When did the very first phone appear? Who Invented the Cell Phone First? Russians or Americans.

It is believed that the history of mobile phones began in 1910. It was then that Robert Sloss, a well-known American journalist, predicted the appearance in the near future of devices with which it would be possible to make calls remotely, without a direct connection to the PBX. It was unlikely that he then could have guessed what the very devices would be after 100 years. In fact, they are already full-fledged computers. And making calls is one of their many additional functions, which is far from the main one. When was the very first cell phone created and who was its inventor? And which of the devices was the first to go into mass sale, that is, was available to everyone?

History of creation

If you believe history, the first cell phone in the world, or rather its working prototype, was created by the Soviet scientist Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich. The principle of operation of such a device was based on the transmission of a radio signal over a distance. It was in 1957. This function was performed by a built-in repeater. In simple terms, it was a portable radio that had the ability to generate a signal and distribute it in an open area.

Of course, the transmission distance was relatively meager. And it was possible to catch such a signal with the most ordinary radio receiver. There was no question of any encryption then. The main task facing Leonid Ivanovich was the implementation of the transmission of a radio signal at a distance using a portable base station. It is from this moment that the history of the creation of a mobile phone begins in the form in which we are used to seeing it.
Of course, the test sample can only be called portable. The handset itself weighed about 3 kilograms and was connected to the base station, in which the radio frequency signal transmission / reception module was integrated. The battery was also placed there.

On this prototype, the development of Kupriyanovich was not completed. Already in 1961, he presented a more modernized variation of his device. And even then it could really be called pocket, because it weighed only 1.2 kilograms. True, it worked for only 10 minutes, after which it was necessary to change the power supplies. But the main thing is that the scientist created a trend that absolutely all mobile phone manufacturers followed in the future. They are still observed to this day.

Motorola DynaTAC Release

Motorola in 1973 became famous all over the world. After all, it was she who introduced the first cell phones for wide distribution. We are talking about Motorola DynaTAC. True, the ready-made prototype went on sale only 10 years later - in 1983, but this is already associated with the development of cellular networks, which subsequently led to the creation of GSM coverage. Motorola DynaTAC, according to journalists, could provide uninterrupted communication for 1 hour. And in standby mode it worked for about 8 hours, after which it had to be put on charge. The battery, by the way, was charged from scratch in as much as 10 hours. And its power was so high that often test samples of Motorola DynaTAC simply overheated due to a short circuit.
In the next 10 years, the company actively modernized the presented device and already in 1984 the DynaTAC 8000X went on sale. In fact, it is a test cell phone. True, visually it looked like a huge suitcase, to which a tube with a built-in speaker and microphone was attached. It can hardly be called portable. In any case, with its help it was really possible, remotely, anywhere, to call a fixed telephone exchange for subsequent communication with the specified subscriber.

However, few people know that Motorola DynaTAC is not a unique device that works according to the standards of cellular networks. It is worth mentioning the PAT-0.5 and ATRT-0.5 - these are the first cell phones developed by scientists from Bulgaria. True, they worked exclusively in combination with the RATTs-10 base station, capable of locally creating microcellular networks with a maximum load of 6 subscribers. From that moment on, the creation of a cellular signal transmission standard began, which was actively introduced everywhere only in 1992 (in Germany). And already in 1993, Russia created its own GSM network operator, which was the closed joint stock company MTS. Until that moment, only the Delta Telecom operator operated, which provided communication services according to NMT-450 standards. True, the cost of connecting it was about 4 thousand dollars.

And as for the DynaTAC 8000X, it enjoyed unprecedented popularity. The manufacturer did not even have time to satisfy the demand for this device. And this despite the fact that its then cost was $ 3995! Even by today's standards, this is a cosmic price. By the way, the first cell phones were eventually in demand mainly by automobile concerns that supplied their cars with them. In fact, it was a marketing ploy on their part to attract new customers.

Integration of color displays

The DynaTAC 8000X did not have a display (it was only in some prototypes). His base station had only 12 keys. With their help, it was possible to dial a subscriber number, receive or end a call. A little later, mobile phones with a pre-installed LCD display appeared. But the first "smartphone" with a color display was Siemens S10. True, he displayed only 3 colors, which were conventionally divided into 8 shades. It was in 1995. And in 1996, Nokia Communicator appeared on the consumer market - a full-fledged smartphone. True, he had a proprietary OS installed, which was completely closed to third-party developers. That is, no applications were released for it.

And the further history of the development of mobile phones is already known to many. In just a few years, GSM networks have appeared in most developed countries. The generally accepted standard was the GSM-900 and GSM-1800 networks. They are still available, but they no longer meet the modern requirements of the end user due to the low quality of data transmission, high vulnerability to hacking and noise ("zero" information).

Altai system

The historical information rarely recalls the experimental system "Altai", organized back in 1963 and operating at a frequency of 150 megahertz. It is a nationwide communication standard for wireless audio transmission. By 1973, it was fully integrated into the stationary network. That is, through it it was possible to call stationary stations. In the same year, the standard was partially changed - the frequency range was expanded to 330 megahertz. It is interesting that until 2011 Altai continued to function at the state level. The network was actively used in many cities. At the moment, the system operates exclusively in Novosibirsk, but the question of terminating support (for financial reasons) is already being considered.

But it is worth considering that only wireless base stations developed in the USSR were connected to the Altai system. Traditional mobile phones are out of the question. Nevertheless, some foreign companies have taken an attempt to produce communication devices that would support such a standard. But the Soviet government refused all of them. Not surprising, because the signal transmission was conditionally encrypted. And the prototype for base stations was the very device developed by Leonid Ivanovich Kuprinovich.

