ATP biopolymer to write down its monomers. The main provisions of the cell theory

12. Give definitions of concepts.

Wildlife is

• Answer: A set of biological systems of different levels of organization and different subordination.

The biological system is

• Answer: The whole, consisting of interconnected parts and having the properties of the living.

13. Fill in the table "Levels of organization of wildlife".

• Organization level	Biological system	Elements that make up the system
  Molecular	Molecule	Molecules
  Cellular	Cell	Cells
  Organic	Organism	Organisms
  Population-specific	View	Types of organisms
  Ecosystem	Ecosystem	Ecosystems
  Biosphere	Biosphere	Biosphere

14. Sketch the options for polymers with four monomers.

• Answer: Draw as many polymers as you like, consisting of four monomers. Monomers - circle, square, hexagon and triangle.

Write down how many polymers you get: 5. Calculate and write down how many polymers can be formed by five monomers: 24.

15. Fill out the diagram.

Classification of carbohydrates.

1) Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose.

2) Disaccharides - sucrose, maltose, lactose.

3) Polysaccharides - starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin.

16. List the functions that carbohydrates perform in living organisms.

• Answer: Energy, construction, support and receptor.

Lipids

17. Give a definition of the concept.

• Answer: Lipids are fat-like substances, insoluble in water, consisting of high molecular weight fatty acids and glycerol trihydric alcohol.

Protein composition and structure

19. Complete the sentence.

• Answer: Amino acids are monomers of proteins.

20. Sign in the general formula the names of the parts that make up any amino acid.

21. What are the similarities and differences in the structure of the molecules of all amino acids?

• Answer: All amino acids are composed of a hydrocarbon chain, an amino group and a carboxyl group. The differences lie in the structure of the radical, which can be of different lengths with the replacement of hydrogen atoms in it.

22. Consider the scheme for the formation of the depeptide. Sign the name of the bond connecting the amino acids in the protein molecule.

• Answer: The bond connecting amino acids in a protein molecule is called a peptide.

23. Fill in the table "Characteristics of the levels of the structural organization of the protein molecule",

Protein functions

24. Fill in the table "Functions of proteins"

• Function	What are (examples)	Where is carried out
  Catalytic (enzymatic)	Acceleration of biochemical reactions (special proteins-enzymes)	In cages
  Construction	All proteins are components of cell membranes and organelles, blood vessel walls, cartilage, tendons, hair and nails	In cells and tissues
  Motor	Movement of cilia and flagella, movement of chromosomes, muscle contraction (special contractile proteins)	In cells and tissues
  Transport	Transport of substances in the body (transport proteins)	In cells and tissues
  Protective	Protection of the body from the invasion of foreign agents and from damage (specific proteins)	In the blood and lymph
  Regulatory	Maintaining a constant concentration of substances in the blood and cells, participation in growth, reproduction (hormones)	In cells and blood
  Signal	Receiving signals from the external environment and transmitting information to the cell	In cages
  Energy	Proteins are a source of energy	In cages

Nucleic acids

25. Fill in the table "Nucleic acids, their structure and biological role".

• Name	Structural features	Biological role	Where is contained
  DNA	Deoxyrivoza, A, G, C, T	Body information	In the core
  RNA	Rivosa A, G, C, U	rRNA, mRNA (mRNA), tRNA, 3 functions	In the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, plastids, rivosomes

26. Prove that nucleic acids are polymers.

• Answer: Polymers are substances consisting of many monomers linked by chemical bonds. Since nucleic acids are strings of many alternating nucleotides, they are polymers.

27. List the signs of similarities and differences in the structure of DNA and RNA molecules.

• Answer: DNA is a double helix; deoxyribose is present in nucleotides as sugar. RNA is a single strand; ribose is present in nucleotides as sugar. Both in the DNA molecule and in the RNA molecule there are residues of phosphoric acid, and both are biopolymers.

28. Using the principle of complementarity, complete the second strand of the DNA molecule.

T --A - T - C - G - A - A - G - A - C - C - T - A - C--

A - T - A - G - C - T - T - C - T - G - G - A - T - G--

29. Finish the circuit

ATP and other organic compounds of the cell

30. Fill in the table "Structure and biological role of ATP"

31. Write down what is common and what differences exist between ATP and nucleic acids.

• Answer: Both ATP and nucleic acids contain adenine, ribose (RNA), and phosphoric acid residues. But ATP is not a biopolymer, and other nitrogenous bases are also included in DNA and RNA.

