.
Answers: 1) The emergence of the phrase: from Orthodox prayer books, where there was a section of prayers "for the future sleep." This refers to the prayers that are read in the evening by those who are “coming” (ie, going) to sleep.
2) The appearance of the phrase: The Bible story says that one of the prophets asked the Israelites to prepare the way for God. But the request of the prophet, unfortunately, remained the voice of one crying in the wilderness.
5. Explain the meaning of the expressions with the help of a phraseological dictionary: dot the I, Promethean fire, seven wonders of the world.
Answers: Dot over I- finish, complete some business, find out and reveal everything to the end; clarify without leaving anything unsaid. This expression appeared because the so-called decimal and (I), or with a dot (such a letter is also in the Latin alphabet) was used in the Russian alphabet. The letter I was abolished in our country by the reform of Russian spelling in 1918.
Promethean fire. This is what they say about a passionate, unquenchable desire for creativity, for the struggle for lofty goals. Prometheus - son of Titan Iapetus and Klimeta, brother of Atlas and Epimetheus and father of Deucalion. Dexterous, energetic and intelligent, he defended offended mortals from Zeus and saved them from impending doom. He stole fire from heaven and taught people to use it. For this, Zeus sent people (the genus of Iapetus) "Pandora's Box", filled with all earthly disasters, and he ordered Hephaestus to be chained to the rock of the Caucasus, where the eagle pecked out his liver every day, which grew again overnight. According to other sources, Prometheus is not only a protector, benefactor and teacher of mortals, but he is also the creator of people: he breathed into them the fire stolen from Zeus.
Seven wonders of the world - so they say about something amazing, rare, extraordinary, outstanding. This was the name of seven remarkable structures in ancient times, distinguished by either luxury, or grandeur and artistic execution, even their ruins are still surprising. These include: the Egyptian pyramids, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis in the city of Ephesus, the statue of Zeus by Phidias in Olympia, the mausoleum erected to King Mausolus by his wife Artemisia in Halicarnassus, the giant statue of Alexandria on the island of Rhodes and May in May in May in May.
6. Find synonyms for the following expressions:
a) sit in a galosh (fail, find yourself in a funny position);
b) puzzle (solve a difficult question);
c) grab on the fly (fast);
d) without a hitch, without a hitch (good).
What are the sources of these phraseological units?
7. Give examples of phraseological units formed today.
Answers: Green Street, people of good will.
8. Add phraseological units: trembles (like an aspen leaf);pouted (like a mouse on a rump);ride (like cheese in butter);guiding (star);boil (in its own juice);rub (glasses);twist (soul);the first (swallow);shot (sparrow);wet (chicken);dying (swan);white (crow);sink (into oblivion);reluctantly (heart);to the brain (bones);not to the village (not to the city);bosom (friend);painful (it's time);remorse (conscience).
9. Find out the meaning and sources of borrowed phraseological units:
1) Look through your fingers (deliberately not notice anything)
Shelve (indefinitely)
Answers: German.
2) Not at ease (uncomfortable, constrained, out of place)
Bird's-eye (from such a height that you can see everything, from above)
Answers: French.
Vi. Reflection.
What new have you learned about phraseological units?
What are the sources of the emergence of phraseological units?
Vii. Summing up the game, drawing up an encrypted phrase.
"The dictionary is the entire Universe in alphabetical order." Anatole France
VIII. Homework.
Creative task (differentiated).
1. Write a new story about Erchikin's adventures, using phraseological units.
2. Essay-reflection on the role of dictionaries in people's lives (as an epigraph, you can take the words of Anatole France).
Introduction. Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language, they contain the centuries-old experience of the people, which is passed on from generation to generation.
I assumed that the meaning of phraseological units is associated with their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I can open pages of the history of the language unknown to me.
I was interested in this topic. I decided to find out more about such stable combinations, their meaning, and origin in the Russian language. Therefore, I chose my topic design work: "Sources of the origin of phraseological units."
The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in everyday lifecolliding with phraseological phrases, many people don't even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units both in written and oral speech, because they do not know their meanings and sources of origin. Phraseologisms are a special layer of the Russian language that enriches our speech and is part of the culture of the Russian people.
The purpose of my work: 1) to find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;
2) use phraseological units correctly in your speech.
Object of research: myths, spiritual literature, Russian folk tales and works of Russian classical writers.
Subject of research: phraseological units.
Project objectives:
- search for the necessary linguistic information about phraseological units; find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;
Hypothesis: I suppose that phraseological units can be grouped by source of origin.
Research methods:
- study and analysis of literature; collection of information; poll - questionnaire; observation; study
Main part
1.1. What are phraseological units?
Investigating various information sources, I got acquainted with the concept of "phraseological unit" and learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words, similar in lexical meaning one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one word, less expressive. Let's compare: at the end of the world (earth) - far away; lather the neck - teach a lesson, punish;
1.2. Sources of origin of phraseological units
In the course of my research, I drew attention to the fact that all phraseological units can be grouped by origin.
