Functions of the instrumental case in Russian. What questions do cases answer? Genitive unprepositional verb

The six case forms express different case meanings. For example, forms of the R. case can express relations of belonging (student’s book), relations of the whole and parts (garage roof), subject relations (artist’s performances), etc.

Each case is polysemantic, and each case forms its own system of meanings, although the meanings in different cases may converge.

It is possible to distinguish general and particular meanings of cases. The general meanings are as follows: subjective, objective, attributive and adverbial.’

The forms of direct or indirect cases, denoting the subject of the action, have subjective meaning. A grammatical subject can coincide with a logical subject when the subject denotes an active person, an active object (I. case): Leaning on her elbows, Tatyana writes, And everything is Eugene on her mind (P.). The subject may not be grammatical, but logical: Meanwhile, Onegin’s appearance at the Larins made a great impression on everyone (P.).

The forms of oblique cases have objective meaning, expressing the meaning of the object to which the action is directly or indirectly directed or which participates in the action: We tore apart the black clouds... (L.-Kum.) (the action is directed at the object); What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an ax (Eat.) (the action is carried out with the help of an object).

Indirect cases expressing the attribute of the subject have a definitive meaning: But having received Tanya’s message, Onegin was vividly touched (P.) (in this case the determinative meaning is inextricably linked with the subjective); And, walking importantly, in decorous calm, a peasant leads the horse by the bridle, in big boots, in a short sheepskin fur coat... (N.)

The forms of indirect cases that express the relation of the object named by the noun to the time, to the place of action, to its cause, purpose, etc. have circumstantial meaning: A woodcutter’s ax was heard in the forest... (N.) (meaning the place of action).

General meanings unite a wide variety of particular meanings, and the meanings are unequal: there are basic, typical for a given case, and there are secondary, peripheral ones.

The meanings of case forms are influenced by several factors, and first of all, the lexical meanings of case forms and the words on which they depend.’ Compare: I love spring

(object value); He came every spring (the meaning of the adverbial time) The meanings of the form V. "case are different, since in these sentences it depends on verbs with different meanings / He walked in the field (the meaning of the adverbial, spatial); He walked early in the morning (the adverbial time), i.e." "The meaning of the TV case form is influenced by the meaning of the dependent case forms themselves."

Prepositions, when used together with nouns, help express various case meanings, concretize them and enrich them. For example, numerous prepositions are used with P/case forms, which help clarify spatial relationships (from the city, to the city, around the city, etc.) In the case of homonymy of case forms, prepositions are a means of distinguishing them (to the corner, in the corner; from the steppe, to steppe, in the steppe, etc.*). With the help of prepositions, the meanings of the same case form differ (to live with a sister - to live for a sister).

Meanings of the nominative case. The main meaning of the nominative case is subjective. For example: Raisky came home to quickly explain himself to Vera (Gonch.).

In the meaning of the predicative feature of the form I." the case appears as part of the predicate." For example: You are the guest, I am the host.

The forms of the I. case have a decisive significance when they act as an appendix.’ For example: And from a nearby village, the idol of mature young ladies, the joy of district mothers, the company commander (P.) arrived.

With comparative conjunctions, the forms of the I. case have the meaning of the subject of comparison. For example: Wild, sad, silent, Like a forest doe, fearful, She seemed like a stranger in her own family (P.). Or they have the meaning “in quality.” For example: Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom (P.).

In the role of address, I.*case has a vocative meaning. For example: Will you take me on reconnaissance duty, uncle? (Cat.)

In coherent speech, nominative representation is also distinguished, naming a person or object in order to evoke an idea of ​​it. For example: Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart (P.).

Meanings of the genitive case. The main meanings of the genitive case are objective, attributive and subjective; secondary meanings are adverbial.

A genitive verb can express object relations. The direct object of the R. case form is expressed when the action is directed not at the entire object, but at part of it (buy bread) and when the verb has a negation (not to see the meaning). The meaning of the object is also in the R. case forms with verbs: wait, ask, achieve, desire, demand, fear, be afraid, fear, lose (to wish for success, etc.).