Biological catalysts

32. Give a definition of the concepts.

Catalysts- these are substances that accelerate the course of chemical reactions, but they themselves do not change.

Enzymes are catalysts of a protein nature that accelerate biochemical reactions in the cells of living organisms.

34. Explain why a lack of vitamins can cause disturbances in the body's vital processes.

• Answer: Vitamins are necessary for the assimilation of nutrients, proper growth and development of the body, the restoration of cells and tissues. Therefore, in their absence, the main life processes are disrupted.

Viruses

35. Describe the structural features of viruses.

• Answer: Viruses are non-cellular life forms with a very simple structure: a DNA or RNA molecule surrounded by a protein coat.

36. Explain why viruses are classified as living organisms.

• Answer: Viruses are classified as living organisms on the basis of the fact that they can reproduce and transmit hereditary information to the next generation, synthesize the protein coat.

38. Fill the table

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-1.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Biopolymers Nucleic acids, ATP and other organic compounds">!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-2.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Contents: 1. Types of nucleic acids. 2. Structure of DNA. 3. The main types of RNA 4."> Содержание: 1. Типы нуклеиновых кислот. 2. Строение ДНК. 3. Основные виды РНК. 4. Транскрипция. 5. АТФ и другие органические соединения клетки. 2!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-3.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Nucleic acid types: Nucleic acid name comes from the Latin word"> Типы нуклеиновых кислот: Название нуклеиновые кислоты происходит от латинского слова «нуклеос» , т. е. ядро: они впервые были обнаружены в клеточных ядрах. В клетках имеются два типа нуклеиновых кислот: дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота (ДНК) и рибонуклеиновая кислота (РНК). 3!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-4.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA are biopolymers that are composed of"> Типы нуклеиновых кислот: ДНК и РНК это биополимеры, которые состоят из мономеров, называемых нуклеотидами. Каждый из нуклеотидов, входящих в состав РНК, содержит азотистые основания, - аденин, гуанин, цитозин, урацил (А, Г, Ц, У). Нуклеотиды, входящие в состав ДНК, содержат азотистые основания: аденин, гуанин, цитозин, тимин (А, Г, Ц, Т). 4!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-5.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Nucleic acid types: 5">!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-6.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> DNA structure 1. Nitrogen base (A, T, D, C) 2."> Строение ДНК 1. Азотистое основание (А, Т, Г, Ц) 2. Дезоксирибоза 3. Остаток фосфорной кислоты Принцип комплементарности: А (аденин) - Т (тимин) - А (аденин) Г (гуанин) - Ц (цитозин) - Г (гуанин) 6!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-7.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Main types of RNA Information about the structure of the protein is transmitted to the cytoplasm by special"> Основные виды РНК Информация о строении белка передается в цитоплазму особыми молекулами РНК, которые называются информационными (и- РНК). В синтезе белка принимает участие РНК транспортная (т-РНК), которая подносит аминокислоты к месту образования белковых молекул - рибосомам. В состав рибосом входит РНК рибосомная (р- РНК), которая определяет структуру и функционирование рибосом. 7!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-8.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Main types of RNA p. 161 8">!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-9.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Transcription: The process of i-RNA formation is called transcription (from lat. "Transcription""> Транскрипция: Процесс образования и-РНК называется транскрипцией (от лат. «транскрипцио» - переписывание). Транскрипция происходит в ядре клетки. ДНК → и-РНК с участием фермента полимеразы.!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-10.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> G TS A T G TS A">!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-11.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> G TS A U G TS A">!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-12.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Transport RNA Amino-t-RNA is performed by an acid"> Транспортная РНК Амино- т-РНК выполняет кислота функцию переводчика с «языка» нуклеотидов на «язык» аминокислот. 3" т-РНК получает команду от и-РНК - антикодон узнает кодон. Антикодон т-РНК Г Ц У Ц Г А и-РНК Антикодон Кодон!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-13.