The phraseological units that came from myths seemed very interesting:
- Augean stables - a heavily littered, dirty or littered room. Ariadne's thread is what helps to find a way out of a difficult situation. Achilles' heel is a weak spot. The sword of Damocles is a looming, threatening danger. Two-faced Janus is a two-faced man. The Golden Fleece is gold, wealth, which they seek to master. To sink into oblivion - to disappear forever, to be forgotten. Olympic calmness - calmness, nothing imperturbable Tantalum flour - "suffering caused by the contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it", the Apple of discord - "the reason, the cause of quarrels, disputes, serious disagreements", Colossus on feet of clay - "something in appearance majestic, but essentially weak, easily destroyed ”, etc.
Cornucopia. Father gods Zeus after his birth he was hidden in a secret place, in a grotto, where the sacred goat Amalthea fed him with her milk. It was not in vain. Zeus's father, the titan Kronos, wanted to destroy his son and heir, devour him, as he had devoured his other children. Grateful Zeus, becoming the main god, lifted Amalfeya to heaven; there and now everyone can see it between the constellations. And to his teachers, the nymphs, he gave one of the horns of a goat: from this horn everything poured and fell that the nymphs needed. It was this horn, which became a symbol of an inexhaustible source of treasures, and was nicknamed the cornucopia. The expression “as from a cornucopia” means: with extraordinary generosity, in great numbers.
Getting to know Russians folk tales, I found the following phraseological units:
- and I was there, the hut on chicken legs was drinking honey-beer Koschey the Immortal Lisa Patrikeevna neither in a fairy tale, nor to describe it with a pen under Tsar Pea it is said - done, the tale is a lie, but there is a hint of a tale about a white bull, three days and three nights ...
And the phraseological units that came from the Bible:
Make your own contribution - about a person who took his feasible part in some business. The word "leptos" in Greek meant: thin, small; The smallest ancient coin was called "mite".
One of the Gospel parables tells about a poor widow, who, while collecting donations in the temple, put everything she had in a sacrificial bowl next to the rich gifts of noble people - two pitiful mites. But to God, the parable says, these widow's mites were more pleasant than the rest of the treasures.
Any humble donation made from a pure heart is called a "widow's mite". The expression "to contribute" means: to make your own, albeit a small, feasible contribution to the common cause.
The voice of one crying in the wilderness is in vain calls that remain unanswered.
Antediluvian times - prehistoric times.
To bury talent in the ground is about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.
Heavenly manna - unexpected luck, wonderful help.
And what phraseological units did our classical writers use? This academic year we studied the works of the fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov. To obtain the result, his fables were examined. They contained 9 phraseological units:
- "The Donkey and the Nightingale": in a thousand frets, beyond the distance
- "Trishkin caftan": Trishkin caftan;
- "Two dogs": walk on its hind legs;
- "Monkey": monkey labor;
- "The Cat and the Cook": and Vaska listens and eats;
- "Demyanov's ear": Demyanov's ear;
- "Squirrel": like a squirrel in a wheel;
- "Casket": and the casket just opened;
- "The wolf in the kennel": and I know your wolf nature for a long time;
Having found out the sources of the origin of phraseological units, I began to pay attention to them when reading fiction.
I really like the works of the children's writer Nikolai Nosov. And especially I highlighted his book "Vitya Maleev at school and at home" and in his stories I found 20 phraseological units:
- to run at full speed, to beat the thumbs up, to rush away in no time, got lost in three pines, take them in tow, take them out into the clear water, look with all their eyes, roll up their sleeves and be done. how he looked into the water as if he had fallen into the water, how he fell from the moon, you can't lure with a roll, you can't lure your neck with soap, you can't see how your ears are neither alive nor dead, go to the ends of the world to fall off your feet
As a result of working on this issue, I became interested, and what phraseological units are most often used by teachers of our school? Of the 30 interviewed teachers of MBOU Secondary School No. 8, the most "popular" phraseological units were - "with grief in half", "soar in the clouds", "hack on the nose", "like a chicken with a paw," fall "and less" pull the tongue "," eggs do not teach a chicken "," daddy climb forward into the heat "," swallowed the tongue. "
2.Fly in the clouds (18)
3.Charge on the nose (19)
4.Water in my mouth (6)
5.Like a chicken paw (15)
6.Tongue swallowed (6)
7.Tongue Pull (4)
8.Do not put your finger in your mouth (14)
9.Like a fish in water (14)
10 eggs don't teach chicken (3)
11. Climb forward daddy into hell (8)
12.How fell from the moon (12)
13. Like a squirrel in a wheel (11)
14.Fall off your feet (13)
15.Heart with grief (22)
Conclusion
In the course of my research, I got a more complete picture of phraseological units, their origin and meaning, I learned to find them in the text. I came to the conclusion that the main sources of phraseological units are myths, tales, the Bible, fables, that you need to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly. They help to make our speech lively, beautiful, emotional. I also learned to work with dictionaries, use information from the Internet.