In total, today it is difficult to say what the first cell phones in the world were like. Several high-profile companies were simultaneously involved in their development. And their work often overlaps. Historically, it is believed that the original working prototype was presented in the USSR. When did the first cell phone appear? In 1957, but he worked on a regular radio frequency. If we talk specifically about the standard of the cellular network, then the devices working with them are the devices PAT-0.5 and ATRT-0.5, visually more like huge walkie-talkies. And of those devices that could be purchased by everyone, it is worth mentioning the DynaTAC 8000X from Motorola. It is worth considering that all devices until 1992 used a similar principle of operation of the transceiver. Only later did they begin to integrate them into microprocessors and compact modules.

With the advent of the first telegraph in 1837, which gave the world the ability to transmit information at a distance, people's lives changed radically. But the appearance of the first telephone set, with the help of which remote sound transmission was realized, became a real sensation.

Today, no one can even imagine themselves without a personal mobile phone. Technologies do not stand still, the telephone market is constantly expanding and annually presents consumers with new, improved models. But let's remember how it all began, who invented the first telephone, how mobile phones appeared and what is the success of modern Apple models.

Creating your first phone

The first telephone was introduced in 1876 in the United States of America, and became the creator who patented his invention. Initially, Bell's phone worked at a distance of 200 meters, but the scientist did not stop working and improving his invention, and a year later the phone underwent such an upgrade that it remained unchanged after it for another 100 years.

Bell's first phone

The very creation of the phone by Bell was not planned. The goal facing the scientist was to improve the telegraph - he tried to achieve the transmission of 5 telegrams at the same time. In the process of work, records were created with different frequencies, one of which once failed. Bell's partner got angry and started cursing. And Bell, who was at that time at the receiving apparatus, unexpectedly heard the voice of his own partner in the distance. From this moment, the history of the creation of the first telephone begins.

Bell's "telephone" patent is considered one of the most lucrative in the United States and in the world. He brought the creator wealth and worldwide recognition, and the name of Alexander Bell has gone down in history forever.

First mobile phone

The idea of ​​creating mobile phones appeared in the middle of the 20th century, and again in the United States of America.

In 1947, Bell Laboratories put forward a proposal to create a mobile phone. True, by this they meant a device that will be mounted in a car, since the weight of the phone was 30-40 kg without a power source. Only in the 70s, the weight of the phones was reduced to 14 kg, but the power supply was still located in the car.

Until 1972, Motorola had nothing to do with cell phones, the main goal of the company was considered to be the creation of portable radios. Everything changed thanks to a simple employee of the company, Martin Cooper, who at one random moment came to the conclusion that creating an oversized cell phone is real. After sharing this discovery with colleagues, he embarked on development, which continued for a year.

In 1973, the Dyna-Tac was ready. It was a small-sized cell phone by those standards, weighing 1.15 kg and measuring 22.5 * 12.5 * 3.75 cm. It had 10 numeric keys, a call and end-call button. The phone had no display. The battery withstood 35 minutes of continuous talk, but after that it took 10 hours to charge the phone.

To implement the invention, it only remained to test it in practice. It happened on April 3, 1973 in New York. The first "training" station was mounted on the roof of the 50-storey building, and Martin Cooper personally conducted the experiment by dialing the head of Bell Laboratories and talking to him on his cell phone. It was a triumph that was the first step in the rapid development and improvement of "hand-held" mobile phones.

The emergence of touchscreen phones

It may seem surprising, but the first touchscreen phone was not widely used by users, and the company-creator even refused to further work in the field of mobile devices.

This happened in 1993. The IBM corporation, specializing in the production of computer technology, introduced the world to the first touch-sensitive mobile phone, calling it "IBM Simon". At that time, it represented the maximum possible performance, weighed 0.5 kg, and most of the operations on the display were actually performed with your fingers.

The phone's battery was rated for 1 hour of continuous talk time or 8 hours of standby time. Its operative memory was 1 Mbyte, and the developers also provided for receiving e-mail and faxes on the phone.

However, as we have already noted, IBM Simon did not receive distribution. Firstly, the phone was overpriced - $ 1100. Second, the apparatus was unreliable and often required costly repairs. As a result, the development company simply self-liquidated from the mobile phone market.

Apple in the life of a man of the XXI century

Today, Apple products are not only compact devices, the quality of which is noted all over the world, but also the most fashionable brand of the 21st century. People literally cannot imagine their life without an "apple", and the start of sales of a new product of the company always goes with excitement.

It's hard to imagine, but the first iPhone was released 10 years ago. True, the creation of the famous smartphones began in 2002 - by the founder of "Apple".

His main idea was to create a device that meets the needs of consumers: stylish design, built-in player and mini-computer, as well as high power of the phone. But the first iPhone did not live up to the expectations of even Jobs himself, the smartphone lacked power, but the main disadvantage was the low speed of the Internet connection. Therefore, the first model of the iPhone did not receive mass distribution.

The product modernization work continued, and a year later a new model, the iPhone 3G, was introduced. The problem with the Internet speed in this model was almost solved, the design was also modernized, and the operating memory was replaced. The success of this model was confirmed by the information received from sales: more than 70 countries are interested in the new product.

After that, the iPhone 3G S was released, declared as high-speed. There are new features such as voice control and encryption of personal information. Like the previous model, the new iPhone quickly filled the markets and was sold out.

Today, Apple smartphones are sold with great success in more than 80 countries around the world. IPhones have moved from an affordable smartphone to the category "for the level above average", since the cost of even old models rarely drops below 25,000 rubles, and new items cost 130-150 thousand rubles from the beginning of sales.

• The inventor of the telephone might not be considered Alexander Bell, but Antonio Meucci, who also developed the telephone, but refused to patent his invention for $ 10, and Bell took advantage of this.
• Today Nokia is developing a way that will make it possible to recharge the phone from radio waves.
• The first telephone did not have a ring; instead, a whistle was used.
• Waterproof phones are popular in Japan because the Japanese use them even in the shower.