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> ATP and other organic compounds of the cell Adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) is contained in cytoplasm"> АТФ и другие органические соединения клетки Аденозинтрифосфорная кислота (АТФ) содержится в цитоплазме каждой клетки, митохондриях, хлоропластах, ядре. АТФ поставляет энергию для большинства реакций, происходящих в клетке. С помощью АТФ клетка синтезирует новые молекулы белков, углеводов, жиров, осуществляет транспорт веществ, сокращение мышц человека и т. д. 13!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-14.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> ATP and other organic compounds of a cell ATP molecule is a nucleotide formed by:"> АТФ и другие органические соединения клетки Молекула АТФ это нуклеотид, образованный: азотистым основанием - аденином; пятиуглеродным сахаром – рибозой; тремя остатками фосфорной кислоты. Средняя продолжительность жизни 1 молекулы АТФ менее минуты, поэтому она расщепляется и восстанавливается 2400 раз в сутки. 14!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-15.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> ATP and other organic compounds of the cell adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP)"> АТФ и другие органические соединения клетки аденозинтрифосфорная кислота (АТФ) аденозиндифосфорная кислота (АДФ) аденозинмонофосфорная кислота (АМФ) АТФ + H 2 O → АДФ + H 3 PO 4 + энергия(40 к. Дж/моль) АТФ + H 2 O → АМФ + H 4 P 2 O 7 + энергия(40 к. Дж/моль) АДФ + H 3 PO 4 + энергия(60 к. Дж/моль) → АТФ + H 2 O 15!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-16.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Solve the problems: 1) A fragment of one DNA strand has the following composition:"> Решите задачи: 1) Фрагмент одной цепи ДНК имеет следующий состав: Г-Г-Г-А-Т-А-А-Ц-А-Г-А-Т достройте вторую цепь. 2) Укажите последовательность нуклеотидов в молекуле и-РНК, построенной на этом участке цепи ДНК. 16!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-17.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Solution: 1) DNA G-G-G-A- T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T-A (by"> Решение: 1) ДНК Г-Г-Г- А-Т-А-А-Ц-А-Г-А-Т Ц-Ц-Ц-Т-А-Т-Т-Г-Т-Ц-Т-А (по принципу комплементарности) 2) и-РНК Г-Г-Г-А-У-А-А-Ц-А-Г-Ц-У 17!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-18.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Solve problems: 3) A fragment of one DNA strand has the following composition:"> Решите задачи: 3) Фрагмент одной цепи ДНК имеет следующий состав: -А-А-А-Т-Т-Ц-Ц-Г-Г-. достройте вторую цепь. -Ц-Т-А-Г-Ц-Т-Г-. 18!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-19.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Solve the test: 4) Which nucleotide is not included"> Решите тест: 4) Какой из нуклеотидов не входит в состав ДНК? а)тимин; б)урацил; в)гуанин; г)цитозин; д)аденин. 5) Если нуклеотидный состав ДНК -АТТ-ГЦГ-ТАТ- то каким должен быть нуклеотидный состав и-РНК? а) ТАА-ЦГЦ-УТА; б) ТАА-ГЦГ-УТУ; в) УАА-ЦГЦ-АУА; г) УАА-ЦГЦ-АТА. 19!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-20.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Solve the test: 6) Anticodon t-RNA UUC matches the DNA code ? but)"> Решите тест: 6) Антикодон т-РНК УУЦ соответствует коду ДНК? а) ААГ; б) ТТЦ; в) ТТГ; г) ЦЦА. 7) В реакцию с аминокислотами вступает: а) т-РНК; б) р-РНК; в) и-РНК; г) ДНК. 20!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-21.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Remember: What are the similarities and differences between proteins"> Вспомните: В чем сходство и различие между белками и нуклеиновыми кислотами? Каково значение АТФ в клетке? Что является конечными продуктами биосинтеза в клетке? Каково их биологическое значение? 21!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-22.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Reflection: Draw your own conclusion What happened"> Рефлексия: Самостоятельно сделайте вывод Что было трудно Что нового узнал Что вызвало запомнить на занятии? интерес на занятии? занятии? 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-23.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Homework: Read pp. 157 -163 Composing DNA Strings"> Домашнее задание: Прочитать с. 157 -163 Составить фрагменты цепочек ДНК и РНК Решить задачу: АТФ- постоянный источник энергии для клетки. Его роль можно сравнить с ролью аккумулятора. Объясните, в чем заключается это сходство? 23!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-24.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> References 1. Biology. General biology. 10-11 classes /"> Список использованной литературы 1. Биология. Общая биология. 10 -11 классы / Д. К. Беляева, П. М. Бородин, Н. Н. Воронцов – М. : Просвещение, 2010. – с. 22 2. Биология. Большой энциклопедический словарь /гл. ред. М. В. Гидяров. – 3 -е изд. – М. : Большая Российская энциклопедия, 1998. – с. 863 3. Биология. 10 -11 классы: организация контроля на уроках. Контрольно-измерительные материалы /сост. Л. А. Тепаева – Волгоград: Учитель, 2010. – с. 25 4. Энциклопедия для детей. Т. 2. Биология /Сост. С. Т. Измаилова. – 3 -е изд. перераб. и доп. – М. : Авнта+, 1996. – ил: с. 704. 24!}

Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/166699902_438644322.pdf-img/166699902_438644322.pdf-25.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> List of Internet resources 1. ATF model - http: // lenta.ru / news / 2009/03/06 / protein / 2. DNA model - http:"> Список Интернет-ресурсов 1. Модель АТФ - http: //lenta. ru/news/2009/03/06/protein/ 2. Модель ДНК– http: //dna-rna. net/2011/07/01/dna-model/ 3. Нуклеиновые кислоты – http: //ra 03. twirpx. net/0912772_ACFDA_stroenie_nuklei novyh_kislot_atf. pptx 25!}

Biopolymers. Nucleic acids. ATP.

Etc. Naidanova, biology teacher,

MOU "Secondary School No. 9"

Tasks:

• To form knowledge about the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, ATP molecules, the principle of complementarity.

• Development of logical thinking through a comparison of the structure of DNA and RNA.

• Education of collectivism, accuracy and speed of answers.

Equipment:

• DNA model; Illustrations of DNA, RNA, ATP from the textbook by D.K. Belyaeva, presentation of the lesson.

During the classes:

• INTERVIEW-

• What is the peculiarity of the chemical composition of proteins?

• Why F. Engels turned out to be right when he expressed the thought: "Life is a way of existence of protein bodies ..."

• What structures of proteins are found in nature and what is their peculiarity?

• How is the specificity of proteins expressed?

• Expand the concepts of "denaturation" and "renaturation"

Remember:

• Protein-biopolymers. Protein-amino acid monomers (AK-20). The species specificity of proteins is determined by the set of AAs, the number and sequence in the polypeptide chain. The functions of proteins are diverse; they determine the place of B. in nature. Distinguish between I, II, III, IV structures B, differing in the type of connection. In the human body - 5 mln. Proteins.

II. Learning new material.

• Nucleic acids/ characteristic /

• "Nucleus" - from lat. -core. NK biopolymers.

• They were first discovered in the core. They play an important role in the synthesis of proteins in the cell, in mutations.

• Monomers NK nucleotides.

• Found in the nuclei of leukocytes in 1869. F. Mischer.

Comparative characteristics of NDT

Comparative characteristics of NDT

Write down:

• DNA- double helix

• J.J. Watson, F. Crick - 1953 Nobel Prize

• A = T, G = C- complimentarity

• Functions:

• 1.storage

• 2.play

• 3.transmission

• Hereditary information

Solve the problem:

• One of the chains of a fragment of a DNA molecule has the following structure:

G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T.

• Indicate the structure of the opposite chain.

• Indicate the sequence of nucleotides in the m-RNA molecule built on this part of the DNA chain.

Solution:

• I DNA chain G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T

C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T-A

(according to the principle of complementarity)

i-RNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U-

ATP. Why is ATP called the "battery" of the cell?

• ATP-adenosine triphosphoric acid

ATP molecule structure

Remember:

Solve the problem:

• # 1. ATP is a constant source of energy for the cell. Its role can be compared to that of a battery. Explain what is the similarity?