The tasks that were set before the work were completed, the hypothesis put forward was confirmed - phraseological units can indeed be combined according to the source of origin.
Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units. Idioms.
In the language of every nation there are stable figurative turns that are reproduced in speech like a word, and not built like phrases and sentences. Such turns are called phraseological units. Another important property of phraseological units: the meaning of a whole phraseological unit does not consist of the meanings of the words included in it, for example, the expression "ate a dog," meaning to be a master in some business, "is completely unrelated to the meaning of the words included in it.
Phraseologisms differ in the degree of cohesion of the components. If it is maximum, then these are phraseological adhesions, for example, to get into a mess, to beat the thumbs up, do not hesitate at all. If the connection between the components is less, these are phraseological unity (pull the strap, lather the neck). In phraseological combinations, one member of the phraseological unit has a so-called limited, connected use, and the second is free: a sensitive issue, fraught with consequences, pitch darkness.
Sources of phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse.
The main part of the phraseological units of the Russian language is of primordial Russian origin, their source is, for example, professional speech (sharpen the fringes, beat the thumbs, without a hitch, remove the shavings, run aground, play the first violin). Some got into the literary language from jargon (rubbing glasses, card bit, go all-in - with gamblers) and colloquial speech. Some phraseological units came from dialects and are associated with the labor of the peasantry (turning the shafts, from a bag into a mat, it is written on the water with a pitchfork). Many phraseological units have as their source liturgical books (the holy of holies, the fiend of hell, in the image and likeness, a voice crying in the wilderness, the promised land).
Many phraseological units came from ancient mythological literature (Augean stables, Achilles' heel, sword of Damocles, Promethean fire, tantalum flour).
Sometimes borrowed phraseological units are used without translation: alma mater (lat. Mother-nurse); tabula rasa (lat.blank board; something untouched, absolutely clean).
The source of the primordial phraseology is turns from the works of writers: happy hours are not observed (A. Griboyedov); deeds of bygone days (A. Pushkin); and the chest just opened (I. Krylov); knight for an hour (N. Nekrasov); a living corpse (L. Tolstoy); a man in a case (A. Chekhov); Man - it sounds proudly! (M. Gorky)
Such stable expressions from fiction and publicists are usually called catchwords.
Phraseologisms are almost always bright, figurative expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.
For example, K. Paustovsky in the novel "Smoke of the Fatherland", characterizing the action of one of the heroes, instead of words without hesitation, thoughtlessly uses phraseological units headlong: She was attracted to him by childishness, a tendency to get carried away headlong, chivalry, an ironic attitude towards herself.
A poem by A. Sitkovsky "All the best in the world" is based on the use of phraseological turns:
All the best that is in nature, And everywhere, wherever we find it, As the Russian people were used to, We call red from time immemorial
There is a red corner in every house,
Honorable, festive, for those who have the honor to be our friend, with whom we share sorrow and success!
And a girl that you will not meet, Although you go around the whole world around, Of those that are better in the world, We call a red maiden
And the Red Square has been glorified since ancient times, lifted up! .. There are even red trees, And in the world and death is red.
Or N. Gogol in "Dead Souls": I suppose for my part, in all honesty: eight hryvnias per soul, this is the reddest price I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the novel "Twelve Chairs" give a whole synonymous series phraseological units with the meanings of "die":
Died Klavdia Ivanovna, - said the customer.
Well, the kingdom of heaven, - agreed Bezenchuk. - It means that the old woman has passed away ... Old women, they always repose .. Or they give their soul to God, - it depends on what kind of old woman. Yours, for example, is small and in body, which means that she has passed away. And for example, which is larger and losing weight - that, it is believed, gives its soul to God ...
That is, how does it count? Who counts it?
We also count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of exalted growth, albeit thin. It is believed that if, God forbid, you die, you have played in the box. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means he ordered to live long. And if someone is of a lesser rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: he threw himself over or stretched out his legs. So they say about them: "And ours, they heard, gave an oak."
Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveyevich asked:
Well, and when you die, how will the masters say about you?
I am a small person. They will say: "Bezen-chuk got lost." And they won't say anything else.
Sometimes writers use phraseological units in a modified, re-arranged form. In these cases, the phraseological unit receives new aesthetic qualities. For example, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses phraseological units to poke his nose somewhere, expanding it: Censorship is used to poking its stinking nose into the very sanctuary of the writer's thought.
An example of playing out the direct meaning of words and a phraseological unit consisting of these words is found in the poem by V. Orlov:
BREAK A LEG
Early in the morning
Mom-kvochka
Sent to class
Son.
She said:
Don't fight
Don't tease
Do not cock.
Hurry -
It is time!
Well, no fluff, no feather! (fr unit)
An hour later
Barely alive
Goes home.
Waddles barely
He's from the schoolyard
And on it, in fact