• Antarctica also has its own dialing code, starting with +682.
• 150 million mobile phones are sent to landfill every year because they are replaced with an improved device, not because of a malfunctioning phone.

The invention of the telephone and its modernization to a mobile one is, of course, a breakthrough for science and an extremely important discovery for a person. Now everyone, regardless of distance, feels close to friends and family, talking to them every day.

Also, modern telephones provide instant access to the necessary information 24 hours a day. The main thing is to correctly use the achievements of the XXI century and not stop there, because the new demands of people lead to world discoveries, being a "push" and a call for development.

Modern mobile phones are significantly different from what they used 20 or even 10 years ago. Photo evidence is attached.

World's first mobile phone: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983)

Motorola is not the leader in the mobile industry today, but it is the company that launched the world's first mobile phone. It turned out to be the DynaTAC 8000X. The prototype of the device was shown in 1973, but commercial sales did not begin until 1983. The powerful DynaTAC weighed almost a kilogram, worked for an hour on a single battery charge, and could store up to 30 phone numbers.

First car phone: Nokia Mobira Senator (1982)

In the early 1980s, the Nokia Mobira Senator phone became widely known. It was released in 1982 and became the first of its kind - it was intended for use in a car, while weighing about 10 kilograms.

Gorbachev spoke on it: Nokia Mobira Cityman 900 (1987)

In 1987 Nokia introduced the Mobira Cityman 900, the first device for NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) networks. The device became easily recognizable due to the fact that Mikhail Gorbachev used it to make a call from Helsinki to Moscow, and this was not ignored by photographers. The Nokia Mobira Cityman 900 weighed about 800 grams. The price was high - in terms of current money, its purchase would have cost the Americans $ 6,635, and the Russians - 202,482 rubles.

First GSM phone: Nokia 101 (1992)

The Nokia phone with the modest 101 index was the first commercially available device capable of operating on GSM networks. A monoblock with a monochrome screen had a retractable antenna and a book for 99 numbers. Unfortunately, the famous Nokia tune ringtone was not yet in it, as the song appeared in the next model, which was released in 1994.

Touchscreen: IBM Simon Personal Communicator (1993)

One of the first attempts to create a communicator was a joint development of IBM and Bellsouth. The IBM Simon Personal Communicator phone was stripped of the keyboard, offering a touchscreen with a stylus instead. For $ 899, customers received a device that could call, fax, and store notes.

First clamshell: Motorola StarTAC (1996)

In 1996, Motorola confirmed the title of innovator with the introduction of the first clamshell phone, the StarTAC. The device was considered stylish and fashionable, it was compact not only for that time, but also in comparison with modern smartphones.

First smartphone: Nokia 9000 Communicator (1996)

The weight of the Nokia 9000 Communicator (397 grams) did not prevent the phone from becoming popular. The first smartphone was equipped with 8 MB of memory and monochrome screens. When opened, a QWERTY keyboard opened up to the user's gaze, making it easier to work with text.

Interchangeable sockets: Nokia 5110 (1998)

In the late 1990s, companies realized that mobile phones were viewed by customers not only as a means of communication, but also as an accessory. In 1998, Nokia released the 5110, which supported interchangeable covers. The phone also became popular thanks to its excellent assembly and good battery life. It featured the famous Snake game.

First camera phone: Sharp J-SH04 (2000)

Sharp J-SH04 was released in Japan in 2000. This is the world's first camera phone. The camera resolution today seems ridiculous - 0.1 megapixel, but then the J-SH04 seemed like something incredible. After all, the phone could be used as a bad one, but still a camera.

Mail is the main thing: RIM BlackBerry 5810 (2002)

RIM introduced its first BlackBerry in 2002. Prior to this, the Canadian manufacturer was engaged in the production of organizers. The main drawback of the BlackBerry 5810 was the lack of a microphone and speakers - a headset was required to speak on it.

PDA Meets Phone: Palm Treo 600 (2003)

Palm has long been considered the main PDA manufacturer and in 2003 released the extremely successful Treo 600. The communicator with QWERTY-keyboard, color screen, 5-way navigation key was based on Palm OS 5.

Gaming Phone: Nokia N-Gage (2003)

Nokia has made several attempts to capture the minds of mobile gamers, and not all of them have been successful. The first truly gaming phone is called the Nokia N-Gage. It is similar in design to a portable console and was positioned as an alternative to the Nintendo Game Boy. On the front side there are game control keys, which very few people found convenient. The games themselves were recorded on MMC memory cards. The microphone and speaker in the N-Gage is located at the end, so all users looked like Cheburashkas when talking. There were a lot of disadvantages and the project failed.

O2 XDA II (2004)

O2, like Palm, worked hard on the PDA. In 2004, the XDA II model appeared, offering users a slide-out QWERTY keyboard, office applications. The price then bite - $ 1,390.

As thin as a blade: Motorola RAZR V3 (2004)

The best selling clamshell is Motorola RAZR V3. The model attracted attention with a slim and stylish design. The creators drew inspiration from the "old man" StarTAC and, as a result, released a device dressed in a case with aluminum inserts, with a VGA-camera (0.3 Mp), Bluetooth, GSM. After the light, they saw the improved RAZR V3x, RAZR V3i and RAZR V3xx with a better camera, 3G, microSD.

First iTunes phone: Motorola ROKR E1 (2005)

In 2005, few people could have imagined that Apple, which specializes in computers and music players, would venture into the mobile industry (and introduce the popular iPhone). The company entered into an agreement with Motorola, and as a result, the ROKR E1 was created - a device with support for the iTunes music library. The buyers' expectations did not come true - very few people liked the candy bar with Motorola design, slow USB 1.1 interface, outdated 0.3-megapixel camera and limited song storage (100 pieces).