Object relations can also be expressed by R. nominative, in such cases the main word is a verbal noun (cutting wood): Genitive in words with the meaning of measure, quantity denotes the subject of counting (a glass of water, a basket of berries, two meters)."In comparative forms P . case denotes the object of comparison (higher than the roof, sharper than the eagle).

The genitive adjective can have a definitive meaning (the performance of the artist; whose performance?) of the bearer of the attribute, i.e., a person, an object that has a quality, a property, which is called by the controlling name (loyalty of a friend).

The genitive case can have the meaning of belonging (Yakimov’s apartment), part of a whole (the wall of a house), the meaning of a qualitative assessment in combination with an agreed word (a tall man) or without such a word (a man of words); indicates age (an elderly person), material (Karelian birch cabinet). Close to these meanings is the expression of the named person’s belonging to any team, enterprise, or other person (factory workers, a friend of the writer, a member of the Komsomol).

The adverbial meanings of the R. case are the meanings of place, reason, purpose, etc. In this meaning, the R. case is more often used with verbs and has various prepositions (to stop near the house, to shiver from the cold). Gp. use with verbal nouns (stopping near the house, shivering from the cold), where, along with the adverbial meaning, the attributive also appears. The same can be said about non-verbal nouns (house by the road).

Meanings of the dative case. The main meanings of the dative case are objective and subjective; secondary - definitive.

The dative verb and used in the meaning of an object indicate the person or object to which the action is directed (write to a friend, letter to a friend). This meaning can be combined with the attributive (hymn to labor). Wed." prepositional-case forms: address the rector, appeal to the people.

In impersonal constructions, the D."case can denote the subject: Vasily is bored; Grandfather is not well.

D. case with prepositions has a definitive meaning relatively rarely (physics exam, literature lesson).

Meanings of the accusative case. The main meaning of the accusative case is objective. The accusative without a preposition denotes the object to which the action directly passes (to love your parents, read a book, take a pen).

Secondary meanings of the accusative case - subject (in impersonal constructions) Masha is tempted to talk about it; The patient is chilling) and circumstantial (Walked a kilometer; Came to the village every summer. ■+- Circumstantial meaning of the measure). Nouns with the lexical meaning of time, place, etc. usually have adverbial meanings; Prepositional case forms with the prepositions in, on (went to the village, went to Ukraine, said about it on Friday, etc.) are especially frequent in this meaning.” Prepositional case forms also have the meaning of measure (knee-deep river), goals (come on vacation), defining values ​​(striped dress, checkered shirt, etc.).

Meanings of the instrumental case. The main meanings of the instrumental case are objective, subjective and the meaning of the predicative attribute. As the name of the case shows, in the objective meaning it indicates the object with which the action is performed (writing with a pencil, chopping with an ax)." This is the verbal case. The applicative T. case also has attributive shades (chopping with an ax). With the preposition c, the instrumental case has the meaning of compatibility (Misha with Vasya).

With adjectives, T. case has a clarifying meaning (tall, strong in spirit): With verbs TV, the case specifies, limits the scope of the action (play sports, lead a circle).

The instrumental case is also used in comparative forms (above the floor, later in the year).

Subjective meaning T: case has in passive constructions (made by a friend, performed by an artist).

In the meaning of the predicative feature T, the case occurs primarily as part of the predicate (He became a teacher).

Circumstantial meanings are secondary, they are characteristic of both non-prepositional forms and especially forms with prepositions for, before, above, under, etc. (walked in the field, spoke in a whisper, sat at the table, stopped in front of the house, etc.). Such constructions can be verbal and adjective (stop behind the house):

Meanings of the prepositional case. The prepositional case has two main meanings: objective and adverbial. With the objective meaning of the P. case, it indicates the subject of speech, thought, feeling (talking about a brother, “Song of Hiyawatha”): In this case, the forms of the P. ‘case depend on the verb or verbal noun and are used with the preposition o.

