Doping in different sports. Five dirtiest sports where doping thrives

Many celebrities lost their medals and titles as soon as it became clear that their body contains foreign substances. There are still many questions and doubts among leading experts about whether doping can be used. To answer this question, you should find out what it is and what it is used for.

Doping - what is it?

Doping is the use of prohibited substances of natural or synthetic origin, which allow you to achieve the best results in sports. Taking drugs promotes a temporary increase in the activity of the endocrine and nervous systems, increases muscle body mass due to protein synthesis. Such drugs are on a special list of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Their use leads to unwanted side effects and is harmful to human health.

How does doping work?

The most popular type is anabolic steroid hormones. Such doping drugs contain testosterone, which is produced by the male germ cells. With the help of anabolic steroids, there is an increase in physical strength, muscle volume and endurance. After certain strength limits have been reached with the help of drugs, they raise the capabilities of the human body to a new level with renewed vigor.

Doping in sports - pros and cons

For an athlete, the result is important, which he can achieve with the help of the hardest workouts. Therefore, all possible means are often used to achieve high results. It would be a mistake to hypocritically declare a desire to preserve the health of athletes. And only sports doping allows an athlete to maintain the body's performance during enormous physical exertion.

The opinions of experts about whether doping can be used were divided. The scholars who spoke in favor say that:

1. Authorization to use doping will make sport safe, and there will be a drive to develop safer and more effective drugs.
2. Legalizing doping will help prevent drug overdose and harm to athletes.

Scientists who opposed say that:

1. Doping approval can lead to clean athletes taking it as well and the integrity of the sport can be destroyed.
2. Athletes who take doping put themselves at great risk: cardiovascular disease, drug addiction, severe liver damage, gender reversal, and aggression.
3. Doping makes sport unattractive, it is no longer different from any other commercial activity.
4. The use of doping leads to dishonest sports, violates the very concept of equality between athletes, and success in this case is achieved not through hard training, but through the body's chemical reaction to the substance.

Types of doping

There are the following types of doping in sports:

1. Stimulants... Promote an increase in performance, blood pressure, cardiac activity, disrupt thermoregulation.
2. Analgesics... They have an effect on the central nervous system, increase, and the athlete with an injury is not able to understand its severity, which leads to even greater damage.
3. Beta blockers... They help to reduce the frequency of heart contractions, have a sedative effect, improve coordination, and are used where serious physical activity is not needed.
4. Diuretics... Help you lose weight quickly. Such drugs are taken in order to improve and before doping control in order to quickly remove illegal drugs from the body.
5. Erythropoietin helps to increase endurance.
6. A growth hormone promotes accelerated growth of muscle mass, reduction of body fat, accelerated wound healing, strengthening of immunity.
7. Insulin... Used in power sports.
8. Anabolic steroid... They help to increase muscle mass up to ten kilograms per month, increase strength, endurance, performance, and reduce body fat.
9. Gene doping... This is the transfer of foreign genetic material or cells into the athlete's body. Many times stronger than all other drugs that once existed.

Doping for athletes

Doping in sports dates back to the times of the USSR. In those days, doctors created all kinds of drugs to improve the physical endurance of athletes. A list of popular medicines was gradually formed:

1. Erythropoietin is a prohibited doping for athletes.
2. Anabolic steroids in the form of testosterone, stanozolol, nandrolone, methenolone.
3. Blood transfusion - autohemotransfusion and blood transfusion.
4. Stimulants in the form of cocaine, ephedrine, ecstasy, amphetamines.

Doping for the brain

Doping for chess players is represented by drugs that improve brain function, mental activity, these are simulators and nootropics, the former have a powerful but short-term effect, the latter have a cumulative effect, suitable for long-term stimulation. In the first and second cases, the drugs contribute to:

• stimulating blood flow in the brain;
• improving the quality of nutrition of brain cells;
• elimination of oxygen starvation;
• improving cognitive abilities;
• improving memory, attention.

Endurance doping

Chemical or natural doping can help you achieve your goals. Chemical doping for running is used in the form of analeptics, growth hormones, diuretics, and anabolic steroids. Natural components are represented by beets, molluscs, leuzea, St. John's wort. Each of the listed funds contributes to:

• improving endurance and performance;
• getting rid of fatigue;
• increased tone;
• stimulating the growth of muscle tissue;
• excretion of fluid.

Doping for muscle building

Doping drugs help build muscle mass, improve strength and burn fat. Pharmacy doping in bodybuilding is represented by the following drugs:

1. Hypoxene, increases endurance by 15%, removes shortness of breath, improves oxygen utilization in the blood, has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, this is a kind of doping for the heart.
2. Pentoxifylline, lowers blood viscosity, dilates blood vessels. Contraindicated in cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure. The drug is available with a doctor's prescription.
3. Schisandra, improves the tone of the central nervous system, improves digestion and sleep quality.
4. Potassium orotate is involved in the creation of protein molecules and helps to build muscle.

Doping for strength

One of the important factors in achieving high sports results is physical strength. For this, athletes use auxiliary drugs:

1. Actoprotector, increases resistance, has a positive effect on the nervous system, cardio-respiratory system and muscle tissue.
2. Amino acids aid in protein synthesis.
3. Branch chain amino acids. The effect of doping is manifested in an increase in energy by 10%, restoration of glycogen in muscles.
4. L-carnitine increases endurance, relieves fatigue, pain, burns excess fat.
5. Methionine, produces, does not allow the body to dehydrate.

Why is doping harmful?

Doping also affects the psychological sphere, causing aggression, thirst for victory and the achievement of goals. But due to the fact that anabolic drugs are derived from male hormones, they suppress the endocrine system of the male reproductive system, which leads to:

• a decrease in the testes, their hormonal activity;
• decrease in fertilizing ability to complete infertility;
• the deposition of fat cells, in places that are characteristic of the female body;
• an increase in the mammary glands.

In women, hair loss on the head of the male type and hair growth occur, hair appears on the face, chest, abdomen, the voice becomes rough, low, menstrual irregularities occur, the uterus atrophies, the secretion of the sebaceous glands and reproductive function increase. The harm of doping in men and women is manifested in an increase in cholesterol levels, the appearance of atherosclerosis, the development of ischemia, and liver damage.

How to do doping?

If you want to do doping at home at no extra cost, you can use the following recipes:

1. Energy drink. It tones and stimulates. Brew three tea bags in 200 ml of water with boiling water. After ten minutes, pour the solution into a plastic floor and a liter bottle, fill the rest with cold water. Add 20 tablets of ascorbic acid, shake, place in the freezer. Take small portions of the drink during each workout.
2. Decaffeinated drink. Take a bottle, pour half a liter of mineral water into it, dissolve a few tablespoons of honey in it, add the juice of one lemon, 0.15-0.30 g, 10-20 drops of an alcoholic tincture of the adaptogen. This drink will fill you with energy, additionally stimulate and motivate.

Doping - interesting facts

For the first time it became known about doping during the Olympic Games in 1960. The use of illegal drugs is considered the most important problem of modern sports and many interesting facts are associated with it:

1. During archery competitions, athletes take the same medications as surgeons during operations so that their hands do not tremble.
2. During doping control, a prerequisite for female athletes is a pregnancy test, since scientists have learned that such a position can increase some physical capabilities.
3. In the 1990s of the last century, scientists took blood from athletes, frozen it, and then poured it on the eve of the competition. This helped to improve blood circulation and endurance. At the same time, no one could find traces of illegal drugs.
4. At the end of the twentieth century, it was proven that virtually all athletes in the weightlifting category won through the use of doping drugs.

Athletes convicted of doping

The history of world sports remembered the athletes caught on doping:

E. GIK, E. GUPALO.

In October 2007, a unique case occurred - the famous American athlete Marion Jones pleaded guilty to doping at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and was stripped of all medals - three gold (100 and 200 m, relay 4x400 m) and two bronze! As a result, a lot of changes took place in the statistics of the Australian Olympiad, including those affecting Russian athletes: Tatyana Kotova became the owner of the “bronze” instead of Jones in the long jump, our women's team in the 4x400 m relay instead of the “bronze” received “silver”, and the national team In terms of the total number of medals, Russia has come close to the United States. Despite five losses, the Americans retained the first place.

Science and Life // Illustrations

Marion Jones holds the record for the number of Olympic medals taken from her for doping. She had five of them.

American sprinter Ben Johnson went down in history as the first athlete to lose an Olympic gold medal due to doping (Seoul -1988).

Doping in sports means illegal drugs that can significantly improve results. The word "doping" itself comes from doop - the name of an alcoholic drink that the people of South Africa used to increase their endurance. In England at the end of the 19th century, doping was the name given to the administration of stimulants to horses before the races.

All groups of doping drugs used by athletes include powerful drugs, most of which are used to treat serious illnesses and are sold in pharmacies with a doctor's prescription. The use of doping can only be detected using a special analysis - a doping test. Doping control is usually carried out before or immediately after an athlete's performance.

The history of doping has developed in parallel with the history of sports. It is known, for example, that even in Ancient Greece, athletes used stimulating drugs from raw mushrooms. However, then it was not prohibited. The first death from doping is believed to be the death of cyclist Linton in 1886. At the modern Olympic Games, marathon runner Thomas Hicks almost died from doping: in 1904 in St. Louis, 20 km before the finish line, he lost consciousness. The doctors of the American team, having revived him, forced him to drink a mixture of brandy and strychnine. In certain doses, strychnine is the strongest stimulant of muscle activity. Hicks fell several more times, and doctors appeared with strychnine and brandy. The athlete reached the finish line and received an Olympic gold medal. By the way, he crossed the line second. And the first then turned out to be a certain Lords, who was disqualified for cheating: he covered a considerable part of the distance in his friend's car.