Motorola MOTOFONE F3 (2007)

The Motorola MOTOFONE F3 sold for just $ 60. One of the most affordable machines on the market offered an Electronic Paper Display (EPD) display. The advantages include low weight, small thickness.

Simple finger control: Apple iPhone (2007)

The first version of the Apple iPhone originally came out in the US in 2007. A touchphone with a 2-megapixel camera, a 3.5-inch touch screen, and a convenient finger-oriented interface supported only second-generation networks. iPhone didn't work with MMS and couldn't record video. In 2008, the iPhone 3G was released, and in 2009 - the iPhone 3GS. The concept has not changed in three years - programs and a user-friendly interface are in the center.

The history of the creation of a cell phone. The information was found in LJ by masterok. There are interesting moments - as always, Russia is ahead of everyone

Dr. Martin Cooper with his first mobile phone, 1973. Photo 2007

Usually, the story of the creation of a mobile phone is told something like this.

On April 3, 1973, Motorola's head of mobile communications, Martin Cooper, strolling through downtown Manhattan, decided to make a mobile phone call. The mobile phone was called Dyna-TAC and looked like a brick, which weighed over a kilogram, and worked in the talk mode for only half an hour.

Prior to that, the son of the founder of Motorola, Robert Gelvin, who in those days was the executive director of this company, allocated 15 million dollars and gave subordinates 10 years to create a device that the user can carry with him. The first working sample appeared just a couple of months later. The success of Martin Cooper, who came to the firm in 1954 as an ordinary engineer, was facilitated by the fact that since 1967 he was engaged in the development of portable radios. They led to the idea of ​​a mobile phone.

It is believed that up to this point, other mobile telephones that a person can carry with him, like a watch or a notebook, did not exist. There were walkie-talkies, there were "mobile" phones that could be used in a car or train, but there was no such thing to just walk down the street.

Moreover, until the early 1960s, many companies generally refused to conduct research into the creation of cellular communications, because they came to the conclusion that, in principle, it was impossible to create a compact cellular telephone. And none of the specialists of these companies paid attention to the fact that on the other side of the “iron curtain” in popular science magazines, photographs began to appear where ... a person talking on a mobile phone was depicted. (For those in doubt, the numbers of the magazines where the pictures were published will be given, so that everyone can make sure that this is not a graphic editor).

Hoax? Joke? Propaganda? An attempt to misinform Western electronics manufacturers (this industry, as you know, was of strategic military importance)? Maybe we are just talking about an ordinary walkie-talkie? However, further searches led to a completely unexpected conclusion - Martin Cooper was not the first person in history to call on a mobile phone. And not even the second.

Engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich demonstrates the capabilities of a mobile phone. Science and Life, 10, 1958.

The person in the picture from the magazine "Science and Life" was called Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich, and it was he who turned out to be the person who made a mobile phone call 15 years before Cooper. But before we talk about this, let's remember that the basic principles of mobile communications have a very, very long history.

In fact, attempts to make the phone mobile appeared shortly after its inception. Field telephones with coils were created for quick line laying, and attempts were made to quickly provide communication from the car by throwing wires on a line running along the highway or plugging into an outlet on a pole. Of all this, only field telephones are relatively widespread (in one of the mosaics of the Kievskaya metro station in Moscow, modern passengers sometimes mistake a field telephone for a mobile phone and a laptop).

It was only after the advent of radio communications in the VHF range that it became possible to ensure genuine mobility of telephone communications. By the 30s, transmitters appeared that a person could easily carry on his back or hold in his hands - in particular, they were used by the American radio company NBC for operational reporting from the scene. However, connections with automatic telephone exchanges were not yet provided by such means of communication.

Portable VHF transmitter. "Radiofront", 16, 1936

During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet scientist and inventor Georgy Ilyich Babat in besieged Leningrad proposed the so-called "monophone" - an automatic radiotelephone operating in the centimeter range of 1000-2000 MHz (now the frequencies 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 Hz are used for the GSM standard), number which is encoded in the telephone itself, has an alphabetic keypad and also has the functions of a voice recorder and an answering machine. "It weighs no more than a Leica film apparatus" - wrote G. Babat in his article "Monophone" in the magazine "Tekhnika-Molodezhi" No. 7-8 for 1943: "Wherever the subscriber is - at home, on a visit or at work, in the foyer of the theater, on the tribune of the stadium, watching the competition - everywhere he can turn on his individual monophon in one of the many endings of the wave network branches. friend. ”Due to the fact that the principles of cellular communication had not yet been invented by that time, Babat suggested using an extensive network of microwave waveguides to communicate with the base station.

G. Babat, who proposed the idea of ​​a mobile phone

In December 1947, employees of the American firm Bell Douglas Ring and Ray Young proposed the principle of hexagonal cells for mobile telephony. This happened just in the midst of active attempts to create a telephone with which you can make calls from the car. The first such service was launched in 1946 in St. Louis by AT&T Bell Laboratories, and in 1947 a system with intermediate stations along the highway was launched, allowing calls from a car on the way from New York to Boston. However, due to imperfection and high cost, these systems have not been commercially successful. In 1948, another American telephone company in Richmond was able to establish an autodialing car radio telephone service, which was already better. The weight of the equipment of such systems was tens of kilograms and it was placed in the trunk, so that an inexperienced person did not have the thought of a pocket version about looking at it.

Domestic car radiotelephone. Radio, 1947, no. 5.

Nevertheless, as noted in the same 1946 in the journal "Science and Life", No. 10, domestic engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zakharchenko developed a telephone communication system from a moving car with an urban network, the mobile device of which had a capacity of only 1 watt and fit under the instrument panel. It was powered by a car battery.