Complete the test (choosing the correct answer will give you a keyword)

1. Which of the nucleotides is not a part of DNA?

a) thymine; m) uracil; n) guanine; d) cytosine; f) adenine.

2. If the nucleotide composition of DNA-ATT-GCG-TAT, what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA?

a) TAA-CGC-UTA; j) TAA-GCG-UTU; y) waa-tsgts-aua;

d) waa-tsgts-ata

Run the test

3. In what case is the composition of the DNA nucleotide indicated correctly?

a) ribose, FA residue, thymine;

i) FC, uracil, deoxyribose;

j) the remainder of the FA, desosyribose, adenine;

j) the remainder of PK, ribose, guanine.

Run the test

• 4. Are DNA and RNA monomers?

• b. nitrogenous base

• at. deoxyribose and ribose

• l. nitrogenous base and phosphoric acid

• e. nucleotides

• 5. In what case are all the differences between and -RNA and DNA correctly named?

• NS. single-chain, contains deoxyribose, information storage

• Yu. double-stranded, contains ribose, transmits information

• O. single-chain, contains ribose, transmits information

• double-stranded, contains deocyribose, stores information

Run the test

• 6.A strong covalent bond in the DNA molecule occurs between:

• in. nucleotides

• and. deoxyriboses of adjacent nucleotides

• t. residues of phosphoric acid and sugar of adjacent nucleotides

• 8. Which of the RNA molecules is the longest?

• but. t-RNA

• K. r-RNA

• and. i-RNA

• 9. Reacts with amino acids:

• D. t-RNA

• b. r-RNA

• 
  
  

  Biopolymers. Nucleic acids. ATP.

  Etc. Naidanova, biology teacher,

  MOU "Secondary School No. 9"

  Tasks:

  • To form knowledge about the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, ATP molecules, the principle of complementarity.

  • Development of logical thinking through a comparison of the structure of DNA and RNA.

  • Education of collectivism, accuracy and speed of answers.

  
  
  

  Equipment:

  • DNA model; Illustrations of DNA, RNA, ATP from the textbook by D.K. Belyaeva, presentation of the lesson.

  
  

  During the classes:

  • INTERVIEW-

  • What is the peculiarity of the chemical composition of proteins?

  • Why F. Engels turned out to be right when he expressed the thought: "Life is a way of existence of protein bodies ..."

  • What structures of proteins are found in nature and what is their peculiarity?

  • How is the specificity of proteins expressed?

  • Expand the concepts of "denaturation" and "renaturation"

  
  

  Remember:

  • Protein-biopolymers. Protein-amino acid monomers (AK-20). The species specificity of proteins is determined by the set of AAs, the number and sequence in the polypeptide chain. The functions of proteins are diverse; they determine the place of B. in nature. Distinguish between I, II, III, IV structures B, differing in the type of connection. In the human body - 5 mln. Proteins.

  
  
  

  II. Learning new material.

  • Nucleic acids/ characteristic /

  • "Nucleus" - from lat. -core. NK biopolymers.

  • They were first discovered in the core. They play an important role in the synthesis of proteins in the cell, in mutations.

  • Monomers NK nucleotides.

  • Found in the nuclei of leukocytes in 1869. F. Mischer.

  
  
  
  

  Comparative characteristics of NDT

  
  

  Comparative characteristics of NDT

  
  

  Write down:

  • DNA- double helix

  • J.J. Watson, F. Crick - 1953 Nobel Prize

  • A = T, G = C- complimentarity

  • Functions:

  • 1.storage

  • 2.play

  • 3.transmission

  • Hereditary information

  
  
  

  Solve the problem:

  • One of the chains of a fragment of a DNA molecule has the following structure:

  G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T.

  • Indicate the structure of the opposite chain.

  • Indicate the sequence of nucleotides in the m-RNA molecule built on this part of the DNA chain.

  
  

  Solution:

  • I DNA chain G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T

  C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T-A

  (according to the principle of complementarity)

  i-RNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U-
  
  

  ATP. Why is ATP called the "battery" of the cell?

  • ATP-adenosine triphosphoric acid

  
  
  

  ATP molecule structure

  
  

  Remember:

  
  
  

  Solve the problem:

  • # 1. ATP is a constant source of energy for the cell. Its role can be compared to that of a battery. Explain what is the similarity?