At the 1960 Rome Olympics, Danish cyclist Kurt Jensen died of an amphetamine overdose.

The first country to adopt anti-doping legislation was France. In 1967, following the death of Tommy Simpson from amphetamine at the Tour de France, the International Olympic Committee took decisive action. A list of prohibited drugs was drawn up, and a special commission to combat doping was created. For the first time, doping tests at the Olympic Games were carried out in Mexico City 1968, and then only one athlete offending was identified. But already at the next Olympics, in Munich-1972, seven athletes were convicted of using illegal drugs. And in the 80s of the last century, there was a whole series of major doping scandals.

At the Pan American Games in Venezuela, a test conducted by a group of German doctors without prior warning found 19 athletes using illicit drugs. About the same number of people refused to check and participate in competitions. At the 1988 Seoul Olympics, Canadian Ben Johnson became the first to lose his Olympic gold medal due to the use of steroids. Subsequently, there were many cases of disqualification.

The athlete himself and his representatives usually deny the conscious use of doping and attribute the positive doping test to the use of drugs for the disease or food additives of an unknown composition. The announcement of a positive doping test result is followed by a lengthy trial.

In 1999, the International Anti-Doping Conference was held in Lausanne and the World Anti-Doping Commission was created, whose tasks were to develop a list of prohibited drugs and coordinate doping tests: now they were supposed to be carried out not only at competitions, but also in the intervals between them. Despite the measures taken, the doping scandals continued. At the beginning of the XXI century, there were more than 300 basic drugs in the list of prohibited drugs by the IOC, and in total - about 10,000. According to the IOC rules, doping is subject to disqualification for up to two years, and in case of a repeated violation, the disqualification becomes life-long.

At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the Bulgarian and Romanian weightlifting teams, after three positive doping tests, first wanted to send their full complement home. But then the punishment was replaced by fines of $ 50,000, which the Olympic committees of these countries had to pay. The guilty athletes, of course, were disqualified and the medals were taken away. In the same Sydney, there was a curious incident. In equestrian competitions, German athlete Meredith Michaels-Bierbaum was disqualified due to the fact that prohibited substances were found ... in the blood of her horse.

One of the most famous was the trial after the Goodwill Games in Brisbane (Australia, 2001), related to the use of a banned diuretic by gymnasts Alina Kabaeva and Irina

Chashchina. At the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics in the scandal with erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, skiers Johan Muegg (Spain), as well as Larisa Lazutina and Olga Danilova (Russia) were involved. Shot putter Irina Korzhanenko, the anti-heroine of the 2004 Athens Olympics, was disqualified for life because she was caught doping for the second time. The same punishment was received by Korzhanenko's longtime rival, world champion Ukrainian Vita Pavlysh, who was convicted of repeated doping.

In Turin-2006 in the center of the doping scandal was our biathlete Olga Pyleva, deprived of the "silver". True, in this case, the story is not entirely clear, since Olga used a drug that was not indicated in the list of prohibited ones (perhaps the manufacturer's plant that recommended it is to blame).

The use of doping is inextricably linked to the commercialization of sports. A poll among athletes in the United States showed how serious this problem is. To the question "Would you agree to take a drug that in three years will make you an Olympic champion, and in ten years - an invalid?" 80 percent of the respondents answered positively. According to the IOC, at least one out of ten athletes uses doping, but in the entire history of doping control at the Olympic Games, only about 50 positive results have been obtained.

In the early 1990s, after the unification of Germany, detailed plans for the use of doping in the preparation of international-class athletes were found in the archives of the secret services of the former GDR. According to them, more than 10,000 athletes received illicit drugs, and this was part of the government's program, which sought by all means to prove the advantage of the GDR over the FRG. An investigation was carried out, followed by massive revelations, however, not one of the champions trained in the GDR was caught on doping control.

According to international statistics, the use of doping is most typical for bodybuilding - about 90 percent of athletes take steroids. Next come cycling, swimming, cross-country skiing, weightlifting and athletics. Sports that require perfect coordination of movements, such as figure skating, synchronized swimming, and fencing, are considered to be practically free from doping.

Many people believe that sports competitions, including the Olympic Games, are increasingly turning into competitions for pharmacists: some are looking for ways to detect doping, others are competing in the creation of new drugs and the development of a scheme for their use, which allows to obtain high sports results and hide the means of achieving it. A number of sporting achievements are associated with the "successes of pharmacology": for example, the jump in world records among heavyweight weightlifters in the 1970s is explained by the use of steroids, and the sharp improvement in long-distance running in the 1990s is explained by the use of erythropoietin.

Doping is hugely damaging to the health of athletes, but the main concern is ethical: the use of doping kills the idea of ​​fair competition, which is at the heart of sport and the Olympic movement. That is why doping is called "the plague of modern sports."

But what do we know about doping besides what makes us believe Mass media and those who benefit reality The last few years have been characterized by the introduction into sports practice of a huge number of pharmacological drugs, often taken as a panacea. Some of them believe that an athlete should have freedom ...

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Introduction

CHAPTER 2.

2.2.1 Mechanism of action

2.2.2 Mental changes

2.2.4 Heart enlargement

2.2.6 Effects on the immune system

CHAPTER 4.

4.1 Doping violations

4.2 The doping paradox

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Currently, the problem of doping by athletes is acute for professional sports. The solution of this problem immediately entails a chain of related questions: how to improve the doping control system, which drugs to prohibit for use, what measures to impose on athletes who violate the rules.

But what do we know about doping besides what the media and those who benefit from it make us believe? Looking at the situation of modern sports from a different angle, it can be argued that another task is much more important: to dispel all the myths around the problem of the use of doping in sports and to outline the reality

The last few years have been characterized by the introduction into sports practice of a huge number of pharmacological drugs, often taken as a panacea. From the training of children and young people to the training of highly qualified professionals, there are attempts to push into the background or even completely replace the purposeful and persistent training process with tablets or syringes with drugs. There is a search for "miraculous" drugs that supposedly allow an athlete to reach the record level in the shortest possible time. The growth of sports achievements in the last two decades, in fact, has brought the physiological capabilities of the body to the extreme level.

Most doctors and scientists have different points of view on solving the problem of doping. Some of them believe that an athlete should have the freedom to choose whether or not to use doping. At the same time, he must be well informed about the health hazards of this or that drug.

Many are speculating about the need to completely ban the use of stimulant drugs and severely punish the offenders. There are still unused reserves in sports training, which will allow athletes to show record results even without doping.

The history of world sports knows many cases when, with the help of coaches, doctors, scientists, athletes used various means to achieve high results, regardless of the fact that the use of stimulants, although it sometimes allows you to achieve better athletic form, at the same time suppresses the natural physiological reactions that protect the body overvoltage. Only in 1960 - 1967. over 30 deaths have been reported worldwide due to the abuse of doping in sports. When did it start?

Many people remember 1986, the Bordeaux - Paris bicycle race. Englishman Linton is the first to cross the finish line and immediately falls dead to the ground. The death of an athlete occurs from the intake of a significant dose of a narcotic drug with alcohol. It is claimed that it was Linton who was the first victim of doping. True, back in 1879, during an international cycling race in Great Britain, several participants were convicted of using the most elementary types of doping - caffeine, alcohol, nitroglycerin.

Over time, the use of various kinds of doping has become especially widespread in professional sports in the United States. Chick Lang, an American manager, once said in an interview a phrase that then went around the world: "The use of various types of doping and drugs in the world of professional sports in the United States has become a truly national tragedy, since 80% of professionals in the most popular" win "any at the cost of penetrating into amateur sports.

Sports world in 1983 was shocked by the introduction of doping controls at the Pan American Games in Caracas. 16 American, Chilean, Puerto Rican, Colombian and Canadian weightlifters, cyclists, track and field athletes were disqualified for using illegal drugs, and a group of 12 US athletes packed their suitcases before they could take part in the competition.

Taking doping drugs is dangerous in the social aspect, as it is a kind of drug addiction. A systematic fight against this phenomenon began in 1962, when the problem under consideration was discussed in the UN Commission on Drugs. In 1967, the IOC medical commission was created, and in 1971 in the USSR - a single anti-doping service for the country. The International Athletics Federation remains a leader in the fight against doping.

At the present time, the strongest factor in the fight against stimulants is the improvement of out-of-competition and sudden control. For each athlete, when taking doping tests, the sample is divided into 2 parts: A and B. Sample A is subjected to a relatively inexpensive analysis, which allows the detection of illegal drugs in the athlete's urine. If there is a positive result, the second sample is opened in the presence of the athlete himself and his proxies. This is a very expensive (from $ 900) and detailed analysis that allows you to find out exactly what and in what doses the athlete has been taking over the past 10 months. However, the total number of athletes convicted of doping is increasing. Nevertheless, science must have its say in ensuring effective control over the use of stimulant drugs.

CHAPTER 1. Classification and characteristics of doping

1.1 A brief history of doping in sport

Historians believe that the use of doping during the Olympic Games dates back to the very foundation of the competition in 776 BC. The participants in the games took hallucinogenic and pain relieving extracts from mushrooms, various herbs and wine. These drugs would have been banned today, but in ancient times, and even after the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896, athletes were not prohibited from using drugs that would help them win.

By the time of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, athletes possessed a wide range of pharmacological support drugs, from codeine to strychnine (which is a powerful stimulant in near-lethal doses).