A telephone number assigned to the car was connected to a radio set at the city telephone exchange. To call a city subscriber, it was necessary to turn on the device in the car, which was sending its callsigns on the air. They were perceived by the base station on the city automatic telephone exchange and the telephone set was immediately turned on, which worked like a regular telephone. When calling the car, the city subscriber dialed the number, this activated the base station, the signal of which was perceived by the device on the car.

As you can see from the description, this system was something like a radio tube. In the course of experiments carried out in 1946 in Moscow, a range of the apparatus of over 20 km was achieved, and a conversation with Odessa was carried out with excellent audibility. In the future, the inventors worked to increase the radius of the base station to 150 km.

It was expected that the telephone of the Shapiro and Zakharchenko system would be widely used in the work of fire brigades, air defense units, police, emergency medical and technical assistance. However, further information about the development of the system did not appear. It can be assumed that it was considered more expedient for the emergency services to use their own departmental communication systems than to use the GTS.

Alfred Gross could have been the creator of the first mobile phone.

In the United States, the first to try to do the impossible was the inventor Alfred Gross. Since 1939, he was fond of creating portable radios, which decades later were called "walkie-talkies". In 1949, he created a device based on a walkie-talkie, which he called a "wireless remote telephone." The device could be carried with you, and it gave the owner a signal to come to the phone. It is believed that this was the first simple pager. Gross even implemented it in one of the hospitals in New York, but the telephone companies showed no interest in this new product, or in his other ideas in this direction. So America lost the chance to become home to the first practical mobile phone.

However, these ideas were developed on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, in the USSR. So, one of those who continued their searches in the field of mobile communications in our country turned out to be Leonid Kupriyanovich. The press at that time reported very little about his personality. It was known that he lived in Moscow, the press sparingly characterized his activities as "radio engineer" or "radio amateur". It is also known that Kupriyanovich could be considered a successful person by that time - in the early 60s he had a car.

The consonance of the names of Kupriyanovich and Cooper is only the initial link in a chain of strange coincidences in the fate of these individuals. Kupriyanovich, like Cooper and Gross, also started with miniature walkie-talkies - he has been making them since the mid-50s, and many of his designs are striking even now - both in their dimensions and in their simplicity and originality of solutions. The tube radio he created in 1955 weighed the same weight as the first transistorized walkie-currents of the early 1960s.

Pocket radio Kupriyanovich 1955

In 1957, Kupriyanovich demonstrates an even more amazing thing - a walkie-talkie the size of a matchbox and weighing only 50 grams (together with power supplies), which can work without changing the power supply for 50 hours and provides communication at a distance of two kilometers - quite matched to the products of the 21st century. which can be seen on the windows of the current communication salons (picture from the magazine UT, 3, 1957). As evidenced by the publication in UT, 12, 1957, mercury or manganese batteries were used in this radio station.

At the same time, Kupriyanovich not only did without microcircuits, which were simply not there at that time, but also used miniature lamps together with transistors. In 1957 and 1960, the first and second editions of his book for radio amateurs were published, with the promising title "Pocket Radios".

The 1960 edition describes a simple radio with only three transistors that can be worn on the wrist - almost like the famous walkie-talkie watch from the movie "Off Season." The author suggested it to tourists and mushroom pickers for repetition, but in life, mainly students showed interest in this construction of Kupriyanovich - for tips on exams, which was even included in an episode of Gaidaev's comedy "Operation Y"

Kupriyanovich's wrist radio

And, just like Cooper, pocket walkie-talkies led Kupriyanovich to make such a radiotelephone, from which one could call any city telephone set, and which one can take with you wherever you go. The pessimistic sentiments of foreign firms could not stop a man who knew how to make walkie-talkies from a matchbox.

In 1957 L.I. Kupriyanovich received an inventor's certificate for "Radiofon" - an automatic radiotelephone with direct dialing. Through an automatic telephone radio station from this device it was possible to connect with any subscriber of the telephone network within the range of the Radiofon transmitter. By that time, the first operating set of equipment was also ready, demonstrating the principle of operation of the "Radiofon", named by the inventor of the LK-1 (Leonid Kupriyanovich, the first sample).
LK-1 by our standards was still difficult to call a mobile phone, but it made a great impression on contemporaries. "The telephone set is small in size, its weight does not exceed three kilograms," wrote Science and Life. “The batteries are placed inside the body of the apparatus; the period of their continuous use is 20-30 hours. LK-1 has 4 special radio tubes, so that the power delivered by the antenna is sufficient for communication on short waves in rodels of 20-30 kilometers. The device has 2 antennas; on its front panel there are 4 call switches, a microphone (outside of which headphones are connected) and a dial for dialing. "

Just like in a modern cell phone, Kupriyanovich's device was connected to the city telephone network through a base station (the author called it ATR - automatic telephone radio station), which received signals from mobile phones into a wired network and transmitted from the wired network to mobile phones. 50 years ago, the principles of a mobile phone were described for inexperienced cleaners simply and figuratively: "The ATR connection with any subscriber is the same as with a regular phone, only we control its work from a distance."
To operate a mobile phone with a base station, four communication channels were used at four frequencies: two channels were used for transmitting and receiving sound, one for dialing and one for hanging up.

The first mobile phone of Kupriyanovich. ("Science and Life, 8, 1957"). On the right is the base station.

The reader may suspect that the LK-1 was a simple radio handset for a telephone. But it turns out that this is not the case. "Involuntarily, the question arises: will not several simultaneously working LK-1 interfere with each other?" - writes all the same Science and Life. “No, because in this case different tonal frequencies are used for the device, which make their relays work on the ATR (tone frequencies will be transmitted on the same wavelength). Frequencies of transmission and reception of sound for each device will be different in order to avoid their mutual influence. "

Thus, in LK-1 there was a number coding in the telephone set itself, and not depending on the wire line, which allows it with good reason to be considered as the first mobile phone. True, judging by the description, this coding was very primitive, and the number of subscribers who could work through one ATR turned out to be very limited at first. In addition, in the first demonstrator, the ATR was simply connected to an ordinary telephone parallel to an existing subscriber point - this made it possible to start experiments without making any changes to the city automatic telephone exchange, but made it difficult to simultaneously "enter the city" from several tubes. However, in 1957, the LK-1 existed in only one more copy.

Using the first mobile phone was not as convenient as it is now. ("UT, 7, 1957")

Nevertheless, the practical possibility of implementing a wearable mobile phone and organizing a service for such a mobile communication, at least in the form of departmental switches, has been proven. "The range of the device ... several tens of kilometers." - writes Leonid Kupriyanovich in a note for the July issue of the magazine "Young Technician" in 1957. "If within these limits there is only one receiving device, this will be enough to talk with any of the city's residents who have a telephone, and for as many kilometers." “Radiotelephones ... can be used in vehicles, airplanes and ships. Passengers will be able to call home, to work, book a hotel room from the airplane. It will find application among tourists, builders, hunters, etc. ”In addition, Kupriyanovich foresaw that the mobile phone would be able to supplant the phones built into cars. At the same time, the young inventor immediately used something like a “hands free” headset. instead of a headphone, a speakerphone was used. In an interview with M. Melgunova, published in the magazine "Za Rulem", 12, 1957, Kupriyanovich planned to introduce mobile phones in two stages. “In the beginning, while there are few radiotelephones, an additional radio device is usually installed near the home phone of a motorist. But later, when there will be thousands of such devices, the ATR will already work not for one radiotelephone, but for hundreds and thousands. Moreover, all of them will not interfere with each other, since each of them will have its own tone frequency, forcing its own relay to work. " Thus, Kupriyanovich essentially positioned two types of household appliances at once - simple radio tubes, which were easier to launch into production, and a mobile phone service, in which one base station serves thousands of subscribers.

One may wonder how accurately Kupriyanovich, more than half a century ago, imagined how widely the mobile phone would enter our daily life.
“Taking such a radio phone with you, you take, in essence, an ordinary telephone set, but without wires,” he will write a couple of years later. “Wherever you are, you can always be found by phone, just dial the known number of your radio phone from any landline phone (even from a pay phone). The phone rings in your pocket and you start a conversation. If necessary, you can dial any city phone number directly from the tram, trolleybus, bus, call an ambulance, fire or emergency vehicles, contact your home ... "
It is hard to believe that these words were written by a person who has not been in the 21st century. However, there was no need for Kupriyanovich to travel to the future. He built it.

A 1958 mobile phone with a power supply weighed only 500 grams.

This weight line was again taken by the world technical thought only ... on March 6, 1983, i.e. a quarter of a century later. True, Kupriyanovich's model was not so elegant and was a box with toggle switches and a round dialer disk, to which an ordinary telephone receiver was connected on a wire. It turned out that during the conversation, both hands were occupied, or the box had to be hung on the belt. On the other hand, it was much more convenient to hold a light plastic tube from a household phone in your hands than a device with the weight of an army pistol (According to Martin Cooper, using a mobile phone helped him build muscles well).

According to Kupriyanovich's calculations, his apparatus should have cost 300-400 Soviet rubles. It was equal to the cost of a good TV or a light motorcycle; at such a price, the device would not be affordable, of course, to every Soviet family, but quite a few could save up for it if they wanted. Commercial mobile phones of the early 80s with a price of 3500-4000 US dollars were also not affordable for all Americans - the millionth subscriber appeared only in 1990.

According to LI Kupriyanovich in his article published in the February issue of the journal "Tekhnika-molodezh" for 1959, now it was possible to place up to a thousand communication channels of radio phones with the Asia-Pacific region on one wavelength. To do this, the number coding in the radio telephone was carried out in a pulsed manner, and during the conversation the signal was compressed using a device, which the author of the radio telephone called a correlator. As described in the same article, the correlator was based on the principle of a vocoder - dividing the speech signal into several frequency ranges, compressing each range and then restoring it at the receiving point. True, voice recognition should have deteriorated in this case, but with the quality of the then wire connection, this was not a serious problem. Kupriyanovich proposed installing the APR on a high-rise building in the city (Martin Cooper's employees installed a base station fifteen years later on the top of a 50-story building in New York). And judging by the phrase "pocket radio phones made by the author of this article", we can conclude that in 1959 Kupriyanovich made at least two experimental mobile phones.

The 1958 device was already more like mobile phones

"So far, there are only prototypes of the new apparatus, but there is no doubt that it will soon become widespread in transport, in the city telephone network, in industry, at construction sites, etc." writes Kupriyanovich in the journal "Science and Life" in August 1957. However, three years later, any publications about the further fate of the development, which threaten to make a revolution in communications, disappear in the press. Moreover, the inventor himself does not disappear anywhere; for example, in the February issue of "UT" for 1960 he publishes a description of a radio station with an automatic call and a range of 40-50 km, and in the January issue of the same "Technology for Youth" for 1961 - a popular article on microelectronic technologies, in which there is never a mention of a radiophone.

All this is so strange and unusual that it involuntarily leads one to think: was there really a working radio telephone?

Skeptics first of all draw attention to the fact that the sensational fact of the first telephone calls was not covered in the publications that popular science publications devoted to the radio telephone. It is also impossible to determine exactly from the photographs whether the inventor is calling on his mobile phone, or just posing. Hence the version arises: yes, there was an attempt to create a mobile phone, but technically the device could not be completed, so they did not write about it anymore. However, let us think about the question: why should journalists of the 50s consider the call a separate event worthy of mention in the press? “So does that mean, telephone? Not bad, not bad. And it turns out that you can also call on it? This is just a miracle! I would never have believed it! "

Common sense dictates that not a single Soviet popular science magazine would write about an inoperative design in 1957-1959. Such magazines already had something to write about. Satellites fly in space. Physicists have established that the cascade hyperon decays into a lambda null particle and a negative pi meson. Sound technicians restored the original sound of Lenin's voice. It takes 11 hours 35 minutes to get from Moscow to Khabarovsk thanks to the TU-104. Computers translate from one language to another and play chess. The construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station has begun. Schoolchildren from the Chkalovskaya station made a robot that sees and speaks. Against the background of these events, the creation of a mobile phone is not a sensation at all. Readers are waiting for videophones! "Telephones with screens can be built even today, our technology is strong enough" - they write in the same "TM" ... in 1956. “Millions of TV viewers are waiting for the radio engineering industry to start producing color TV sets .. It's high time to think about television broadcasting by wire (cable TV - OI)” - we read in the same issue. And here, you know, the mobile is somehow outdated, even without a video camera and a color display. Well, who would have written at least half a word about her if she did not work?

Then why did the “first bell” come to be considered a sensation? The answer is simple: Martin Cooper wanted it that way. On April 3, 1973, he carried out a PR campaign. For Motorola to be able to obtain permission to use radio frequencies for civilian mobile communications from the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC), it was necessary to somehow show that mobile communications did have a future. Moreover, the competitors claimed the same frequencies. And it is no coincidence that the first call from Martin Cooper, according to his own story to the San Francisco Chronicle, was addressed to a rival: “It was one guy from AT&T who promoted phones for cars. His name was Joel Angel. I called him and told him that I was calling from the street, from a real "hand-held" cell phone. I don't remember what he said. But you know, I heard his teeth grinding. "

In 1957 - 1959, Kupriyanovich did not need to share frequencies with a competing company and listen to their teeth grinding on a mobile phone. He did not even need to catch up and overtake America, due to the absence of other participants in the race. Like Cooper, Kupriyanovich also carried out PR campaigns, as was customary in the USSR. He came to the editorial offices of popular science publications, demonstrated devices, and wrote articles about them himself. It is quite probable that the letters "YT" in the name of the first device are a trick to interest the editors of "Young Technician" to place its publication. For incomprehensible circumstances, the topic of the radio was bypassed only by the country's leading radio amateur magazine - "Radio", as, incidentally, by all other designs of Kupriyanovich - except for the pocket radio of 1955.

Did Kupriyanovich himself have any motives to show an inoperative apparatus - for example, in order to achieve success or recognition? In the publications of the 50s, the inventor's place of work is not indicated; the media present him to readers as a “radio amateur” or “engineer”. However, it is known that Leonid Ivanovich lived and worked in Moscow, he was awarded the degree of candidate of technical sciences, later he worked at the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and in the early 60s had a car (for which, by the way, he himself created a radiotelephone and anti-theft radio signaling) ... In other words, by Soviet standards, he was successful for people. Doubters can also check out a couple of dozen published amateur designs, including one adapted for young technicians, the LK-1. It follows from all this that the cell phone was built and worked in 1958.

Altai-1 ″ at the end of the 50s looked like a more real project than pocket mobile phones

Unlike Kupriyanovich's radio telephone, Altai had specific customers, on whom the allocation of funds depended. In addition, the main problem in the implementation of both projects was not at all to create a portable device, but in the need for significant investments and time in the creation of communication infrastructure and its debugging and the cost of its maintenance. During the deployment of Altai, for example, in Kiev, the output lamps of the transmitters were out of order, in Tashkent there were problems due to poor-quality installation of the equipment of the base stations. As the magazine "Radio" wrote, in 1968 the Altai system was deployed only in Moscow and Kiev, next in line were Samarkand, Tashkent, Donetsk and Odessa.

In the Altai system, it was easier to provide coverage of the terrain, because the subscriber could move away from the central base station at a distance of up to 60 km, and outside the city there were enough line stations located along the roads for 40-60 km. Eight transmitters served up to 500-800 subscribers, and the transmission quality was comparable only to digital communication. The implementation of this project looked more realistic than the deployment of a national cellular network based on Radiofon.

Nevertheless, the idea of ​​a mobile phone, despite the apparent untimeliness, was not buried at all. There were also industrial samples of the apparatus!

Western European countries also attempted to establish mobile communications prior to Cooper's historic call. So, on April 11, 1972, i.e. a year earlier, British firm Pye Telecommunications showed at Communications Today, Tomorrow and the Future in London's Royal Lancaster Hotel, a portable mobile phone that could be used to dial into the city's telephone network.
The mobile phone consisted of a Pocketphone 70 radio, used by the police, and an attachment - a handset with a push-button dialing that could be held in hand. The phone worked in the range of 450-470 MHz, judging by the data of the Pocketphone 70 radio, it could have up to 12 channels and was powered by a 15 V source.

There is also information about the existence in France in the 60s of a mobile phone with semi-automatic switching of subscribers. The digits of the dialed number were displayed on decatrons at the base station, after which the telephone operator manually switched. There is no exact data on why such a strange dialing system was adopted at the moment, we can only assume that the possible reason was errors in the transfer of the number, which the telephone operator eliminated.

Instead of an epilogue. 30 years after the creation of LK-1, on April 9, 1987, at the KALASTAJATORPPA hotel in Helsinki (Finland), General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev made a mobile call to the USSR Ministry of Communications in the presence of Nokia Vice President Stefan Vidomsky. So the mobile phone became a means of influencing the minds of politicians - just like the first satellite in the days of Khrushchev. Although, unlike a satellite, a working mobile phone was not really an indicator of technical superiority - the same Khrushchev had the opportunity to call on it ...

"Wait!" - the reader will object. "So who should be considered the creator of the first mobile phone - Cooper, Kupriyanovich, Bachvarov?"
It seems that it makes no sense to oppose the results of the work here. Economic opportunities for mass use of the new service developed only by 1990.

It is possible that there were other attempts to create a wearable mobile phone that were ahead of their time, and mankind will someday remember about them.

Modern people cannot imagine life without a telephone, although relatively recently it did not exist yet. The very first sample, similar to the current mobile "brothers", could transmit sound, had a tiny black and white screen and not a single hint of future greatness and functionality.

The invention of the telephone, which is the direct ancestor of today's smartphones, is shared by Antonio Meucci and Alexander Bell.

It is not known for certain which of them first guessed about this, but both have applied for patents. And, although Bell's application was created 5 years later than Meucci, Alexander Graham Bell is considered the official founding father of telephone communications.

The first telephone and telegraph (history of invention)

The inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph is Pavel Schilling, a Russian scientist. He publicly demonstrated the discovery that allows information to be transmitted remotely in October 1832.

The idea was supported, and a year later the telegraph, built by Wilhelm Weber and Karl Gauss, appeared in Germany. Cook Wheatstone, a native of England, created an amazing apparatus according to Schilling's drawings in 1837, and in 1840 a similar invention was patented by US resident Samuel Morse.

Telelectrophone

The Italian Antonio Meucci, who lives in England, went further and created an apparatus that transmits sounds through wires. The patent application of 1871 proudly listed "Telelectrophone".

Invented: the "talking telegraph"

Alexander Bell patented the Talking Telegraph in 1876. His device transmitted sounds "live" almost without delay, allowing the recognition of human speech. The device was presented to the public at the 1876 World Electrotechnical Exhibition, which was held in Philadelphia.

Who called the telephone a telephone?

Charles Bursel spoke about the principle of the telegraph in his dissertation in 1854, but limited himself to theory. Nevertheless, Bursel distinguished himself and took his place in history by using the word "telephone".

Who Invented the First Cellular (Mobile) Phone?

The first cellular device is the DynaTAC 8000X, created by Motorola. It entered the market in 1983 and was so popular that, even at the fabulous price of $ 3995 at that time, it was sold out like pies.

The DinTAK device held a full battery charge for about 60 minutes, could store 30 numbers, had no display or other functions except for a call. Weighed almost a kilogram, had an inconspicuous design and 12 keys.

It was only possible to talk on it for 30 minutes, after which it was necessary to put on the charge, which took 10 hours.

Satellite phone number 1

The Mobira Cityman 900, introduced in 1987 by Nokia, was the first satellite phone. It was him that Mikhail Gorbachev used to call Moscow while in Helsinki, which was captured by the paparazzi.

The entire elite wanted to buy a "tube" with an antenna, which weighed about 800 grams, despite the cost. If we recalculate the current exchange rate, the purchase cost people $ 6,700 or 202,500 rubles.

The first inventor of the video camera phone

The first phone with a camcorder was the Japanese Sharp J-SH04, released in 2000. At that time, the resolution of 0.1 megapixel seemed an impossible miracle, allowing you to create your own videos.

Who invented the touchscreen phone and when?

The creator of the touchscreen phone is considered to be the computer development company IBM. The novelty was presented to the general public in 1998, although its development was carried out for 5 years.

Model LG KE850 Prada 2007 release was the first where the sensor earned not from the stylus, but with the help of a finger. It also had a striking design and wide functionality.

Who was the first to invent the Smartphone?

The first smartphone appeared in the mobile industry in 1996 and was called the Nokia 9000 Communicator. It weighed almost 400 grams, had a monochrome display, 8 MB of memory and a QWERTY keyboard.

But the term itself was introduced by Ericsson when in 2000 it introduced the Ericsson R380s to the world. In addition to multifunctionality, this smartphone was notable for its small size and weight of only 160 grams. Its feature was a hinged cover (flip) that covers the touch screen.

The invention of the Android phone

Android was developed by Android Inc., which was later acquired by Google. The world's first Android phone was launched in September 2008. It was called the T-Mobile G1 or HTC Dream.

In the vastness of Russia, the first such smartphone was the Highscreen PP5420 - 2009 release. After the release of the third version of Android in February 2011, tablets on this base began to appear.

Who Invented the iPhone?

The popular series of smartphones iPhone was invented by Apple Corporation. Steve Jobs announced it in January 2007 at a thematic conference, and the first model went on sale after 4 months.

The "name" of the series means the word "telephone" with the prefix i, which is an abbreviation of the word Internet.

• inspire (inspiration),
• instruct (training),
• inform (knowledge),
• individual (personality).

Refreshed iPhones appear every year. The latter was released in the spring of 2016. It is called the iPhone SE, popularly called the "iPhone 7", because the previous one was called the iPhone 6 Plus, but in fact it is the model at number 9.

Wikipedia on telephone inventions

Wikipedia talks a lot about telephone inventions. In it you can find events preceding the appearance of the telegraph, associated with the discoveries of famous physicists. It allows you to get acquainted with the full history of the origin and development of the apparatus, which has become important for modern society.

But the information about the first phones, presented in Wikipedia, is rather scarce. About camera phones, for example, it is said in passing. However, modern models, their functionality, design and manufacturers are described in detail.

The phone has come a long way from a telegraph, transmitting information over wires over short distances, to a smartphone, which contains almost all the world's knowledge, working thanks to a built-in satellite dish. Development continues. Perhaps in the near future the phone will become even more powerful and functional, as well as acquire a new look.