In the adverbial meaning of P., the case with the prepositions in and on indicates the place of action (reaping in the forest, gathered in a clearing). With the preposition when, it indicates an object near which something (someone) is located (to be listed at the headquarters, to live at the school). The form of the P. case can also depend on the name (a garden in the suburbs, a school plot, an apartment on the outskirts), acquiring a definitive meaning.

Only P. applied (a coat with fur, a bound book) can have a definitive meaning. The prepositional case can also have the meaning of state (to lie in oblivion, to be in a bad state, to be in a bad mood).

In some cases, the meaning of the case can only be determined in a broader context." For example, the sentence: Ivanov’s punishment seemed too harsh to everyone - it can be understood in two ways: 1) Ivanov punished someone (subjective meaning); 2) someone punished Ivanov (objective meaning meaning). To avoid ambiguity, you need to rearrange this sentence as follows: 1) Ivanov’s punishment of the student... 2) Ivanov’s punishment by the teacher...

For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be singular or feminine, masculine or neuter, as well as declensions with changing endings. And a particularly important role in the construction of correct statements is played by cases, which show the syntactic role and connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in learning the Russian language, it is very important to learn how to determine the case form of these parts of speech and know what questions the cases answer.

Basic cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, a huge amount of time is devoted to this topic in the school curriculum. First of all, children are introduced to what questions cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, the varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there is still debate about this among linguists.

Nominative

The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - Who? So what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can act as the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence it always acts as the subject. For example:

The girl left the room; The sun was setting below the horizon.

Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example:

Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilievich - director.

Also, the main member and address are always in the nominative case. For example:

Noise, noise, reeds; Here is the old house.

Genitive

The genitive case can be used both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form it is written R.p.

This form of words has varied meanings and syntactic uses. The verb genitive case can indicate the subject:

• in the case when the verb has a negation: don't blow your mind, don't tell the truth;
• if the action does not relate to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.

The adjective genitive case can indicate a number of relationships:

• belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll's dress;
• the relationship of something whole to any part: hotel number, tree branch;
• assessment or determination of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of his word.

That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.

Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:

More beautiful than Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case a certain form of declension is used. So, for example, the dative case (to whom; to what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.

Mainly words in this case are used to designate the main object to which the action is directed.

For example:

Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, order to subordinates.

In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha became scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative

Questions in the accusative case are similar to questions in other cases, namely the genitive and nominative. So, for an animate object this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - What? And quite often schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, so for a correct definition, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action is completely transferred.

For example:

Fish, shine shoes, sew a skirt, bake a pie.

Also, words in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

The whole summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

Just like other case forms, instrumental case questions have two forms for living and nonliving objects. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. So, for an animate object, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.

For an inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question how? For example:

He fed (what?) bread, gave him (what?) water to drink.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs that are closely related to names.

This case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, can be an image or method of action, and also have meanings of time, place, space and who is performing the action. For example:

(with what?) stick.

The old man propped himself up with (what?) his palm.

The road led through (what?) forest.

The fairy tales “Aibolit”, “Confusion” and “Cockroach” were written (by whom?) Korney Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:

• instrument of action: beat with hand, brush;
• actor: security of the house by guards, release of goods by the seller;
• content of the action itself: study German;
• definitional meaning: sausage ring, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of limiting the specified attribute. For example:

He was strong in mind and famous for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

Questions of the prepositional case, like other case forms, are divided in the direction of living objects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). Words in this case are always used with prepositions, which is where the name of the case itself comes from. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes; questions of the prepositional case are always constructed using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.

Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case

To correctly determine the case form of words and use them correctly in speech, it is very important to know how cases are associated with questions and prepositions when using various forms of words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:

What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, they are the ones who, when joining nouns, can reveal different meanings of the same word.

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by case

One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the topic: “declension by cases.” As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns is independent, while adjectives and numerals in context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them appears.

In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, making it easier to decline the word.

The goal of the school curriculum is to teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a given sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. Such skills are very important for building competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and a sufficient number of Russian language lessons are given so that children can not only learn, but also consolidate this material well.

The instrumental case is used both in the noun (with a noun) and in the verb (with a verb) position. Interestingly, nouns in the instrumental case can have different meanings, which are described in detail here. The article provides ways to determine the instrumental case with examples, and a list of the most common prepositions.

What is the instrumental case?

Instrumental case in Russian– indirect case expressing subjective, objective, attributive and adverbial meanings. Instrumental case answers the questions – By whom? How?, can be used in verb or noun positions.

Examples of nouns in the instrumental case: proud daughter, enjoy art, light up match, written student, stand sideways, go columns, be cashier.

How to determine the instrumental case?

To find out the case of a noun, by the way it is necessary to ask questions of the instrumental case (Who? What?), and also highlight the case ending of the noun.

Case endings of T. p. are presented in the table.

note. In the instrumental plural form, nouns of all declensions have the same endings. The exception is the indeclinable noun “child” and some additional forms of similar nouns of the third declension.

The meaning of nouns in the instrumental case

In phrases and sentences, nouns in the instrumental case can have different meanings:

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• Subjective (the nail was hammered in, the mistake was made by the employee);
• Object (admire music, have skills);
• Definitive (vacuuming, she was clumsy);
• Circumstantial (draw with a pencil, point with a ruler, work in the evenings, create as a team, sing with viola).

Instrumental prepositions

Nouns in the instrumental case are used as a direct object (decorate with a pattern, speak in a bass voice), and with prepositions (stand in front of the house, fly over the sea). Prepositions are used with nouns in T. p. - behind, before, under (under), with (with), above, between, between.

Examples of nouns in the instrumental case with prepositions: walk under rain, saucer under the cup, it is seen behind the cloud, carry behind the back, dispute between students, path on a joke, protrude in front of an audience, country house near Moscow, Brother with sister, speak with a friend.

For some reason, the instrumental case evokes something magical and unpretentious, perhaps because it comes from the word “to create,” which means to create something magical and necessary. The instrumental case makes our speech magical, helping to correctly arrange words in a sentence to endow it with meaning.

Instrumental case questions.

The instrumental case answers the questions “By whom?”, “With what?”. In addition to these questions, the word “satisfied” is often used.

“Happy with whom?” - a person;

“Happy with what” - the work.

Parts of speech such as nouns are divided into two forms - these are plural and singular. The instrumental case of a singular noun will look like this:

"Behind table two people were sitting and talking”;

In the plural it will look like this:

"Behind tables the guests invited to the wedding were sitting.”

Instrumental endings.

With declension, that is, with a change in case, the ending of nouns always changes. Let's look at the endings characteristic of nouns in the instrumental case:

• Nouns of the first declension have the ending "Oh" (nog Ouch , hands Ouch );
• Second declension "Om" (table ohm , goat ohm );
• The ending “U” is inherent in the third declension (shawl Yu , true story Yu ).

Most often, the instrumental case is characteristic of words that are combined with verbs. This case form of a noun can be a manner of action or denote time, space, and can also indicate the one who performs the action. For example, “The road led ( how? ) forest" or "Fed the cat ( how? ) milk”, “The work “The Captain’s Daughter” was written ( by whom? ) A.S. Pushkin.”

It is difficult to imagine the Russian language without cases. They are the ones who help us speak, write and read correctly. In total, there are six cases in the modern Russian language, each case has its own question and its own ending. To make it more clear, we will look at each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Cases in Russian

1. Nominative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
2. Genitive – answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
3. Dative - answers the questions “to whom?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
4. Accusative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
5. Creative - answers the questions “by whom?”, “with what?” Example: dog, book;
6. Prepositional - answers the questions “about whom?”, “about what?”. Example: about a dog, about a book.

The nominative case is the only case in the Russian language whose question is answered by the subject. The genitive case determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships. The dative case determines the exact end point of the action, the addressee of the message. The accusative case denotes the direct object of the action. Creative defines an instrument, some types of temporary accessory. The prepositional one can be presented in the form of a question: “Are you thinking about who, what?”

Now you know what questions the cases answer.