One of the brightest examples of the use of doping is the story of the American marathon runner Thomas Hicks. In 1904, during a competition in St. Louis, Hicks was several kilometers ahead of his rivals. He still had more than 20 km to overcome when he lost consciousness. The coaches forced the marathon runner to drink some secret drug, after which Hicks got up and ran again. But after a few kilometers he fell down again. He was drunk again, got back on his feet and successfully finished the race, receiving the gold medal. It was later revealed that Hicks drank a drink containing strychnine, which in moderate doses is a powerful stimulant.

By 1932, sprinters were experimenting with nitroglycerin in an attempt to widen their coronary arteries, and later they began experimenting with benzidrin. But the real beginning of the modern era of doping must be considered 1935, when injectable testosterone was created. First used by Nazi doctors to increase aggression among soldiers, he later confidently entered the sport with the German Olympic athletes at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Prior to this, Olympic champions used oral testosterone preparations, but the creation of injectable testosterone was a quantum leap and German athletes took all the gold that year.

In 1932, amphetamines also entered the sports market. During the games of the 1930s and in 1948, athletes literally swallowed pills in handfuls. In 1952, a skating team swallowed so many pills that the athletes fainted and were hospitalized. The International Olympic Committee has banned the use of these drugs, but for decades has relied on the conscience of athletes, coaches and the authorities of the participating countries.

In the 1940s, steroids began to be used. During its first appearance at the 1952 Olympics, the Soviet heavyweight team won every medal possible in that category. Rumor has it that the athletes used hormonal steroids. Since these games in Helsinki were considered not only a competition between athletes, but also an arena for the struggle between communism and capitalism, the coach of the American team made a statement that the United States would not lag behind the USSR and would compete on “equal terms”.

In 1955, physiologist John Ziegler developed a modified synthetic testosterone molecule with enhanced anabolic properties for the US weightlifting team. It was the first artificial anabolic steroid - methandrostenolone (trade name Dianabol).

The invented Dianabol soon became widely available and a must-have for weightlifters, soccer players, runners, and game sports athletes. Its use increased protein synthesis and helped muscles recover faster after hard training. In both sprinters and strength athletes, this drug increases nervous arousal, resulting in more powerful muscle contractions. This is the basis for greater speed and better response.

By the early 1960s, according to one NFL player, coaches were filling salad bowls with Dianabol and placing them on the table. Athletes took handfuls of pills and seized them with bread. They called it "breakfast of champions".

In 1958, an American pharmaceutical company began producing anabolic steroids. Despite the fact that it soon became clear that these drugs have serious side effects, it was already too late to withdraw them from the market, since they were in great demand among athletes.

In 1968, the International Olympic Committee introduced a procedure for compulsory urine tests for athletes to detect doping.

1.2 Doping and their classification into groups

According to the definition of the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee, doping is considered to be the introduction into the body of athletes by any means (in the form of injections, tablets, inhalation, etc.) of pharmacological drugs that artificially increase performance and sports performance. In addition, doping also includes various types of manipulations with biological fluids for the same purposes. According to this definition, a drug can be considered a doping only if it itself or its decay products can be determined in biological fluids of the body (blood, urine) with a high degree of accuracy and reliability. Currently, doping drugs include drugs of the following 5 groups:

1. Stimulants (central nervous system stimulants, sympathomimetics, analgesics).

2. Drugs (narcotic analgesics).

3. Anabolic steroids and other hormonal anabolic agents.

4. Beta blockers.

5. Diuretics.

Doping methods include:

1. Blood doping.

2. Pharmacological, chemical and mechanical manipulations with biological fluids (masking agents, adding aromatic compounds to urine samples, catheterization, sample swapping, suppression of urine excretion by the kidneys). There are also 4 classes of compounds to be restricted, even when taken for medicinal purposes:

1. Alcohol (tinctures based on ethyl alcohol).

2. Marijuana.

3. Means of local anesthesia.

4. Corticosteroids.

Separate groups and types of doping.

From the point of view of the achieved effect, sports doping can be conditionally divided into 2 main groups:

1. drugs used directly during the competition for short-term stimulation of the performance, mental and physical tone of the athlete;

2. drugs used for a long time during the training process to build muscle mass and ensure the athlete's adaptation to maximum physical activity.

The first group includes various agents that stimulate the central nervous system:

a) psychostimulants (or psychomotor stimulants): phenamine, centedrine, (meridil), caffeine, sydnocrab, sydnophen; sympathomimetics close to them: ephedrine and its derivatives, izadrin, berotek, salbutamol; some nootropics: sodium oxybutyran, phenibut; b) analeptics: corazole, cordiamine, bemegrid; c) drugs that have a stimulating effect mainly on the back of the brain: strychnine. This group also includes some narcotic analgesics with a stimulating or sedative (sedative) effect: cocaine, morphine and its derivatives, including promedol; omnopon, codeine, dionine, as well as fentanyl, estocine, pentazocine (fortral), tilidine, dipidolor and others. In addition, short-term biological stimulation can be achieved through blood transfusion (own or someone else's) immediately before the competition (blood transfusion, "blood doping"). The second group of doping agents includes anabolic steroids (AS) and other hormonal anabolic agents. In addition, there are specific types of doping and other prohibited pharmacological agents: a) agents that reduce muscle tremors (tremors of the limbs), improve coordination of movements: beta-blockers, alcohol; b) means that help to reduce (cut) weight, accelerate the elimination of the decay products of anabolic steroids and other doping from the body - various diuretics (diuretics); c) agents with the ability to mask traces of anabolic steroids during special studies on doping control - antibiotic probenecid and others (not produced in the Soviet Union). Of all these drugs, the most common among bodybuilders and weightlifters are anabolic steroids.

CHAPTER 2.

2.1 The principle of action of doping and the consequences of their use

Doping (from English - "to give drugs") are biologically active medicinal substances used to artificially increase physical and emotional capabilities.

According to the poll, almost 100% of athletes checked out information about doping (and their effect on athletic performance, selection, dosage and order of reception) from their friends in the gym. Most of the "jocks" are convinced that without doping it is impossible to achieve success in terms of gaining muscle mass, increasing athletic results, so they regard doping as a necessity in the fight for leadership. They willingly share this information with newcomers, who, of course, believe them - after all, the result is "obvious" - and convince them that doping is not only harmless, but also helps the body to cope with physical and mental stress. I have no goal of offending the "chemists" - I have a deep respect for them: they are hard-working and purposeful. Let's try to figure out the essence of the problem together. The list of drugs, prohibited for use in sports, is constantly updated and currently has about 10 thousand items.

The official list of prohibited pharmaceutical substances, approved by the Medical Commission of the Olympic Committee in 1988, is divided into several main classes:

Doping substances

Stimulants (stimulants of the central nervous system, sympathomimetics, analeptics)

Narcotics (narcotic analgesics)

Anabolic steroids and other hormonal anabolic agents

Doping methods (various manipulations with blood and urine)

Limited-use pharmaceuticals

Alcohol

Local anesthetics

Corticosteroids

And, in more detail, about some of them:

Stimulants of the central nervous system: amphetamine, phenamine, caffeine, ephedrine, corazole, cordiamine, etc.

The drugs of this group are able to sharply intensify mental activity, eliminate mental and physical fatigue. With their reception, there is a disappearance of lethargy, drowsiness, a feeling of vigor, an increase in mood, physical and intellectual performance.

Everything is just wonderful, but in addition to all of the above, these drugs mask the natural feeling of fatigue and numb the feeling of pain - and this is tantamount to "running into the red light", because it becomes very difficult to IDENTIFY serious trauma IN TIME. In addition, the use of stimulants leads to sleep disturbances, the appearance of excessive excitability, anxiety increases, an increase in arterial pressure is noted;

One of the most popular drugs in this group is caffeine. It certainly does not cause severe toxic effects. Its side effect appears with the use of large doses (of the order of 200 - 500 mg or more). For comparison: the content of caffeine in instant coffee is 60 - 100mg / 180ml, in ground coffee - 100 - 150mg / 180ml. The International Olympic Committee considers caffeine to be doping when its content in urine is more than 15 ml / l, while after 2 cups of coffee drunk, the caffeine content in urine does not rise above 6 ml / l. Caffeine in shock doses has a hyperstimulating effect on the central nervous system (excites the centers of the vagus nerves), leading to depletion of nerve cells and the appearance of disturbances in the activity of the heart (pains appear in the region of the heart, blood pressure rises, pulse quickens) It can also cause a variety of stomach upsets: nausea, vomiting, loose stools, increased urine output may occur. The toxic dose is 1.0 g with large individual fluctuations. Lethal (lethal) dose - 20g.

Another equally popular drug is ephedrine, its derivatives and substances close to it (izadrin, berotek, salbutamol, etc.)

Ephedrine is an alkaloid derived from various types of ephedra plants. Ephedrine and its derivatives are used as psychostimulants and agents that improve respiratory function (due to their bronchodilatory effect) But against the background of intense and prolonged physical exertion, symptoms of acute poisoning are observed: excitability increases, pupil dilation is noted, a slight increase in blood pressure, pulse quickens. This effect lasts 3-4 hours, and then gives way to lethargy, weakness, "weakness", dreary mood. Reduced appetite persists for a long time, there is no need for sleep. In addition, ephedrine, like caffeine, increases the use of fats and muscle glycogen - this is the basis of their fat burning effect. The duration of action of the drug with the parenteral route of administration (in the form of injections) is 1-1.5 hours, with the appointment inside - 3-4 hours.

Phenamine (amphetamine) - specifically affects the central nervous system. Popular as a means to increase endurance and explosive strength, to relieve fatigue. Strengthens the processes of excitation in the ventral nervous system, causes a feeling of a surge of strength, increased efficiency, Like ephedrine, it stimulates adrenergic receptors, causing narrowing of peripheral vessels, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, as a result, dizziness, sleep disturbances, excessive excitability, anxiety, pain in area of ​​the heart. A "rebound phenomenon" may develop - after the stimulating action of the drug is terminated, general weakness, "weakness", fatigue, depression, as well as dyspeptic disorders (stool disorders) appear. An increase in metabolic processes, consumption of energy resources when taking phenamine contributes to the depletion of glycogen and fat reserves, hence the fat-burning effect of the drug. The toxic dose is 15-30 mg, the lethal dose is 400-500 mg. Amphetamine disrupts the thermoregulation of the body during physical work, therefore, when taken, heatstroke, cardiovascular collapse, coma, and sudden death often occur.

Anabolic steroids actually began to be used in the 50s and 60s. after receiving testosterone derivatives. Prior to this, numerous experiments were carried out, and in 1935 the ability of androgens to translate the nitrogen balance of castrated dogs into a positive one and increase the body weight of animals was established. When creating anabolic steroids, the goal was to synthesize a drug that would have high anabolic qualities of testosterone, but at the same time would exclude its strong androgenic effect. By implementing this idea, scientists have made huge changes to the steroid molecule. But, nevertheless, the newly created steroids were distinguished either by an underestimated anabolic and androgenic function, or they had increased activity in relation to both qualities.

Some steroids have received such structural changes that have led to even higher androgenicity and decreased anabolic activity. This explains the differences in action, effectiveness and side effects of existing steroids.

Anabolic steroids and other anabolic hormonal agents are divided into the following main groups:

Androgens (male sex hormones): testosterone, testenate, methyltestosterone, etc.

Synthetic anabolic agents: methane, nerobolil, winstrol, etc.

Growth hormone (growth hormone)

Pituitary gonadotropic hormone (chorionic gonadotropin).

Steroids are administered intramuscularly or taken orally, that is, in tablet form. When injected, the substance enters the blood directly, in the form of a tablet it goes through the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, somewhere it is partially destroyed, or enters the bloodstream in its unchanged state. Further, numerous steroid molecules move throughout the body through the bloodstream.

Each of these molecules carries information that it transfers to special protein molecules. The number of these molecules in the body is individual (laid down at the genetic level). This is why some "rocking" pills eat handfuls of pills, and the effect of muscle growth is "zero", while others grow from minimal steroid doses. The steroid and protein molecules combine into a complex that travels to the cell nucleus and attaches to specific segments of DNA. This is followed by a series of changes, the essence of which is that, for some still unknown reasons, the spatial arrangement of the protein complex surrounding certain sections of DNA changes. These sections either do not work at all, or work at half power. So, anabolic steroids make them work at full capacity, and sometimes even stronger than it happens in a physiological state. Following this, we observe a cascade of reactions (the main of which is an increase in RNA synthesis) that change the functional state of the body. The biggest changes are observed in muscle tissue, where protein synthesis increases. In combination with intense training, the intake of anabolic steroids leads to an increase in muscle cells in the transverse.

Anabolic steroids block the cortisol receptors that are found in the muscle cell membrane. As a result, the body's cortisol, a strong catabolic hormone, loses its activity, and the muscle cell does not lose protein. Under the influence of anabolic steroids in the muscle cell, the synthesis of creatine phosphate increases, which plays an important role in the restoration of ATP (ATP is the basis of all muscle movements, since it is a "combustible" material that the cell needs to do any work). Anabolic steroids reduce insulin production.

The hypoglycemic effect observed after taking AS is associated with an increase in the number of special cells in the pancreas (beta cells) that convert blood glucose into glycogen. In addition. anabolic steroids prevent the formation of glucose from amino acids and increase its combustion. The reduction in the percentage of fat, observed with the use of anabolic steroids, is associated with increased involvement of fats in energy metabolism. The effect of anabolic steroids on the body is miraculous: many athletes who use steroid preparations note the disappearance of pain in the joints and tendons, a decrease in the level of cholesterol in the blood, an increase in the body's resistance to hypoxia (oxygen consumption, increased oxygen consumption). Anabolic steroids improve venous circulation, increase blood flow to working muscles. This is felt by the athletes in the form of "fullness" of the muscles. Recovery time from injuries and hard training is shortened. The duration of the exercises significantly increases: the use of steroids allows you to train several times a day, the ability to perform harder training appears, the mood improves, the desire to train increases, and resistance to pain appears. Improves "muscle memory": it becomes easy not only to reproduce the results of the previous training, but also to significantly improve them.

The only "trifle" drastically changes everything: the usual therapeutic doses of drugs will not work like that! To achieve an anabolic effect, the dose of the drug should be increased by 10 - 20 and even 40 times! Due to increased metabolism, the transformation of the drug is accelerated and the strength of its action is correspondingly reduced. This requires a constant increase in the dose of doping, which is the reason for many complications. To obtain the maximum effect, many athletes use the so-called stacking-mode of steroid intake, which consists in a gradual change in the dose of steroids and alternation of types of drugs throughout the course, as well as the combination of anabolic steroids with drugs in other groups - diagrams. The use of such schemes of anabolic steroids leads to even more unfavorable consequences than when using individual drugs. Since water-soluble drugs are excreted through the kidneys, and fat-soluble (and these are all steroids) - through the liver, among complications more often than others, there are impairments from the excretory and detoxifying functions of the liver and kidneys.

With hepatic disturbances in the blood, the content of trans-aminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin increases, the proteinogram of blood changes (with the use of steroids it increases the clotting properties of blood and promotes the formation of blood clots in the vessels). With prolonged use of anabolic steroids, blockage of the biliary tract is observed, which is accompanied by jaundice, cavities filled with blood can form in the liver, and this leads to the appearance of tumors.

The liver concentrates and stadilizes almost all pharmacological drugs. With long-term intake of high doses of steroids, it does not cope with a large volume of biotransformation and steroid excretion.

This is also due to the fact that almost all injectable preparations are produced in the form of oily solutions, which tend to accumulate in the body (the effect of neobolil lasts 7-10 days after injection, retabolil - up to 3 weeks after a single injection, deca - "dupabolin can be found in urine 6 months after injection.) In case of oral administration of steroids, detection is possible after 5 to 7 weeks.

During the reception of steroids, the urinary system is severely affected: these are prostatitis and adenomas of the prostate gland (steroids cause enlargement of the prostate gland), cystitis, uretritis, nephritis, urolithiasis and kidney tumors - kidney pathology is associated with the toxic and androgenic effect of anabolic steroids. On the part of the endocrine and gonads, certain disturbances are also observed. An excess of steroids enhances the functions of the thyroid gland, which causes a negative nitrogen balance due to a sharp increase in the processes of protein oxidation under conditions of energy deficiency. In men, there are changes in the sexual sphere: a decrease in the size and mobility of spermatozoa, atrophy of the testicles increases, and the production of sperm is sharply reduced. The restoration of the normal level of spormogenesis occurs within 6 or more months. All these changes are due to the fact that the pituitary gland, which corrects the activity of the gonads, fixes an excessive amount of hormones in the blood and begins to regulate your natural testosterone supply. This is the so-called "overshoot" syndrome: there are more hormones in the blood than enough, so the gonads generally stop producing them. On the basis of steroid intake in men, the development of gynecomastia is often observed, and a significant development of the tissues of the mammary glands and nipples sometimes requires surgical intervention.This phenomenon is due to the fact that part of testosterone and normally transforms into organisms (female genital estrogens) doses of steroids accelerates the formation of female breasts. Anabolic steroids affect the adrenal cortex, the hormones of which regulate the electrolyte balance, and cause sodium and water retention in the body, which leads to the onset of hypertension and the growth of pathological changes in the heart muscle.

Steroids contribute to the rapid growth of muscle mass. Since, along with a pronounced increase in muscle mass, there are no corresponding changes in the articular-bursal, ligamentous and bone formations, the risk of trauma and degenerative processes in the musculoskeletal system increases. This leads to ruptures of the ligaments during intense muscle loads, the development of tendon degeneration.

A decrease in the viscosity of muscle tissue due to water and sodium retention causes a decrease in muscle elasticity ("muscle clogging") - this forms a predisposition to muscle trauma during training or competition.

Specific side effects of the action of anabolic steroids are observed in adolescents: the growth zones in the apiphyses of the tubular bones are prematurely closed, which causes a pause in growth.

Diuretics are specific types of doping. They are used for urgent weight loss and to accelerate the elimination of decay products of anabolic steroids. Together with the liquid, salts are removed from the body, which are necessary for normal metabolism and the functioning of the body (for example, potassium, which is necessary for the work of the heart muscle). Diuretics, taken without compensating products or diet, lead to the development of heart failure. In addition, the intake of diuretics can provoke an exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, as it causes an increase in sugar in the blood, disorders from the gastrointestinal tract (with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), and allergic reactions. Increasing hypotension (decrease in arterial pressure), leading to faint states, develops rarely.

The modern level of development of pharmacological science on the basis of the analysis of the stereochemistry of compounds, the identification of the electronic structure of the "hot" points of drugs allows you to create theoretical models of new doping. One of them is a somatotropic hormone, or growth hormone, a protein hormone synthesized in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The main site of action of the growth hormone (GH) is adipose tissue, where, under its influence, lipids are released, the metabolism of carbohydrates increases, and the content of glycogen in the muscles and heart increases. In addition, GH has a general cellular effect, which is expressed in the growth of bones and muscles, increasing the metabolism of calcium and nitrogen, accelerating anabolic processes (by stimulating the synthesis of RNA, protein and increasing cell division). Under the influence of GH, the permeability of cell membranes for amino acids increases. Thus, GH increases body weight, increases muscle strength and contractility. But in terms of anabolic effect, it is incomparably weaker than anabolic steroids, In addition, like all of the above drugs, it has a number of side effects, the main of which is an increase in blood glucose (GH reduces glucose uptake by tissues). This can lead to diabetes mellitus. In addition, by enhancing the growth of the skeleton, GR does not increase the rate of ossification of the growth zones. In adolescents with incomplete skeletal ossification, an excess of GH can cause a sharp increase in bone growth in length with the development of gigantism. and in adults with already completed ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage zones of growth under the influence of an excess of GH, acromegaly develops, manifested by a pathological enlargement of the hands, feet, bones of the facial skeleton, growth of soft tissues, an increase in internal organs of metabolism, as well as a disturbance.