  
  

  Complete the test (choosing the correct answer will give you a keyword)

  1. Which of the nucleotides is not a part of DNA?

  a) thymine; m) uracil; n) guanine; d) cytosine; f) adenine.

  2. If the nucleotide composition of DNA-ATT-GCG-TAT, what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA?

  a) TAA-CGC-UTA; j) TAA-GCG-UTU; y) waa-tsgts-aua;

  d) waa-tsgts-ata
  
  

  Run the test

  3. In what case is the composition of the DNA nucleotide indicated correctly?

  a) ribose, FA residue, thymine;

  i) FC, uracil, deoxyribose;

  j) the remainder of the FA, desosyribose, adenine;

  j) the remainder of PK, ribose, guanine.
  
  

  Run the test

  • 4. Are DNA and RNA monomers?

  • b. nitrogenous base

  • at. deoxyribose and ribose

  • l. nitrogenous base and phosphoric acid

  • e. nucleotides

  • 5. In what case are all the differences between and -RNA and DNA correctly named?

  • NS. single-chain, contains deoxyribose, information storage

  • Yu. double-stranded, contains ribose, transmits information

  • O. single-chain, contains ribose, transmits information

  • double-stranded, contains deocyribose, stores information

  
  

  Run the test

  • 6.A strong covalent bond in the DNA molecule occurs between:

  • in. nucleotides

  • and. deoxyriboses of adjacent nucleotides

  • t. residues of phosphoric acid and sugar of adjacent nucleotides

  • 8. Which of the RNA molecules is the longest?

  • but. t-RNA

  • K. r-RNA

  • and. i-RNA

  • 9. Reacts with amino acids:

  • D. t-RNA

  • b. r-RNA

  • 
    

    Carbohydrates are organic compounds, which include carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are divided into mono-, di- and polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides - simple sugars, consisting of 3 or more C atoms. Monosaccharides: glucose, ribose and deoxyribose. Does not hydrolyze, can crystallize, water soluble, sweet taste

    Polysaccharides are formed as a result of the polymerization of monosaccharides. At the same time, they lose the ability to crystallize, sweet taste. An example is starch, glycogen, cellulose.

    1. Energy is the main source of energy in the cell (1 gram = 17.6 kJ)

    2.structural - part of the membranes of plant cells (cellulose) and animal cells

    3.Source for the synthesis of other compounds

    4.storing (glycogen - in animal cells, starch - in plant cells)

    5.connecting

    Lipids- complex compounds of glycerin and fatty acids. Insoluble in water, only in organic solvents. Distinguish between simple and complex lipids.

    Lipid functions:

    1.structural - the basis for all cell membranes

    2.energy (1 g = 37.6 kJ)

    3.storing

    4.thermal insulation

    5.Source of intracellular water

    ATP - a single universal energy-intensive substance in the cells of plants, animals and microorganisms. With the help of ATP, energy is accumulated and transported in the cell. The composition of ATP includes: a nitrogenous base — adeine, a ribose carbohydrate and three phosphoric acid residues. Phosphate groups are interconnected with the help of high-energy bonds. The function of ATP is energy transfer.

    Protein are the predominant substance in all living organisms. Protein is a polymer, the monomer of which is amino acids (20). Amino acids combine in a protein molecule using peptide bonds formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Each cell has a unique set of proteins.

    There are several levels of organization of the protein molecule. Primary structure-sequence of amino acids linked by a peptide bond. This structure determines the specificity of the protein. In secondary the structure of the molecule has the form of a spiral, its stability is provided by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary the structure is formed as a result of the transformation of the spiral into a three-dimensional spherical shape - a globule. Quaternary occurs when several protein molecules are combined into a single complex. The functional activity of proteins is manifested in the 2,3, or 3rd structure.