The pituitary gland is the most mysterious and poorly studied gland of the human body, so you need to take its hormones very carefully and carefully.

Synthesized by the placenta - the "temporary" endocrine gland - chorionic gonadotropin is also a novelty in the sea of ​​doping. This drug stimulates the secretion of androgens - male sex hormones. But in large doses it causes malignant tumors. Due to the strong androgenic effect, when applied, the growth of vegetation on the body can increase and acne appears. In addition, chronic hepatitis accelerates the closure of the bone growth zones, and this leads to a premature interruption of body length growth - you can draw further conclusions yourself. If the athlete still takes steroids, then at least he must take the drugs correctly so as not to cause more harm to the body, that is, he must:

Observing dosages - more does not mean better. Exceeding doses is not only ineffective, but also dangerous, as it overloads the liver and kidneys. In addition, "surpluses" are converted into estrogens, and fat begins to accumulate on typically female problem areas.

Do not take drugs for too long. The optimal duration of the steroid cycle should not exceed 8 - 12 weeks. This is confirmed by practice.

You need to rest between cycles for at least 3 to 4 months.

Control your well-being. To do this, it is necessary to regularly do blood tests. Before the start of the cycle, it is necessary to do the biochemistry of the blood in order to determine the initial data. After 6 weeks from the beginning of the steroid "therapy", the analysis should be repeated (the indicators will, of course, be higher than the norm, and after a couple of weeks they will return to the initial level). It is imperative to do a test before starting a new cycle of steroids - it will show if all indicators are back to normal. If any deviations are observed in the blood, this is a clear signal to stop using steroids.

2.2 Characteristics of anabolic steroids

2.2.1 Mechanism of action

First of all, let's consider the behavior of the AS in general, but at the molecular level. Consider one AC molecule in the blood associated with a specific testosterone binding globulin (TeBG). Through the receptor on the outside of the cell, the bound TeBG / AC molecule will enter the cell. This process itself can stimulate cell metabolism, increasing the amount of cyclic AMP (Adenosine monophosphate. Here Also, the AC molecule can be in the blood in a free state, not associated with anything. If this is the case, it can easily enter the cell by diffusion through membrane, like water seeps through a sheet of paper, it then binds (complexes) with the androgen receptor (AR) molecule that is inside the cell. Androgen receptor is a large molecule of about a thousand amino acids. Thus, it is much larger than the AC molecule. When the AC molecule binds to the AP, hitting a certain region of the receptor, it is activated. Imagine the receptor as a machine that does not work until it is turned on. Either the receptor is bound to the AC molecule and is "on" or not. There can be no mean positions when the AC molecule is half bound to the receptor and therefore has a weak effect. The question arises as to how long AR remains activated bath before the AC molecule leaves it. This usually happens after a few hours. After the AC molecule leaves the AP, it returns to its initial state and can be used again. Since AR can be either activated or not, it is activated in exactly the same way by the methenolone (primobolan) molecule and any other steroid. It should be noted that different speakers have different effects for different reasons.

As soon as the AC molecule binds to the receptor, the receptor-steroid complex passes into the cell nucleus, where it forms a dimer (pair) with another activated receptor. It then interacts with certain regions of DNA, and certain genes begin to produce more mRNA (messenger RNA The process of mRNA formation is called "transcription"). Thus, the body selectively activates certain genes. In this case, the activity of genes associated with androgens is activated or increased. A specific mRNA corresponds to a specific gene and carries information to the cell about which protein to make.

After all, muscle protein is our target. The AC molecule causes the cell to produce more specific proteins and increase muscle mass. (We'll skip a few steps from mRNA to protein formation.)

However, not every process of AC binding with AR leads to the formation of a protein molecule. Even if AP is activated by the AC, it will not necessarily interact with DNA. Protein production also depends on the amount of mRNA produced, and this depends on the time during which the AR remained activated. So the ratio of cell growth to the number of activated ARs can vary.

2.2.2 Mental changes

In both men and women, especially when taking anbrogenic steroids, with prolonged use in high doses, aggressive behavior can be manifested. The advantage of this is that they can train harder. The disadvantage is that some are content with more than just this and direct their aggressiveness towards their environment and their loved ones. They are easily offended and explode, become intolerant, prone to more rapid outbursts of temperament and manifestations of rage. In extreme cases, this can lead to a readiness for violence, which has already led to the destruction of relationships and marriages. The phenomenon is that some athletes get depressed when using steroids. The reason, apparently, is that these athletes are prone to increased convertibility of the drugs they take to estrogens. Mood swings and depression are explained by the fact that the male hypothalamus reacts in this way to the female hormone estradiol. Claims that steroids make an athlete mentally dependent on them, and the end of their use causes mental withdrawal symptoms, is false. Steroids are not addictive.

2.2.3 Violation of the cardiovascular system

A / c steroids are also attributed to the ability to damage the cardiovascular system. This theory is fueled by the fact that steroids can raise cholesterol and triglyceride levels. At the same time, it was noted that a decrease in HDL (high concentration lipoprotein) and an increase in LDL (low concentration protein) values ​​are possible. HDL protects arteries from excessive deposition of cholesterol on their walls, eliminates it and transports it to the liver, which exposes it to breakdown. Therefore, high HDL levels are desirable and athletes taking steroids with low HDL levels are at increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. Raising the LDL, on the contrary, is undesirable, because LDL works in a completely opposite direction, promoting the deposition of cholesterol on the walls of the arteries. Thus, when taking steroids, a general unfavorable situation is observed: high cholesterol levels, decreased HDL and increased LDL. Therefore, every athlete should have regular blood tests and check their total cholesterol levels in the blood to be sure they do not fall into this risk group. This risk is increased by the conventional "diet" of muscle building (high in calories, high in fat, fast food and sweets). Adverse factors include stress, high blood pressure, high body weight, poor oxygen supply to the body, and smoking. And yet, here too, the choice of the steroid, its dose, the duration of use, and especially the genetic predisposition are of great decisive importance. Experience has shown that as you stop taking the drug, the changed indicators are restored within a few weeks. Although the risk group primarily includes older athletes, similar disorders are not excluded in younger athletes and in women. Whether increased glucose intolerance and elevated blood cortisone levels contribute to heart disease caused by steroids is not yet clear.

2.2.4. Heart enlargement

Whether there is a relationship between steroid use and heart muscle hypertrophy has not yet been clarified. And it is true that athletes who take steroids tend to have more strongly developed (more productive) heart muscle in comparison with untrained ones, but all athletes generally have more developed heart muscle (athlete's heart). "The problem with determining whether steroids affect heart muscle hypertrophy is that training itself has a significant increase in heart muscle as a consequence, so it is difficult to determine the involvement of steroids in this increase" (from "Side effects of anabolic steroids: facts, fiction and treatment ", Dr. Mauro G. di Pasquale, p. 47).

2.2.5 Impaired renal function

The kidneys are under a tremendous burden while taking steroids. They filter and remove toxic waste products from the body. High blood pressure and strong fluctuations in the body's water and electrolyte balance can damage its functions for a long time. The onset of William's tumor, a rapidly growing tumor of the kidney, sometimes seen in athletes taking steroids, normally occurs only in infancy and childhood, and not in adults. Is there a relationship here? Doubtful. And yet it is clear that some athletes, while taking steroids, have a darkening of urine, in extreme cases even blood appears. Especially the former Finagekt and the current Parabolan seem to have a toxic effect on kidney function. Other possible side effects when using a / a steroids are headaches, dizziness, malaise, increased risk of damage to muscles, joints, connective tissue ligaments, anaphylactic shock (life-threatening allergic reaction), abscesses at the injection site, prolonged blood coagulation. The occurrence of side effects varies from athlete to athlete. In this case, factors such as age, gender, genetic predisposition, physical and mental constitution, as well as the dose, duration of administration and the type of steroid used, play an important role.

2.2.6. Effects on the immune system

The effect of steroids on the immune system has been proven. And yet, does this mean its influence with an increased incidence, for example, or its strengthening is a controversial issue. Because steroids are taken, among others, by cancer patients and HIV-infected people, it is highly possible to assume that they lead to a strengthening of the immune system, at least during their use. This is fueled by statements from athletes who talk about increased immunity and less and less susceptibility to illness while taking steroids. In the weeks after stopping their intake, athletes are prone to increased aspicity to colds and flu infections. Based on the fact that research has not been carried out here and we are talking mostly about subjective ideas, it is impossible to make general conclusions.

2.3 Doping of non-steroidal structure

With regard to non-anabolic steroid doping, it is necessary to say a few words about such a class of doping drugs as diuretics. Recently, in connection with the holding of competitions in athletic gymnastics and the expansion of the participation of athletes in international competitions, it became necessary to establish weight categories and the corresponding weight limit at the time of the competition. In weightlifting, this problem has been known for a long time and is very acute. For urgent weight loss in the competitive period, some incompetent coaches and athletes recommend taking diuretics, i.e. diuretics, although it is known that they have long been included in the list of doping drugs. Athletes are often disqualified for the use of diuretics. In addition, in the sports environment, there is an opinion that taking diuretics promotes increased elimination of the breakdown products of anabolic steroids and other drugs from the body, and thereby reduces their negative side effects and shortens the period of drug withdrawal before a performance. It should be said that the use of diuretics even in the clinic, according to therapeutic indications, requires careful laboratory and medical control, as it is fraught with possible complications. Removing fluid from the body along with the salts necessary for normal metabolism (for example, potassium, which is required for the normal functioning of the heart muscles), diuretics, used without a compensating diet, lead to the development of heart failure. And its danger grows with the growth of physical activity - and at the moment of the highest competitive efforts, this can lead to an acute violation of cardiac activity. In addition, taking diuretics causes an increase in blood sugar, which can cause an exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), allergic reactions, and the development of skin diseases. It is also possible to exacerbate diseases of the liver, kidneys, depression of the central nervous system, accompanied by drowsiness, lethargy, impaired sensitivity.

CHAPTER 3. Doping in various sports

All types of physical activity are subdivided according to the intensity of loads into very high, high, medium and low intensity. This corresponds to the level of sports qualifications of extra-class athletes (Olympic champions and world champions), international masters of sports, masters of sports, dischargers, persons engaged in physical culture, not engaged in physical culture and engaged in physiotherapy exercises in order to rehabilitate certain functions with the help of given motor activity. Naturally, the requirements for these persons, their preparedness, nutrition and pharmacological support will be completely different. However, they all have their limits, which limit the physical performance of a person.

It should be borne in mind that these factors limiting performance depend on the type of physical activity, which can be subdivided in accordance with the classifications of sports into five main groups:

1.Cyclic sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance (running, swimming, cross-country skiing, speed skating, all types of rowing, cycling and others), when the same movement is repeated many times, a large amount of energy is consumed, and the work itself is performed, with high and very high intensity. These sports require metabolic support, specialized nutrition, especially during marathon distances, when energy sources are switched from carbohydrate (high-energy phosphates, glycogen, glucose) to fatty ones. Control of the hormonal system of these types of metabolism is essential both in predicting and in correcting performance with pharmacological drugs.

2. Speed-power types, when the main quality is the manifestation of explosive, short in time and very intense physical activity (all sprint distances, throwing weightlifting and others). In most cases, these traits depend on genetic determinants, and the energy sources for such activities are fundamentally different in the manifestation of endurance. Natural sprinters have a higher percentage of fast muscle fibers compared to long distance runners. Speed ​​is a very demonstrative indicator that with increasing age undergoes the earliest and most pronounced decline in comparison with strength and endurance. The increase in body weight in all throwers and weightlifters requires special control over specialized nutrition and the shift of the catabolic to the anabolic phase of metabolism without the use of anabolic steroids and growth hormone. For sprinters, uncontrolled weight gain is unacceptable. Carbohydrate metabolism and energy sources prevail: high-energy

3. Martial arts are very numerous types of sports activities (all types of wrestling, boxing and others). A characteristic feature of energy expenditure during martial arts is a non-constant, cyclical level of physical activity, depending on the specific conditions of the struggle, although, at times, they reach very high intensity. The type of physical activity, its duration and intensity are the basis for the selection of pharmacological drugs. These sports, in most cases, are quite traumatic, which can be the cause of microcirculation and metabolic disorders in the brain, so nootropic drugs should be used as protectors.

4. Game types are characterized by a constant alternation of intense muscular activity and rest, when athletes are not directly involved in game episodes. Coordination of movements and mental stability are of great importance. The tasks of pharmacological support are associated with the correction of recovery processes, energy compensation, improvement of metabolic processes in the brain with the help of vitamin complexes, nootropics, adaptogens of plant and animal origin, as well as antioxidants.

5. Complex coordination types are based on the subtlest elements of movement, as is the case in figure skating, gymnastics, diving, shooting, where excellent endurance and attention are required. Physical activity varies widely. For example, making a difficult jump requires tremendous explosive power, while shooting requires concentration and tremor reduction. Of great importance is an increase in mental stability with herbal preparations of a calming effect (valerian, hawthorn without alcohol components), nootropics, vitamin complexes, energy-rich foods.

Complex technical types are largely associated with the use of technical means (auto racing, bobsleigh, parachuting, sailing and many others). The level of physical activity may not reach very high values, but nervous tension is at the limit of human capabilities, which determines the principles of pharmacological correction - an increase in mental stability.

In addition, there are a number of mixed sports, where various types of multi-events are used, including the listed types of human physical activity. Naturally, the tasks of pharmacological support differ significantly and fundamentally. It should be added that there are many problems with recovering and maintaining a high intellectual level in chess competition as a sport.

Thus, there is no reason to believe that there are universal pharmacological agents that could help to unambiguously solve the problems of sports pharmacology.

So, sports activity includes almost all types of physical performance, both dynamic and static. Next, we will consider pharmacological drugs that affect endurance, speed, strength, coordination, taking into account the intensity of physical activity.

1. Speed-power types: weightlifting, throwing, bodybuilding, sprint distances in track and field athletics, swimming, speed skating, cross-country skiing.

Anabolic steroids, growth hormone, gonadotropin, amphetamines, diuretics, etc.

Abrupt changes: metabolism, hormonal profile, masculinization in women and virilization in men.

2. Sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance, cyclic sports: running, swimming, cross-country skiing, cycling, speed skating (long distances).

Anabolic steroids, growth hormone, gonadotropin, blood doping, psychostimulants, etc.

Loss of orientation and consciousness, deaths, hormonal disorders, etc.

3. Game types: football, basketball, rugby, baseball, ball and ice hockey, golf, etc.

Alcohol, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, marijuana, etc.

Deaths, loss of consciousness, toxic effects.

4. Difficult coordination sports: high jumping, diving, figure skating, gymnastics, fencing, etc.

Alcohol, narcotic analgesics, tranquilizers, beta-blockers, etc.

Drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.

5. Martial arts: all types of wrestling, boxing, martial arts, etc.

Narcotic analgesics, marijuana, alcohol.

Drug addiction, drug addiction, etc.

In equestrian sports, various doping are used depending on specific tasks (psychostimulants, tranquilizers and other drugs), therefore, doping control of horses is carried out.

CHAPTER 4.

4.1 Doping violations

1. Doping is strictly prohibited and is an offense under the IAAF Rules.

2 A doping rule violation occurs when:

a) a Prohibited Substance is found in the athlete's tissue or body fluid;

b) the athlete uses or takes advantage of the prohibited technique;

c) the Athlete admits that he has taken or used a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Technique.

3. An athlete is obliged to control that no substance prohibited by the Rules gets into the tissue or fluid of his body. Athletes should be advised that they are responsible for detecting any and every Prohibited Substance in their Samples.

4. An Athlete may ask the Doping Commission to allow him to take a substance normally prohibited by the IAAF Rules as an exception. Such an exception can only be made in cases of a clear and mandatory medical need. Details of the procedure for applying to the Doping Commission for authorization can be found in the “Doping Control Procedural Rules”.

5. The expression “prohibited substance” must include the metabolite of the prohibited substance.

6. The expression “prohibited technique” should include:

a) blood doping;

b) the use of substances and methods that alter the integrity and validity of urine samples used in doping control;

7. The confession can be made either verbally, in a reliable form, or in writing. For the purposes of the application of these Rules, a statement is not considered a recognition if it is made more than six years after the events, the facts to which it relates.

8. The Anti-Doping Commission is appointed by the Council on the recommendation of the Medical Committee. She reports to the Council and the Medical Committee, which she consults as necessary. Its functions include providing advice to the IAAF on all matters related to doping in general, as well as on specific matters listed in these Rules. It consists of 5 members (maximum) who meet or consult regularly on an informal basis.

9.Procedural and Administrative Rules for Doping Control shall be determined by the Anti-Doping Commission. These rules are known as the “Procedural Rules for Doping Control”. Any proposed change to them must be approved by the Council and will take effect three months after the date of approval.

10. Deviation from the procedures set out in the Doping Control Procedural Rules does not invalidate evidence of a Prohibited Substance being found in an Athlete's Sample or the use of a Prohibited Technique, unless the deviation has led to doubt as to the validity of that discovery.

11. The IAAF or its members may delegate sampling authority to any federation, government agency, or any third party it deems appropriate.

4.2 The doping paradox

The paradox is that we demand entertainment and results from athletes in competitions, but we forbid them to use the means and methods necessary for this. And not only this makes training to the limit of strength. Qualified standards are extremely high. A person with average physical data, but remarkable perseverance and will, without "chemistry" will fulfill the CCM standard at best (in powerlifting, for example). And only a few, and maybe no one, is able to become a master of sports in Russia (only). But what about the real results? I would not like to go into the problems of biochemistry and pharmacology, but one question is gnawing all the time: "What is the fundamental difference between permitted and prohibited drugs?" Why it is possible to consume handfuls of digestive enzymes, artificially improving digestion and hence anabolism, but testosterone cannot be used, for example. Why is ascorbic acid in megadoses good and natural, while methandrostenalone is unnatural and harmful. These are just medicines. In some doses, it is poison (including vitamins), and in other doses, it is medicine and salvation. The athlete is exposed to the pathological effects of stress, he needs constant prophylaxis and treatment. And the constant tightening in the field of doping control puts this problem into a shadow, which leads to unpredictable health consequences. The constant replenishment of the doping list once again shows that there is no clear line between what is allowed and what is not. I think that many of today's popular dietary supplements, such as creatine, face the sad fate of being blacklisted. The rule is: what works is doping, what is useless is you can eat it.

Of course, there is a very important point in the doping problem. This is the use of steroids and hormones by adolescents. This is done uncontrollably, unskilled and unjustifiably. As a result, real harm to health can be caused (unlike professional athletes). This problem needs to be solved, but not by prohibitions (they do not work), but by education - explaining the essence and consequences. A person (even if he is young) must understand what he wants, that is, make a conscious choice.

I think that it is impossible to win in the fight against doping. To win, it is necessary either to prohibit the variety as a form of human activity, or to prohibit and close down pharmacology and the production of drugs. Neither one nor the other is possible. Consequently, the decision will be paradoxical and revolutionary - it must be resolved and taken under control.

Conclusion

Looking back at the history of the existence of doping, one can come to the conclusion that at present sports victories are won not by athletes, but by pharmacists who have made a profitable business out of professional sports, and their well-oiled system is not afraid of any doping controls.

Support for the false claim that it was possible to revive "pure" sport, when in reality it never existed, soon escalated from idealism to cynicism, because doping was never unethical. They treated chemistry no worse than the spikes and rubber coating of treadmills. Doping became unethical only after the ban.

Thus, the very fact of the existence of honest professional sports as such is called into question.

And in this case, is he needed at all?

Bibliography:

1. Makarova G.A. Sports medicine: Textbook for universities for ex. 521900 "Phys. Culture "and special. 0222300 "Phys. Culture and Sports "-2003.-480 p.

2. Dubrovsky V.I. Sports medicine: Textbook for universities-2002.- 512 p.

3. Dubrovsky V.I. Sports medicine: a textbook for ped. specialist. Universities-1999.-480 p.

4. Rodchenkov G. Doping [Text] / G. Rodchenkov // Athletics. - 2004.-N1 / 2.- S. 28-31

5. Balsevich V.K. Doping-Free Sport: Fiction or Inevitability? [Text] / V.K. Balsevich // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2004. -N3. - S. 29-30

6. Rodchenkov G. Prohormones and their place in modern society and sport: doping [Text] / G. Rodchenkov // Athletics. - 2004. - N3 / 4. - pp. 30-32 Application of IAAF Anti-Doping Rules [Text] // Athletics. -2004. - N6.- S. 10-12

7. Rodchenkov G. Fight against doping in sports: 2004, Olympic year [Text] IV. Rodchenkov // Athletics. - 2004. - N8 / 9. - S. 48-52

8. Rodchenkov G. A short course on the history of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) / G. Rodchenkov // Athletics. - 2006. - N7 / 8. - pp. 42-44 A short course on the history of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) // Athletics. - 2006. - N7 / 8

9. Denisov E. Track and field athletics against doping. Year 2006 / E. Denisov // Athletics. - 2006. - N12. - S. 12-14

10. Portugalov S.N., Panyushkin V.V., Agaeva E.N. "The influence of herbal preparations of mild action and ecdisten on the physical working capacity and functional state of athletes" (Theor. And practical. Physical culture. 1993, No. 8) - 44-45 p.

11. Rogozkin V.A. "Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids" (Leningrad, "Science", 1988) - 84-87 p.

12. Rogozkin V.A., Pshendin A.I. "The use of products of increased biological value for the nutrition of athletes" (Theoretical and practical physical culture. 1989, No. 11) - 13-15 p.

13. Semenov V. "Medicines in sport" (Moscow, 1994) - 67-69 p.

14. Seyfulla R.D. and Ankudinova I.A. "Doping Monster" (Moscow, VINITI, 1996) - 48-56 p.

15. Phillips W. "Anabolic steroids" (Krasnoyarsk, "Bogatyr", 1995).

16. Hatfield F. "Anabolic steroids: what and in what quantity" (Moscow, VNIIFK, 1984) - 25 p.

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One of the most famous Russian athletes, Maria Sharapova, admitted that she was doping. On the eve of taking the same drug, meldonia, Russian figure skater Ekaterina Bobrova was removed from the World Cup. And all this - against the background of the release of the third part of the German investigation film about doping in Russian athletics.

1. Athletics: the queen of stimulants

Until the 80s of the last century, they did not really know how to catch doping, and the "queen of sports" beat one record after another. Everything was "spoiled" in 1988 by Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who with a world record of 9.88 won the 100m race in the final of the Seoul Olympics. The next day, the Canadian was removed for the strongest doping stanazol - a drug that increases strength and endurance.

It is simply impossible to list all the scandals with athletes - there are hundreds of them. Well, how dangerous doping is, for many years to come, it will resemble the unsurpassed record of the American Florence Griffith-Joyner, who ran the 100m in 1988 in 10.49 seconds. Ten years later, the athlete, at the age of 38, died of cardiac arrest.

2. Cycling: on wheels

In cycling, doping control was introduced only after the death of Tom Simpson, who died of an amphetamine overdose at the Tour de France in 1967. The loudest scandal was the story of cancer-winning American Lance Armstrong. He was stripped of all titles, including the Tour de France, where he finished first in the overall standings seven times (1999-2005). Lance later repented in a peculiar way, informing on the air of Oprah Winfrey's TV program that it was impossible to win such a bike marathon without stimulants, and even revealed the recipe for his magic "cocktail".

Our athletes also came across. The last one to pierce was Olga Zabelinskaya, who in July 2014 was convicted of using a prohibited weight loss product. One of the best Russian racers of the last decade, Denis Menshov, had to give up sports ahead of time, and his results of recent years at the Tour de France were canceled.

3. Biathlon: blank shots

Oddly enough, the first case of the use of banned substances by biathletes was recorded relatively recently, only in 2000. The doping test of the Finnish biathlete Outi Kettunen showed the presence of a steroid - nadrolone, which helps to build muscle mass. The athlete was punished with an annual disqualification.

Alas, in recent years, the leadership in this issue has passed to Russia. In December 2008, three members of the national team were caught at once - Albina Akhatova, Ekaterina Yurieva and Dmitry Yaroshenko. They were slapped with a three-year disqualification. St. George's tried to return and ... got caught again. Another eight-year suspension from the competition put an end to his entire career. At the end of 2013, her teammate was “supported” by Irina Starykh, who was disqualified for two years on the eve of the Sochi Olympics. And quite recently, Alexander Loginov refused to autopsy the B sample, in fact admitting that he was doping.

4. Skiing: racing to nowhere

In 2001, during the World Ski Championships in Lahti, six Finnish racers were raked in at once. The Finnish national team then lost not only medals, but also the best skiers (all six were disqualified for two years), coaches (lifelong suspension from sports activities), as well as most sponsors.

The loudest scandal in domestic skiing occurred in 2002 during the Salt Lake City Olympics. In the body of Larisa Lazutina and Olga Danilova, erythropoietin was found - a hormone that increases the production of red blood cells, which increases the hemoglobin content in the blood and gives endurance.

5. Swimming: choked

The use of prohibited substances in swimming was first discussed back in the 19th century. The Dutch were the pioneers. In 1865, at a tournament in Amsterdam, several swimmers were caught using stimulants at once. The first official incident occurred at the 1972 Munich Olympics. American swimmer Rick Demont was caught on ephedrine, which helps burn excess fat, the athlete was deprived of the gold medal. True, a little later it turned out that Demont was asthmatic and had a medical permit for the medicine. But even 29 years later, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to revise the results of the competition.

Among Russian athletes, the loudest scandal was the three-time world champion Yulia Efimova. In January 2014, a substance from the class of anabolic steroids was found in her doping test. Later, the athlete stated that she used a fat burner, not knowing that it contains a prohibited substance.

The doping scandal with Russian athletes stimulated a discussion about one of the main problems in the world of sports.

Despite all the efforts of sports officials, doctors and the public, high performance sport remains a place where any means are used for the sake of results.

Virtually everyone recognizes that, in one form or another, all athletes use stimulants that overcome the natural physiological limitations of the average person. Such funds can improve the body's endurance, increase the pain threshold, stimulate the growth of muscle mass, relieve psychological stress, reduce the recovery period after exertion, and much more.

Today we are witnessing an invisible race between doping technologies, which are primarily aimed at masking illegal drugs, and anti-doping services, which, in turn, are improving their own methods of detecting them, improving athlete testing procedures, tightening disciplinary sanctions, and monitoring the innovations of doping laboratories.

As for erythropoietin, which was found in the samples of Russian athletes, it is believed that this is a fairly common stimulant and anti-doping services have learned to recognize it quite effectively.

The incident with our athletes is especially unpleasant in that it casts a shadow on the entire Russian team and exposes the athletes to excessive psychological pressure. And to avoid such a scandal, our team should have been helped by the modernization of its own anti-doping monitoring system, for which a lot of money was allocated.

If the athletes were "caught" by their own, the case would be quietly hushed up and an international scandal would have been avoided. And so we ourselves gave a trump card for our competitors in the fierce competition for medals.

In the history of sports, there have been many different, conventionally, natural and specially developed ways to achieve super results.

We will tell you about the most famous types of doping in history and what qualities they brought athletes to an incredible level. And we will start just with the ill-fated erythropoietin.

"Good old" POE

Erythropoietin is a hormone, a physiological stimulant of erethroporesis. It increases the production of red blood cells, which increases the hemoglobin content and the oxygen capacity of the blood. As a result, many physical indicators of the body also increase.

Therefore, erythropoietin is so popular in cyclic sports with endurance components - cycling, skiing, long-distance running.

This hormone has an interesting history. It was first identified in the 60s of the last century. In the late 80s, it was artificially synthesized, and in the early 90s, factory production began.

Erythropoietin is actively used in medicine, primarily in the fight against serious blood diseases, cancer, renal failure. But, unfortunately, it is also used in sports. Of course, it cannot be said that EPO is the last century.

Until now, it remains, in fact, an uncontested way to dramatically increase blood aerobic capacity. Athletes can only experiment with the dosage, forms of the hormone.

It must be said that this drug and its modifications are easily excreted from the body and, as a rule, come across on it, those who dosed it incorrectly or did not calculate the period of use, which, most likely, happened with Old and Yuryeva.

Sex is the most "healthy and natural" doping

In addition to chemical doping, which destroys the body, coaches and sports specialists are ready to use the characteristics of the human body. Having active sex before a serious competition in women's sports is also, it turns out, a way to improve the result.

In the 60s of the XX century, experts noticed that during puberty, athletes are literally overwhelmed with energy and emotions. It turned out that falling in love allows an athlete to significantly increase her performance. And in the USSR, and then in the GDR, they decided to put this feeling at the service of great sport.

The girls, who were previously closely watched, got a little more freedom and began to run on dates more than once a month.

The results exceeded all expectations!

After a while, the presence of novels among young athletes became literally mandatory. To do this, they resorted to a variety of means: for example, they were engaged in individual pandering or held joint gatherings of gymnasts and football players.

But couples were not left unattended - very soon experts discovered that love is love, but sex stimulates even better, since it positively affects the work of the pituitary gland, increases testosterone levels, relaxes tense muscles ...

Swimmers and runners after a night of love covered the distance much faster, and synchronized swimmers, figure skaters and gymnasts performed the exercises more expressively.

When this fact was established, the coaches began to literally put out the lights and put pressure on their players in every possible way. And although the GDR and the USSR are long gone, their "formula for success" has not been forgotten: in 1997, the head coach of the England Olympic swimming team, Paul Hickson, was accused of corrupting 11 underage athletes - his pupils.

When Hickson was given his word at the trial, he said that he only wished victories for his girls. Strange, but for some reason the judges did not get it.

Hormone Bomb - Pregnancy

Falling in love, of course, is a good thing, but the coaches wanted to find some means that would serve not only as a stimulus, but also as a powerful natural doping. And it was found.

It turned out that in the early stages of pregnancy, a substance called human chorionic gonadotropin is produced in the female body, which acts as a growth hormone, that is, significantly improves the physical condition of a woman.

Moreover, during pregnancy, blood circulation increases, the level of androgens and hormones increases, tidal volume and pulmonary ventilation increase, and protein accumulates. All this surprisingly meets the needs of those sports in which achievements depend primarily on aerobic endurance - that is, running, swimming, flat skiing, rowing.

However, experts in other sports disciplines were quick to use the new method.

Gymnast Olga Karaseva, who won the gold medal in the team championship at the 1968 Olympics, later admitted that before the tournament, under pressure from her coach, she first got pregnant from her lover, and then had an abortion. Abortion is an important part of the well-oiled mechanism of “legal doping”.

You can, of course, not terminate the pregnancy, but then on the career you can immediately put, if not a cross, then a blot. After all, after childbirth, you will have to recover, and competitors will not waste time. Therefore, compassionate coaches and government officials have always left their wards a choice. What are they - what kind of animals? If an athlete decided to give birth, then she could easily do it after the tournament. The main thing was to get pregnant three months before it began. Just by this time, a large supply of energy accumulates in the body - a woman becomes twice as hardy and stronger.

And you don't have to worry about the load: you just need to remove the exercises for the press and add to the legs. An ordinary woman is unlikely to endure something like that, but for a professional athlete, daily workouts, strict adherence to the regime, diet are commonplace. Their pregnancy is even easier than that of untrained women. In general, it is a paradise for expectant mothers, and you can even get a gold medal.

Many girls put their unborn children on the altar of sporting victories. It seemed to them a natural coaching attitude: "pregnancy or expulsion from the team"

That is why even now, at almost every major competition, you can find girls in an interesting position in the lists of participants. German skeleton athlete Diana Sartor and Russian skier Larisa Kurkina participated in the Olympic Games in Turin as pregnant women, and Swede Anna-Karin Olofsson in the 2008 Biathlon World Championships.

Gymnast Larisa Latynina did not win the Olympic Games alone, and Liisa Vejalainen won the gold medal at the World Orienteering Championships just at the end of that very third month.

But luck does not smile at everyone. For example, at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, the favorite of the competition, two-time Olympic champion in shooting Marina Logvinenko, took only third place in one of the pistol exercises: due to terrible toxicosis, she was endlessly turned inside out.

Testosterone is a doping for real Aryans

It is believed that the era of doping began in 1935 with the creation of injectable testosterone. Testosterone is a male hormone that is responsible for physical strength and endurance. It was prescribed by Nazi doctors to their soldiers to make them stronger and more aggressive. From the army, he quickly migrated to sports tracks.

He is associated with the deafening victory of the German national team in the overall standings at the Berlin Olympics in 1936. In the 40s, athletes began using steroids - roughly speaking, testosterone in a form that is easily absorbed by the body. Weightlifters and athletes of other strength sports immediately got hooked on them: steroids perfectly stimulate the growth of muscle tissue and increase efficiency.

And in 1955, physiologist John Ziegler, specially for the US weightlifting team, developed the drug dianabol, a synthetic testosterone with increased anabolic properties. Its use increased protein synthesis and helped muscles recover faster after hard training. And it was relatively cheap, which led to its massive distribution. Coaches put whole salad bowls filled with Dianabol on the tables, and the athletes devoured handfuls of it, eating bread. This meal is called "Champion's Breakfast".

It is interesting that women also did not refuse to "pump" with the help of steroids and again distinguished themselves in this by representatives, more precisely, representatives of Germany, from its eastern part. Their first triumph occurred in swimming competitions at the 1976 Olympics, when the masculine athletes from the GDR took almost the entire podium.

When journalists began to pay attention to their strange brutal figures and bass voices, the German women answered that they had not come to the competition to sing songs. Four years later, at the Olympics in Moscow, young, but very powerful representatives of the GDR were defeated. Then almost no one had any doubts about the reasons for such superiority, but it is clear that in the Soviet Union the results of a friendly swimming team were difficult to dispute.

Several years later, some of the Olympic triumphs became men in the truest sense of the word, unable to overcome hormonal transformation.

Athletes - vampires

In recent decades, the so-called blood doping has become widespread in sports. It has been established that taking an athlete's own blood with its subsequent introduction into the body or injection of donor blood after three to four weeks leads to an increase in the maximum oxygen consumption (in other words, efficiency) by 8-10%.

An increase in hemoglobin levels and an improvement in oxygen transport under the influence of such blood doping contributes to a significant increase in endurance. The effectiveness of blood doping is especially high in cross-country skiing and long-distance running.

The success of US cyclists who received donated blood at the Los Angeles Olympics was largely due to the use of this method of stimulating endurance. At present, the method of using blood doping has been quite well developed.

Experts believe that the use of donated blood is associated with a certain risk. Cases of infectious diseases are not excluded. These negative effects can be avoided by taking, storing and then administering his own blood to the athlete (autohemotransfusion), which is widely used in sports practice.

For a number of years, this method has been an almost legal means of improving the performance of athletes - and many sports victories and records have been the result of the use of blood doping. After the IOC introduced in 1987 a ban on the use of blood doping, this problem has become especially acute, since a reliable method for its detection has not been developed.

Attempts to identify the use of blood doping based on an excessively high level of hemoglobin did not lead to success, since high hemoglobin values ​​may be due to the genetic characteristics of the athlete's body, training methods, and training in high altitude conditions. Some of the other proposed methods have not been found to be effective enough. The situation is aggravated by the fact that hormonal drugs officially approved in medicine, which increase hemoglobin and are used in the treatment of anemia, have become widespread in sports.

In particular, erythropoietin (EPO), with which we began our review, has become especially widespread as such a means. For more than ten years (80-90s) erythropoietin has become an effective means of improving results for many athletes. At that time, numerous records and striking victories at the Olympic Games and World Championships were achieved precisely thanks to the use of EPO.

The recognition of erythropoietin as doping and the ban on its use in 2000 did not remove the problem - drugs of a similar action appeared, which were not prohibited by the IOC. In particular, EPO was replaced by a similar in nature of action and an even more effective drug - darbepoetin, which appeared in 2001 on the American market and penetrated with lightning speed into elite sports.

The massive use of darbepoetin at the 19th Winter Olympics in 2002 in Salt Lake City led to a series of scandals and disqualifications. It should be noted that erythropoietin and darbepoetin, as synthetic drugs that stimulate an increase in the oxygen capacity of the blood, are more dangerous for the health of athletes in comparison with the completely physiological procedure of autohemotransfusion. In this case, as in many others, it is easy to see the opposite of the desired effect of the prohibition: chemical preparations with a similar effect, but hazardous to health, have begun to be widely used.

Everything in the endless crazy race continues to develop in a spiral - more "natural" ways of achieving super-results are prohibited, and artificial analogs are replacing them. As soon as methods of detecting doping are developed, new drugs are created that "mask" the use of stimulants. And so on endlessly.

True, recently they started talking about a new generation of doping, which can break the entire existing system of "struggle and unity of opposites", that is, the war between athletes and anti-doping services. It's about genetic doping. If in the near future scientists learn to manipulate genes that are responsible for certain athletic abilities, it will become almost impossible to identify dishonest athletes. Although who knows. After all, some time ago it seemed that the valiant guardians of doping purity are rapidly losing their positions and are not able to play on equal terms with the most powerful pharmaceutical industry, which is behind the sport of great achievements.

But now some parity has been restored. And if so, it cannot be ruled out that the anti-doping war will continue in the future and no one can be guaranteed success here.

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