    The structure of proteins changes under the influence of various chemicals (acid, alkali, alcohol and others) and physical factors (high and low t, radiation), enzymes. If during these changes the primary structure is preserved, the process is reversible and is called denaturation. The destruction of the primary structure is called coagulation(irreversible process of protein breakdown)

    Protein functions

    1.structural

    2.catalytic

    3.contractile (proteins actin and myosin in muscle fibers)

    4.transport (hemoglobin)

    5.regulatory (insulin)

    6.signal

    7.protective

    8.energetic (1 g = 17.2 kJ)

    Types of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids- phosphorus-containing biopolymers of living organisms, providing storage and transmission of hereditary information. They were discovered in 1869 by the Swiss biochemist F. Mischer in the nuclei of leukocytes, salmon spermatozoa. Subsequently, nucleic acids were found in all plant and animal cells, viruses, bacteria and fungi.

    There are two types of nucleic acids in nature - deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The difference in names is explained by the fact that the DNA molecule contains the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and the RNA molecule contains ribose.

    DNA is found mainly in the chromosomes of the cell nucleus (99% of all cell DNA), as well as in mitochondria and chloroplasts. RNA is part of the ribosome; RNA molecules are also found in the cytoplasm, matrix of plastids and mitochondria.

    Nucleotides- structural components of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are biopolymers, the monomers of which are nucleotides.

    Nucleotides- complex substances. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphoric acid residue.

    There are five main nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, uracil, thymine, and cytosine.

    DNA. A DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide chains, spirally twisted relative to each other.

    The nucleotides of the DNA molecule include four types of nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytocin. In a polynucleotide chain, adjacent nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds.

    The polynucleotide DNA chain is twisted in a spiral like a spiral staircase and is connected to another, complementary chain with the help of hydrogen bonds formed between adenine and thymine (two bonds), as well as guanine and cytosine (three bonds). Nucleotides A and T, G and C are called complementary.

    As a result, in any organism, the number of adenyl nucleotides is equal to the number of thymidyl nucleotides, and the number of guanyl nucleotides is equal to the number of cytidyl nucleotides. Due to this property, the sequence of nucleotides in one chain determines their sequence in the other. This ability to selectively combine nucleotides is called complementarity, and this property underlies the formation of new DNA molecules based on the original molecule (replication, i.e. doubling).

    When conditions change, DNA, like proteins, can undergo denaturation, which is called melting. With a gradual return to normal conditions, the DNA is renatured.

    DNA function is the storage, transmission and reproduction of genetic information in a number of generations. The DNA of any cell encodes information about all proteins of a given organism, about which proteins, in what sequence and in what quantity will be synthesized. The sequence of amino acids in proteins is recorded in DNA by the so-called genetic (triplet) code.

    The main property DNA is an its ability to replicate.

    Replication - it is the process of self-duplication of DNA molecules under the control of enzymes. Replication takes place before each division of the core. It begins with the fact that the DNA helix is ​​temporarily unwound under the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase. On each of the chains formed after the break of hydrogen bonds, a daughter DNA chain is synthesized according to the principle of complementarity. The material for synthesis is the free nucleotides that are in the nucleus.

    Thus, each polynucleotide chain plays the role matrices for a new complementary strand (therefore, the process of doubling DNA molecules refers to the reactions matrix synthesis). The result is two DNA molecules, each of which "one chain remains from the parent molecule (half), and the other is newly synthesized. Moreover, one new chain is synthesized as a continuous one, and the second is first in the form of short fragments, which are then stitched into a long chain. a special enzyme - DNA ligase.As a result of replication, two new DNA molecules are an exact copy of the original molecule.

    The biological meaning of replication lies in the precise transfer of hereditary information from the mother cell to the daughter cells, which occurs during the division of somatic cells.

    RNA. The structure of RNA molecules is in many ways similar to the structure of DNA molecules. However, there are also a number of significant differences. In the RNA molecule, instead of deoxyribose, the nucleotides contain ribose, and instead of the thymidyl nucleotide (T), the uridyl nucleotide (Y). The main difference from DNA is that the RNA molecule is a single strand. However, its nucleotides are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with each other (for example, in tRNA, rRNA molecules), but in this case we are talking about an intra-stranded connection of complementary nucleotides. RNA strands are much shorter than DNA.

    There are several types of RNA in the cell, which differ in the size of the molecules, structure, location in the cell and functions:

    1. Informational (matrix) RNA (mRNA) - transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

    2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - is a part of ribosomes

    3. 3. Transport RNA (tRNA) - transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis