Natural resources of China. China

Natural resources are an important part of the natural environment. This includes land and water resources, climatic and biological resources, minerals. China has fairly rich natural resources. In the first place, the extensity of the territory of China and there are rich land resources that have many species. Of these, arable land are 1224 thousand square meters. km, about 10% of the country. The arable land is mainly located in the plain areas in the northeast, in Northern China, in the Basin of the Lower and Medium Town of the Yangtze, in the Sichuan Vpadina and the Zhujiang River Delta. In these areas, agriculture flourishes, rich wheat yields, corn, rice and various technical crops are grown. The forests spread on the square of 1750 thousand square meters. km and make up 18.2% of the entire territory of China. Basically, they grow: 1) On the mountains of Big and Small Hinghan and Changbayan, which are located in the northeast of China and are the largest natural forest area in the country, the Korean cedar, larch, as well as various breeds of wide trees, is mainly dominated; 2) Handuangshan Mountains, to which Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet province are prevented, are the second in China with a large forest area, the rough spruce and fir are growing here; 3) On the island of Hainan and in Sishuhanbanna in the province of Yunnan, unique jungle for China are preserved. The steppes spread over 4 million square meters. km and make up 41.6% of the entire territory of China. For the most part, they are located on the inside Rymongol plateau, a lesser plateau, in the north and south of Tianshhan Mountains in Xinjiang and Qinghai Tibetan Highlands. They are a cattle base supplying the country of cattle, meat, dairy products, wool and other animal products. In addition, there are many lakes that occupy 67.5 thousand square meters. km, they are a natural treasury that supplying a country fish, shrimp and other marine fishing products. Relief resources. In China, annually on average drops 6 trillion volume. cube m, China's total flow is more than 2.7 trillion. cube m, the total volume of water resources is 2.8 trillion. cube M. Water resources China stands in the sixth place in the world, yielding only Brazil, Russia, Canada, USA and Indonesia. Theoretically, China's hydroresources are in themselves 676 million kilowatt. The potential power of hydropower blocks is 378 million kilowatts and displays China to first place in the world. However, water resources are distributed in the areas unevenly, in the south more, in the north less, in the east more, in the West less. China has rich minerals. The reserves of 158 species have already been explored, from them in the reserves of 20 with excess China stands in the species, from them in the reserves of 20 with excess China stands in the first rows of the world. According to the reserves of tungsten, antimony, titanium, vanadium, zinc, rare lands, magnesite, sulfur iron, fluo-rita, barite, lime, and graphite, in total 12 types of minerals China ranks first in the world, according to the reserves of tin, mercury, asbestos , talca, coal and molybdenum, only 6 species - the second and third places; On nickel, lead, glare, mangans and platinum, just 5 types - fourth place in the world. In the reserves 45 of the main minerals, China is in third place in the world and is one of the few countries with rich deposits and mostly completed species. Hog and varied animal and floral world of China, which is one of the countries in the world with rather rich resources in of this area. The high-end plants are 32.8 thousand species, animals - 104 thousand species, from them rare species, such as Panda, Golden Monkey, Yangzizyan Alligator, White Dolphin, Metacexual, Tung. All these types of animals and plants will not meet in other countries, they are very small, so they are called "live fossil." To preserve these rare types of animals and plants, as well as for the purpose of ecological balance, China has created a number of natural reserves, 14 of them include the UN in the network of natural reserves "Man and Biosphere". In China, there are extensive sea zones. Sea shallow covers an area of \u200b\u200b133 thousand square meters. km, of which 26 thousand square meters. km You can breed water fishery products. Square Sollyango Basin is 4.3 thousand square meters. km. Rich and maritime resources. Some of the fish in the sea waters of China are obtained over 2600 species. Economic value is mainly more than 50 species. Marine fishing and breeding of marine fishery products have a certain scale. In the marine waters of China, oil, natural gas, iron, copper, apatite, beryl are found - more than 20 types of minerals. According to one of them, developments have already begun, for example, sea oilfrisms in Bohaji Bay and Baibuvan Bay. As for ocean energy resources, reserves are expected to be 540 million kilowatts. They are also partly being developed, for example, in the production of energy, tides are used. The total amount of various resources of China is relatively huge, but due to the population's numerous population, the amount of their per capita is satisfied with meager, for example, land, water, ore. In addition, various resources are located unevenly by region. For example, coal. There are more than 760 billion tons of coal in the country, of which over 70% of its reserves fall on Shanxi, Shaanxi Province and inner Mongolia, while 9 southern provinces in need of angle make up 1.4%. Most of the exploited oil reserves account for Northeast, North-West and Northern Primorye. 70% of natural gas reserves fall on Sichuan and Shaanxi province. Water resources are extremely unevenly distributed. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe strip from Cigning Mountains in the East to the Huihehe River in the south, arable land in China is 36.3%, and water reserves are 82.3% of all stocks of the country; North from this band, arable land is 63.7%, and precipitation falls only 17.7% of the total precipitation in the country; In the north-west of China water resources and less, its territory is one third of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe country, and the water resources are only one twenty part. And hydroresources are unevenly distributed, 70% are focused in the areas of the South-West. In this area, China has strengthened scientific research and overall layout and is already taking concrete measures. On the one hand, builds new railway highways and branches, improving such a situation as "carbon transfer from north to south", on the other hand, builds major interregional objects, "throwing water from the south to north," that is, the Yangtze waters to Juanhe , thereby solving the problem of a serious lack of water in the north-west and in part of the districts of the North of China.

Mineral resources of China

China has deposits of nearly 150 famous minerals in the world. Geological surveys confirmed the reserves of 136 species of minerals, of which more than 20 are considered valuable.

Energy minerals. The deposits of energy minerals - coal, oil, natural gas, as well as fuel slate and radioactive elements, uranium and thorium, are proved. Coal is the main source of energy in China; Coal reserves make up almost 1/3 world deposits. By the end of 1985, coal reserves reached 769.18 billion tons, and its production amounted to 800 million tons per year (2nd place in the world). Coal can be found in many areas, but most of all - in the north (Northeast, North and North-West China). Shanxi Province, where coal reserves are calculated 30% of the total number of country, is known as the "House of Coal". Another important source of energy in China is oil. Starting from the 50s. More than 300 areas of oil and gas and 1,400 oil and gas structures were opened; The main oil fields are located in Datsina, Dagan, Shengley, Jijun (Central Hebei), Liaochi, Jiangsu, Zhongjian (Central Plain) and Karamay. Oil exploration in distant areas in recent years has made it possible to detect 6 large gas fields, the most important of which is the East-China Sea basin.

Black metals . Confirmed reserves include metals such as iron, manganese, chrome, vanadium and titanium. All of them, with the exception of titanium, are in sufficient quantities, although high-grade iron and manganese ore are a bit. Iron stocks are estimated at 49.6 billion tons, of which 2/3 is a sedimentary metamorphic ore and magmatic ore; Half of stocks is located in Anshane, Liaoning Province. Vanadiyevo-titanium magnetite is available in Panyzhuhua, Sichuan Province. Marganese reserves, mostly sedimentary and accumulative types, are estimated at approximately 400 million tons and found mainly in Guangxi, Hunani, Guizhou, Hubee and Sichuan.

Rare and precious metals. The reserves of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, mercury, antimony, bismuth, gold, silver and 6 metals belonging to the platinum group are confirmed. In terms of proven reserves of tungsten, antimony, zinc, tin, molybdenum, lead and mercury, China is one of the first places in the world. The copper ore is almost everywhere, but its largest number lies in the valley of the Middle and lower currents of the Yangtze River, in the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan, the largest copper mine is in Desin, Jiangxi Province. Lead and Zinc, which are often satellites of silver, find predominantly in the Nanine Mountains, Western Yunnan, South Shaanxi, Lanchesani and the Northern tip of the Taydam basin, Bauxita's deposits - mainly in Central Shanxi, Henan Province Gunsen, Sunan Province, SUVEN Guizhou Province and Pingo Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Area. China has the richest reserves of tungsten ores, which are more than in any other country; They constitute more than half of global deposits. Reserves of tungsten ores are concentrated in the southern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong and eastern Hunan, more than half of the country's reserves. Tin lies mainly in Yunnani, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunani; The largest mine is located in Ghazzu (Yunnan) - "The Tin Capital of the World". Tin mines are part of the famous tin belt around the Pacific Ocean. China ranks first in the world in antimony reserves. Surveyment deposits are mainly located in Hunani, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnani; The largest mine is the cicoanshan mine in Xinhua (Hunan). Mercury concentrated on the border of Sichuan-Guizhou-Hunan. 3/4 of all reserves of the country make up the mercury deposits in the north-eastern part of Guizhou, which is therefore called the "province of mercury." Gold, mostly mountain, find mainly on the Shandong Peninsula, West Hunani, North Heilongjiang, East Jilini, in the central part of the inner Mongolia and North of Xinjiang.

Rare metals, rare earth metals and minerals with dispersed elements. China is proud to have rich reserves of 8 rare metals, 10 rare earth metals and 10 minerals with dispersed elements. Its reserves of rare earth metals are much larger than anywhere in the world, and the reserves of unclean rare earth metals at the iron mine in Bayan-Oboh (inner Mongolia) are the largest world.

Non-metallic ores. China's depths contain 73 non-metallic minerals with confirmed reserves, here include 9 minerals used as auxiliary raw materials in metallurgy, and 23 minerals used as raw materials for the chemical industry. The most important of these are phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, asbestos, graphite, mica, plaster and kaolin, as well as precious stones, jade and diverse stones.

Geographical names are mainly shown in accordance with China's Map 1: 6000000 (Omsk: Roskartography, 2002). In the absence of any name, the following sources were consistently used (the Atlas of the World, 1999; Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1988; Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1987). To describe natural resources, at the beginning it is advisable to give overall information about the natural conditions and physico-geographical features of the country. Natural conditions characterizes Table 1.

Table 1. Natural Conditions of China

Territory
Area of \u200b\u200bthe territory (million km 2)
Square of the marine water area (million km 2)
The average depth of the sea (m)
Maximum depth of the sea (m)
Coastline length (km)
The length of the mainland coastline (km)
The length of the island coastline (km)
Number of islands
Islands Area (million km 2) *
Heat distribution (the annual amount of the average daily temperatures above 0 0 s)
North Heilongjiang and Tibetan Highlands
Plain Sunlyo
Great Chinese Plain
Pool r. Yangtze and territory south of him
South Nanine Mountains
Sidelines (mm)
Mountain areas of the central part O.Tayvan
Coastal territories of southern China
Valley r. Yangtze
Northern and northeastern territories of China
Northwest inland areas
Tarim, Turfan and Tsaydam Basin
Percentage of climatic zones from the total area
Humid (wet) zone (dryness
Semi-fluid zone (dry 1.0 - 1.5)
Semi-crime zone (dryness 1.5-2.0)
Arid zone (dry\u003e 2.0)

* Excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe distribution of various form of relief in the country allows you to get Table 2.

Table 2. Distribution of various shapes of relief in China

In general, China is a mountainous country: mountains, plateau and hills take more than two thirds of the territory. In China, there are 7 of 12 vertices, having a height of over 8000 m. Crossing in various directions, the mountain ranges form many mining systems, forming the basis of China's topography. The most important mountain systems are Himalayas, Kunlun Mountains, Tianshhan, Cinlin, Big Hinghan, Tahanshan, Cilyanshan and Handuangshan.

The Himalayan Mountains are located along the border of China with Nepal and India and have a length of more than 2,400 km. This is the highest and largest mountain range in the world. Its average height is about 6000 m above sea level, here is the highest top of the Jomolungma Earth (8848 m). Mountain Kunlun is stretched from the west to the east of Pamirs to the Sino-Tibetan mountains at 2700 km of the band from 150 km in the west to 600 km in the east. The greatest height of 7723 m (Ulugmuztag). Tianzhan Mountains stretch through the central part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous District, within China their length is 1300 km, the maximum height of 7450 m. Cinlin Mountains are located in the north of the central part of China (Gansu, Shaani and Henan Province). They are a watershed between the Basins of the Yangtze and Juanhe Rivers. The average height from 2000 to 3000 m, the highest point (Taishan) - 3767 m. Mountain Hingana Mountains are located in the north-east of China and are the border between Central and East Asia. Within China, their length is about 1000 km, the average height of 1500 m, the main vertex (G.Huanghanan) has a height of 2029 m. Mount Tihanshan is stretched at 400 km along the Eastern Territory of the Luxury Plateau from the north to south, their average height from 1500 to 2000 m , The main peak (G.SuOUTayShan) has a height of 2882 m. Mountains of Cilyansan are located along the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. They have an average height of about 4000 m, and the main vertices (Cilyanshan) rise at 5547 m. Handuangshan Mountains are located in the junction of the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan and the Tibetan Autonomous Area in the south-east of Tibetan Highlands. The range of heights from 2000 to 6000 m, the main vertex (Yuilyunshan) has a height of 5996 m.

Tibetan Highlands is located in the south-west of China. This is the largest Highlands of the country (area 2.5 million km 2) and the highest Highland of the world (the average height of 4500 m), it is the source of the most important Chinese rivers. Plateau Inner Mongolia is the second in size in the country, its height is from 1000 to 2000 m, within its limits the Gobi Desert is located. Luxury plateau is located in the central part of the pool r. Huanghe. It has an area of \u200b\u200b580 thousand km 2 and the prevailing heights of 1200-1500 m. Yunnan-Guizhowskoye Highlands occupies the eastern part of Yunnan Province and almost all the province of Guizhou. Its height ranges from 1000 to 2000 m.

Tarim Vadina is located in Western China. It is limited to the Mountains of Tianshhan, Kunlun and Bishan. Having an area of \u200b\u200b530 thousand km 2, it is the largest short-sized attic of Central Asia. The predominant heights are 800-1300 m, within its limits there is a desert of Takla-Makan. Dzhungskaya Vpadina is located between the Altai Mountains and XP. Tianzhan, this is the second of the sizes of the hollow in China, its preferential height is 500-1000 m. Tsaidamskaya Vpadina, having a height of 2700-3000 m, is the highest in the country. It is located in the north-east of Tibetan Highlands in the frame of the mountain ranges of Kunlun and Cilyanshan. Sichuan Vpadina is located mainly on the left bank of the middle course r. Yangtze. Its area is about 200 thousand km 2, and the average height is 400-800 m. Tourfanskaya Vpadina is located at the eastern end of the Tianshhan Mountains in the central part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This is the lowest side of the hollow, which has a minimal mark of 154 m below sea level.

Plain Sunlyao (Manchurian Plain) is located between the mountains of Big and Small Hinggang and Changbayashan. Having, she is the biggest Chinese plain. Its area is 300 thousand km 2, and the average height is about 200 m above sea level. The River Liaochi, Sungari and Nenjiang proceed through it. The Great Chinese Plain is limited to Thaihanshan mountains in the West, the sea coast in the east, the mountains of Yanshhan in the north and the River Juiche in the south. It proceeds the River Juanhe, Huiheh and Highhe. Its area is 310 thousand km 2, and the average height is less than 50 m. The equifina of the average and lower flow p. Yangtze is stretched towards the east of the Mountains of the Ushan to the coast of the East-China Sea. The plain is formed by alluvial sediments of p. Yangtze and its numerous tributaries, the average height is less than 5 m. Plain delta r. Pearl is located in Guangdong Province, not far from Guangzhou. Its area is 11 thousand km 2. Plain Hetao is located along the shores of r. Huanghe in autonomous areas inner Mongolia and Ninxia-Huiesky. Its average height is about 1000 m.

Land resources

Data on the structure of the land resources of China is very contradictory. Doubts do not cause only the total area of \u200b\u200bthe territory (9.6 million km 2, i.e. 960 million hectares). The numbers in certain categories of the land foundation depending on the source of the information differ significantly, while the difference is sometimes reaching 30-40%. Two main causes of such inconsistencies can be distinguished:

1) Different dates for obtaining information on certain types of land resources, which, due to high dynamics, leads to rapidly obsolescence of data (the main reasons for this are the processes of forest planting, desertification, development, disassembly, filling reservoirs, etc.);

2) the lack of clear criteria for attributing the territory to a category of land foundation, while the main problems are associated with forest-steppe, semi-deserts and mountain areas. Quite approximately the structure of land resources of the PRC can be represented as follows: arable land - 13%, forests -14%, steppes - 33%, open aquatic spaces - 2%, built-up territory - 3%, deserts and deserted lands - 17%. The remaining 18% falls on glaciers, highlands and other "cast" lands. Consider these lands categories in more detail.

According to the reports of the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources of the PRC for 2002, the area of \u200b\u200barable land of the country is equal to 125.9 million hectares. This corresponds to 13.1% of the state of the state. China's Pushny Square is 7% global and it provides 22% of the world's population (Zhang, 1992). Recent years there is a clear trend towards a reduction in the area of \u200b\u200barable land. Only in 2002 it decreased by 1.32% (1.68 million hectares). The main reason for the reduction of arable land is their return to the forest plant. To this end, in 2002, 1.4 million hectares were used. Other reasons for the decrease in Pashnya area were a discharge for the construction of buildings, roads, etc. (196.5 thousand hectares) and its altitude as a result of natural disasters (56.4 thousand hectares). This is usually due to the overlapping of the fertile layer with threshold sediments due to landslides, landslides, collaps, scales, etc.

The PRC forests are considered in detail in section 3.2.1. As for the steppes, the information on them is the most contradictory. According to different estimates, their area ranges from 280 to 400 million hectares. The figure of the modern area of \u200b\u200bsteppes 315-320 million hectares is more reliable. The steps are stretched by a 3000 km long strip through the entire China from the north-east to the southwest. In general, the trend of reducing their area is characterized. The main factor at the same time is desertification, which will be said below. Piece of China, occupied by water bodies, is considered in section 3.3. The construction area, which makes up 3% of the territory of the PRC, as a whole tends to increase.

Desert and deserted lands in different estimates occupy 165 (SHI Yuanchun, 2002) - 260 million hectares (Fighting ..., 2001). The first digit seems much more reliable. Of the total area of \u200b\u200bsuch lands, the desert itself accounts for about 43%, the rest make up the land that came into disrepair due to a number of reasons. The remaining 18% of the country's territory falls on land, practically not suitable for processing, development and other types of use. These are mainly high-mountainous areas. China is largely a mountainous country and over a quarter of its area (25.86%) located at an altitude of more than 3000 m above sea level. The use of land makes the glaciers, commonly predominantly in the mountainous regions of the western part of China, starting from Mongolian Altai in the extreme northwest and ending with Himalayas in the south-west. In general, the scale of the glaciation is small (57 thousand km 2). Most glaciers are Valley and Carriars (Samburova, Medvedev, 1991).

The most important characteristic of land resources are soil. Due to the enormous diversity of China's natural conditions, its soil cover is represented by a wide range of soils - from the brown forest and podzolic in the northeast to the counterclaims in the south, as well as gray-brown desert soils in the north-west, developing in extremely arid conditions. The complexity of the structure of the soil cover is due to three factors (Samburova, Medvedev, 1991):
1) latitudinal zonality on the plains;
2) a different composition of latitudinal soil zones in Western and Eastern regions;
3) High resistance in the mountains.

The soil of Northeast China is mainly represented by brown forest, dark meadow soils and varieties of swamp soils. Luxury lands focused on extensive alluvial plains and terraces are mainly represented by dark meadow soils. Their high fertility is due to the large content of organic substances (10-12%) and a range of properties favorable for crop production.

The soil of the arable land of alluvial plains of the rivers Juanhe, Highhe and Huihehe are presented mainly by light meadow soils. In vivo, the content of the organic content in them is small (2-3%), but due to the long-lasting fertilization (river and lake, compost, legumes) soil fertility highly. This is also facilitated by the proximity of the groundwater level, leading to additional soil hydration and their enrichment with nutrients.

Basic soils in the pool r. Yangtze and South China - red. They are characterized by low humus content and high gods. To restore fertility and replenish the reserves of nutrient elements here, legumes of green fertilizers culture.

More than a third of the entire Pashny area falls on the so-called rice soils, which were formed due to the transformation of various soils during rice growing. At rice soils are about 45% of all cereals (Samburova, Medvedev, 1991). As a result of a long flooding, ongoing depending on the rice variety from 7 to 9 months, natural soil processes are fully transformed on such lands.

On the lesser plateau, located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe emitting r. Huanghe in the northern part of the country, natural soils are practically absent. This is explained by the ancient of agricultural culture (4-5 thousand years), as a result of which there was a peculiar cultural layer due to the long-term addition of a large amount of compost type fertilizers.

The following processes can be distinguished, negatively affecting China's license quality quality:
1) water erosion;

Aquatic erosion is subject to 179 million hectares, i.e., about 18.6% of the country's territory (Ponomarenko, 2001). It is most widely distributed in the upper and middle course of p. Yangtze, Swanhehe, Highhe, Huiheh, Sizyan, Sizhua (Pearl), Sunhua, Laioi, and in Taihu Lake Pool. The intensity of the process dramatically releases a lesome plateau. It covers an area of \u200b\u200b580 thousand km 2, the thickness of the lesing sediments ranges from 20 to 200 m. On average, 1 km of 2 surfaces here are 6-7 km of ravines, and in separate areas (Jingha River basins, Lohe) - 8-9 km (Samburova, Medvedev, 1991). Every year, the length of the ravines increases by 1-3 m, while 150-200 is demolished from each hectare, and in some cases up to 300 tons of soil. As a result, the Juanhe River annually puts 1.6 billion tons of nanos in the yellow sea, its delta is 5 km / year, according to the content of solid particles (more than 40% of the total weight in the flood period), this river ranks first in the world (countries ... 1982). Total from the territory of China is on average more than 5 billion tons of soil per year.

Water erosion makes tremendous damage to the country's economy. The main negative factors are:
1) the dismemberment of land as a result of o-formation, which leads to the complication of the work of agricultural machinery and traffic, the opening of underground communications, the difficulty of choosing the tracks of linear structures, etc.;
2) the removal of the soil of nutrients and microelements, causing a decrease in crop yields;
3) Deposition of the products of the oxide removal and plane flip, the consequence of which is the burial of valuable lands, the excavation of reservoirs and irrigation channels, the difficulty of transporting traffic, etc.

2) Wind erosion;
The area susceptible to wind erosion is 188 million hectares, i.e. 19.5% of the territory of the PRC. It is most characteristic of the deserts and adjacent areas in the northwestern part of China, for the steppes of the inner Mongolia and some plains. From the Chinese provinces, the maximum spread of wind erosion has in the Xinjiang-Uygur autonomous area, where more than 37% of the territory was eroded. The main negative factors of wind erosion:
1) the transfer of the soil as a result of dust storms, which leads to a decrease in the yield due to the destruction of the seedlings and a liquid layer, falling asleep channels, rivers, lakes and a decrease in their fish products, deterioration of recreational conditions, conclusion of equipment, etc.;
2) the progressive movement of vegans, causing the death of cultivated land, falling asleep by settlements and irrigation canals, complication of construction and operation of roads, etc.;
3) Waving and driving sand winds, as a result of which the pipelines take place, leading to the deterioration of insulation and damage to the pipes, exposure to the bases of the PPP supports with their subsequent fall, etc.

3) an increase in climate arynity;
This problem is global. The existing tendency to an increase in the average annual air temperature contributes to the change in natural conditions. In arid areas there is a decrease in the amount of precipitation, the result of which is the increase in the desert area. The problem of desertification is complex. The 45 reasons for this phenomenon (Babayev, 1997) were revealed. It is believed that the main contribution to the process makes the irrational use of water, land, vegetation, minerals, and the share of natural processes accounts for only 10-15%. The annual increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe desert in various data is in China from 1560 km2 (FULLEN, MITCHELL, 1994) to 2460 km2 (Reversion ..., 2001), and direct economic damage from it is 54 billion yuan (US $ 6.52 billion).

4) unreasonable human activity (re-paint, steaming steppes, storage of solid waste, etc.);

The main anthropogenic factors affecting the quality of land resources in China is an excessive cutting down of the forest, an extensive decay of steppes, re-paint, waste pollution, mineral development, etc. Forest cutting is considered in section 3.2.1. The mass breakup of the steppe and virgin lands under the grain occurred in 1960-70., The consequence of which was a large-scale process of the offensive desert on the steppe. A number of semi-desert areas that have previously had such low biological productivity, for twenty years have become standard deserts, absolutely devoid of vegetation. Among these deserts are the most famous Muua Desert in North China (Biryulin, 1994).

For many agricultural areas, there is an acute problem of re-fall, i.e., excessive concentration of livestock livestock per unit area, when the number and rock formation exceeds the forage performance of the pasture. Because animals eat certain types of herbs, it leads to the spread of those species of plants with which they neglect (usually weeds). Reducing vegetable cover contributes to the strengthening of soil erosion. The soil structure is deteriorating, the surface sealing, which causes the decrease in its filtration capacity (Environmental Assessment ..., 1994).

The problem is complicated by the fact that the overwhelming part of the steppe territories refers to areas of residence of national minorities, the standard of living of which is significantly lower than its average. The main occupation of the local population is cattle breeding. To increase the living standards of local residents, the authorities are forced to go on the legalization of a more intensive grazing of livestock, which in turn leads to the acceleration of soil degradation and mass desertification (Biryulin, 1994).

A certain contribution to the reduction in the quality of land resources contributes pollution by waste. Currently, only industrial waste contaminated about 7 million hectares, more than 2.5 million hectares are seriously damaged due to the use of unreought-to-talking urban uncleans (Ponomarenko, 2001).

Seriously affects the quality of land resources and mining. The main factors of exposure: the alienation of the territory and the reduction of soil fertility. During the extraction of 1 million tons of coal, it is broken from 3 to 43 hectares, iron ore - from 14 to 640 hectares, manganese ore - from 76 to 600 hectares, ores for the production of mineral fertilizers from 22 to 97 hectares, limestone from 60 to 120 hectares, phosphorites - from 22 to 77 hectares (Tomakov, Kovalenko, 1984; Pessner, Kostovetsky, 1990). China ranks first in the world for coal mining, tin and tungsten, second place - Molybdenum, third place - phosphates, fifth place for oil production. All this causes the seizure of large areas of the Earth. Now in China, 6 million hectares are allocated to the needs of the mining industry, including 1.6 million hectares were used for careers, dumps, tailings, etc. Annually 20 thousand hectares for these purposes. The decrease in soil fertility is due to the accumulation of dust of dust and quarries, a violation of the physical properties of soil during reclamation work, etc.

5) soil salinization;

Soil salinization can occur as a result of both natural, and anthropogenic processes. The natural salinization of the soil is possible when the salts dissolved in the groundwater from the aquifers to the surface are transferred in the groundwater. Water evaporates, and salt remains on the surface of the soil and the salinization zone occurs. In addition to the necessary conditions, the presence of a decrease on the ground, sufficient penetrability of the soils, a long and steady nature of the process.

The anthropogenic salinity of the soil is due primarily by irrigation of crops with water with an increased saline concentration (more than 1 g / l). Due to the soil salinization in China, about 7 million hectares have already been displayed from agricultural turnover.

6) natural disasters;

The main natural disasters affecting land resources are landslides, collaborations and villages. Their impact is expressed mainly in the blasting of land by the debris material. As a result of these processes, only 56.4 thousand hectares were derived from agricultural turnover in China.

7) epidemic of some diseases. Consider these processes in more detail..

Some land plots are limited in their use due to local epidemics. The most typical diseases are schistosomatosis and malaria. On the territory of the South China there are natural foci of these diseases, which limits the use of such territories.

To the number of measures to improve the current situation, the following can be attributed:
1) the development of environmental legislation
Currently, environmental protection is officially proclaimed by the fundamental political course of the country. Regulatory acts regulating relationships in the field of land resources include a number of articles of the PRC Law on the Environmental Protection of 1989, the Complex of Earth Acts and the Staples Act. In the last law, adopted in June 1985, environmental requirements are dominated over economic (prohibition of harming vegetation, strict responsibility for the impairment of soil fertility, control over the intensity of grazing and even ban on the further development of raw land). In general, now in CDR, there is a tendency to environmentalization of economic activity in general and in relation to land resources in particular

2) afforest

Back in 1981, the State Assembly of People's Representatives adopted a resolution on the comprehensive deployment of nationwide-mandatory forest plates. Over the past 22 years, 39.84 billion seedlings were planted. Forests are widely combined with a variety of public actions (planting jubilee seedlings and anniversary groves, creating gardens of green culture, etc.). This trend is preserved in recent years. Only in 2002, 1.4 million hectares of arable land were returned under the forest plant. The maximum effect is paid to the most unfavorable areas in terms of forest resources. For example, in the province of Qinghai, where the deposit is only 3.1% (last place in the country) for 1999 - 2002. On average, more than 75 thousand hectares per year planted. A record in this regard was a year and for the autonomous District of Inner Mongolia. In the areas of the nationwide action of mandatory forest plates, 54.78 million trees were planted there on an area of \u200b\u200b697 thousand hectares. It is quite acute the problem of low survival of seedlings. For this, comprehensive research is carried out in China. For example, landing 2 million copies of pink willow, saksaul and the cheer along the 522-kilometer highway through the Takla Makan desert preceded ten-year experiments with more than five-way combinations of woody breeds.

3) Restoration of herbal cover

Much attention is also paid to solving the problem of erosion in steppe areas. On April 17, 2003, the People's Government of Qinghai Province announced the implementation in the next five years a project to restore herbal cover on cattle breeding. In this province, the origins of the three main rivers of China are located in Tibetan Highlands: Yangtze, Juanhe and Mekong. According to plan in the steppes on the square, more than 1 million hectares will be prohibited grades of livestock, the resettlement will be subject to 27,629 local residents. The cost of the project is about 38 million dollars.

4) fighting soil salinization

The main method of combating the salinization of irrigated land is to regulate water and salt regimes, which is achieved by the construction of drainage, conducting capital flushing and preventing secondary salinization during operation. To do this, it is necessary to reduce filtration losses, streamlining the regime of the irrigation and the creation of the washing regime of irrigation on the background of the drainage.

The main emphasis in China is made to reduce filtering losses, which in addition to combating salinization leads to significant water savings. The main ways here are the transition to the construction of channels with a concrete bottom, the widespread use of plastic pipes, the introduction of sprinkling and drip irrigation, which is discussed in detail in section 3.4

5) waste disposal

This path of struggle in China is also paying serious attention. For example, in Guangdong Province in 2003-2010. It is scheduled to invest 21.7 billion yuan (more than $ 2.6 billion) in the fight against solid waste. According to the plan in this province, 80 facilities will be created to prevent consumer trash pollution, 12 inter-district solid industrial waste disposal centers, 11 hazardous waste disposal facilities, 12 medical waste disposal centers and 8 electrical recycling projects.

Ground biological resources

By the wealth of bioresources, China ranks third in the world (after Malaysia and Brazil), although their stock is not very large in connection with a large population. The data on faunistic and floristic species variety is quite contradictory. Thus, the number of types of higher plants in different sources ranges from 30 to 32.8 thousand, and the numbers of vertebrate animals from 4400 to 6347 (Wang Zuwang, Giang Zhigang, 1998; XU et al., 1999). In general, 10% of higher plants and 14% of vertebrate animals are found from world quantities in China. Their variety characterizes Table. 3.

Table 3. Number of types of plants and animals in China and the world

	Number of species	Number of species	Percentage OT global
Bacteria
Seaweed
Fern
Covenate
Insects
Reptile
Mammals

In addition to huge resources, the reason for the wealth of species lies in a large landscape diversity: 599 types of ground ecosystems are distinguished in China (XU et al., 1999).

Plant resources

In China, almost all types of plants are growing in the northern hemisphere. Of the more than 30 thousand types of higher plants, about 3 thousand have economic importance. These include 440 types of fibrous plants, 370 types of oilseeds and aromatic plants, 260 species of plants with high protein and amino acids, 150 types of starch-containing plants, 300 species of trees with valuable wood, 500 species of plants with insecticidal effect, 1000 types of medicinal plants, as well as a number of species producing resin, rubber and tannin.

China's vegetation can be divided into steppe, savanna, deserted, swamp, forest, etc., which, in turn, is divided into a huge amount of formations (according to dominant species, hydrothermal conditions, etc.). Thus, steppe vegetation is dismembered by 45 formations, deserted by 52, swamp on 19, tundra on 17 formations.

Forest vegetation is extremely diverse. Total 212 formations: 19 mangrove formations (tropical marsh) forests, 36 formations of bamboo forests, 44 types of taiga, 5 types of moderate-warm coniferous forests, 27 types of tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, 42 types of deciduous forests, 24 types of tropical rain forests and etc. The largest square is occupied by subtropical forests, in which the metausexual and ginkgo - trees are preserved, extinct in other countries.

Currently, in the area of \u200b\u200bforests, China ranks fifth in the world, however, per capita is only 0.11 hectares, which is seven times less than the average lead (environmental problems ..., 1995). On the territory of the country there are three-stranded zones: 1) moderate; 2) subtropical; 3) Tropical. A moderate zone is divided into moderately cold and moderately warm subzones. The main forest arrays of the first subzone are concentrated in Northeast China, where the forest area is 36 million hectares, the supply of 2.8 billion m3 of wood, and forest scales range from 11 to 32% (Bocarnikov, 1998). There are also minor forest area in Northwestern China and Tianshhan Mountains, where forest science is from 0.5 to 3.4%. The forestry of individual provinces of moderately warm subzones is also different: minimum - 2.5% (Henan), average - 4-6% (Habay, Shandong, Shanxi) and the maximum - 14% (Shely). The forests of the subtropical zone are focused on 20% of the country's territory and make up about 30% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bforests. These are mainly forests located in the lower and medium-sized rod. Yangtze. The forests of the tropical zone are approximately 10% of the total forest area (bucchothynov et al., 1981). If natural forests prevail in moderate and subtropical zones, then in the tropical zone it is mainly artificial landings scattered by individual fragments in the territory of ten southern provinces (Sun Syfan, 2000).

Reducing forest area began in China 7-8 thousand years ago due to the use of high-firing agriculture technology. A steady decline in forestry territory continued until the end of the 1970s, when it was only 12%. However, then the trend has changed and the last two decades there is an increase in areas covered with forests. According to the National Inventory of Forest Resources held in 1994-99, the forest area was 133.7 million hectares, which corresponds to 13.9% of the country's territory (Sun Souven, 2000).

These indicators would be significantly higher if it were not for fire in the Great Hingane, which occurred in May-June 1987 and made significant damage to the country's forest resources. Then 1.33 million hectares of forests were destroyed and 30.6 million m 3 Woods of coniferous breeds were lost, mainly Hinhan pine. The number of burnt wood exceeded the total volume of workpieces in this area for 23 years (Biryulin, 1994) and corresponded to about half of the annual volume of wood blanks in the country.

Positive dynamics in the field of forest resources is explained by the tough state policy aimed at their protection. Now, according to the total annual consumption of industrial wood (122.2 million m 3), China ranks second in the world after the United States and the demand for it continues to grow. Under these conditions, the government has adopted a number of serious measures to further improve the situation:

Building volumes of forest radios

Although primitive forestry began to develop another 1.0-1.5 thousand years ago in the form of landings around grain fields and fruit gardens (Hsiung et al., 1995), the most massive forests were carried out during the 1980s and 1990s A significant financial and technical assistance at the same time was provided by the World Bank. The landing was made both in order to obtain commercial wood and on environmental reasons. If the first goal has not yet been reached due to insufficient ripeness of plantings, the forest plantations for solving environmental problems have already proven their effectiveness. The most famous examples here are the creation of a "large green wall" - a man-made forest strip, having a length of 7 thousand km to protect 33 million hectares of steppe pastures from wind erosion and sandy drifts (Biryulin, 1994) and planting forests in the Pool Pool. Huanghe in order to reduce the intensity of water erosion of soils on the lesser plateau (Dixon et al., 1994). By 2030, the Government of the PRC plans to bring the forest area from the current 13.9% to 18% (Sun Souven, 2000) at the expense of the forest storage.

Bans and restrictions of frame cuts

Since April 1998, the program for the protection of natural forests is being implemented in China, prohibiting or limiting logging in the upper reaches. Yangtze, in the upper and middle course r. Huanghe and in the northeast of the country, including territory border with the Primorye of Hailongjiang Province. 65 logging enterprises were closed, the volume of logging decreased by 10 million cubic meters per year, 2.3 million dollars were allocated to the forest protection program (Lou Wenmin, 2000). The disrupting motive of such a step was the devastating floods that occurred in the Northeast and South China in the summer of 1997.

Stimulating wood imports from foreign countries

Today, China is the world's only developing state, which is simultaneously one of the main importers of wood. To reduce the burden on its forest resources, the PRC government has adopted a number of decisions aimed at liberalizing wood trade with neighboring countries, in particular imported tariffs have been reduced, it has ceased to be obligatory to obtain permission to import timber imports. Russia's largest suppliers of Malaysia and Indonesia in the mid-1990s were added Russia. In the period from 1995 to 1999 Imports of wood from Russia increased from 358 thousand m3 to 4.3 million m3, that is, 11 times, and Russia's share in the import of round forest was 42.5%. At the same time there is an increase in the import of cellulose and paper, only in 1999 it increased by more than 50%.

Reducing wood consumption

China tries to limit its wood needs, subject to the availability of a tree to other materials. A characteristic example is a ban on the production and manufacture of disposable wooden chopsticks for food. About 45 billion disposable chopsticks were produced annually in the country, which corresponded to about 25 million trees. The ban on the production of chopsticks also contributed to a decrease in environmental pollution during their production, transportation and implementation.

Strengthening the fight against forest pests

A serious problem in China is significant damage to forest resources, due to the influence of more than 200 species insect pests. It is believed that his annual value is about 100 billion yuan (12 billion dollars), and the area of \u200b\u200bforests suffering from them is equal to 6.7 million hectares. Since 1999, the state has allocated more than 700 million yuan to create 1082 quarantine stations in different parts of the country. On February 13, 2003, the State Department of Forestry of the PRC announced the establishment of a center for the detection of forest pests in order to prevent them from penetration from outside. This center is located at China's Forestry Academy. Its main tasks include the collection and publication of information on the spread of forest pests, on their influence on forestry, checking the quality of forestry biological preparations, etc.

China's flora is also rich in various non-timid types. For example, the world flora of hayophytes (plants resistant to elevated saline concentrations) has 1560 species related to 550 genera and 117 families. Of these, 430 species included in 198 clans and 66 families are growing in China, which is 27.6%, 36% and 56.4%, respectively (Zhao Kefu et al., 2002).

Animal resources

Unlike the Northern regions of Eurasia, at the Quaternary period, China was not covered with a glacial shield, which made it possible to preserve such an ancient species as a big panda, Chinese river dolphin, a crested deer, a black housing crane, etc. This circumstance also determines the abundance of endemics - species found only in China. The idea of \u200b\u200bthis gives Table. four.

Table 4. Endemic types of vertebrates of China (Wang Zuwang, Giang Zhigang, 1998)

Consider these groups more. Pay special attention to the following categories of animals: 1) cost-effective species; 2) environmentally valuable species, such as key species in ecosystems; 3) species valuable for science and carrier social functions. From mammals in the first category can be attributed to Kabargu and Bear. Their economic value is determined mainly by using in traditional Chinese medicine. For example, one kilogram of the Muscular gland of the male cabaggy stands up to 50 thousand dollars, i.e., 5 times more than gold. It is used to prepare about 400 pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of a wide range of diseases: from cardiovascular to diseases of the nervous system. About 10% of the total jet of the Kabargy also used the perfumery industry (mainly French). Data on the total number of Kabargi in China is extremely contradictory and fluctuate from 100 thousand to 600 thousand. The first digit is much closer to the truth.

The economic value of bears is primarily due to the use of their bile in medicine and individual parts of the body in cooking. Some bile copies are estimated to 3 thousand US dollars. Delicacy is considered bearish paws. In some restaurants of South Korea, the price of one plate of soup from them reaches thousands of dollars. In connection with the price difference, a significant part of the derivatives is exported to South Korea. The natural population of bears in China is strongly undermined. According to one source, it consists of 46530 Himalayan bears, according to others - there are less than 20 thousand individuals left. In China, their contents on farms are common, now there are more than 7 thousand bears there. The main goal of bear farms is to get bile. As a rule, animals are located there in flavors, which leads to diseases and high mortality. Until 1980, such farms were given about 500 kg of bile per year, but by 1996 the production reached 7 thousand kg.

The second category can be attributed to the antelope. On the territory of the country lives their six species (Zhiong Djigan, Lee Dikyan, 1998): Saiga, Tibetan Antelope, Jaran, Mongolian dzery, Tibetan dzery and dzery Przhevalsky. Before these animals were widespread and were the most important hunting and fishing species, but the surprise led to a sharp reduction in their numbers. In the 1980s, all kinds of antelopes began to be protected by law. The most successful was the protection of Tibetan antelopes. Currently, their number in Tibet has reached 90 thousand, in addition, in the province of Qinghai there are 25 thousand and in Xinjiang - 15 thousand individuals. The accelerated growth of the population is observed, starting from the second half of the 1990s as a result of a decisive fight against poaching. In the mid-1990s, about 4 thousand antelopes were illegally extermined annually, this figure was currently decreased by 90%.

The main part of the population of Tibetan antelopes is concentrated in the Zanthane Reserve in the northern part of Tibet, which is the largest continental nature reserve. This reserve is connected to the Kukushili Reserve in Qinghai Province and the Altyn-Tag Reserve in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Area. Their total area is 600 thousand km 2. An endemic of China also includes the most important for ecosystem species. According to various data, its number is now 50-150 thousand individuals.

To the third category, first of all, a large panda (bamboo bear), which is the symbol of China. This mammal family of rammer weighs 75-160 kg feeds exclusively by bamboo and lives in the mountain forests of Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan at altitudes 2700-3900 m. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Panda wobbies is about 29.5 thousand km 2, of which the territory where the pandas There are only 5.9 thousand km 2. They are called "live fossils" due to the most antiquity of the view. For the preservation of animals, the State "Plan of Salvation of Big Panda" was developed, aimed at a comprehensive solution to the problem. Measures to implement this plan were extremely rigid. For example, a group of peasants engaged in travelers of large pandas for the stretch of the skin was sentenced to the People's Court of Manyan Sichuan Province to the death penalty (Biryulin, 1994).

For China, a large variety of bird species is characterized. According to the latest data, there are 1253 types of birds related to 21 detachments and 83 families, which corresponds to 13.6% of the total species in the world fauna. According to some groups of birds, this indicator is much higher. For example, from 15 types of cranes in China dwells eight, i.e. More than half. Of the 166 species of wild ducks, China has 46 species (28%). A distinctive feature of the country's ornithophun is a large number of endemics: 8.1% of all types of birds live only in China (Lei et al., 2003). The species diversity of reptiles and amphibians in the Chinese fauna is significantly less, however, the percentage of endemics is also quite large: 7 and 11%, respectively. The characteristic of the fish will be given in Section 3.3, dedicated to the biological resources of marine and freshwater.

Quite great species diversity and invertebrates. The total number of species is estimated at about 200 thousand (Wang Zuwang, Giang Zhigang, 1998). For example, the fauna of Chinese butterflies is represented by 12 families, 368 types, 1223 species and 1,853 subspecies, which is the tenth of the world fauna (Déng Yuan, 1998). Endemism is also characterized here: out of 104 types of sailboats 15 dwells only in China.

Following the traditional Chinese concept "to live at the expense of the mountains, if you live in the mountains, live at the expense of water, if you live at the reservoir" and the desire to obtain maximum profit led to serious degradation of wild animal resources. This also contributed to the weakness of environmental legislation, as well as the negative impact of traditional Chinese medicine. For these purposes, more than 5,700 species of plants and animals are used in the country (Roeder, 2000). The features of the local food culture also affect. As a consequence, at present, the threats of disappearance are currently estimated by 15-20% of China's overall fauna, which is higher than the average level.

The threatened species of wild animals of international significance include 62 species of mammals, 43 species of birds, 3 types of amphibians, 6 types of reptiles, 10 species of fish, 2 types of insects and 4 types of invertebrates (including marine). A similar list of wild plants contains 149 species; including 6 mushrooms, 17 vote and 126 coated plants. Almost extinct species include Malay Tapir, David deer, Chinese leopards and Chinese parrots (Biryulin, 1994).

The seriousness of the problem of degradation of biological resources is well aware in China.
The following measures are used to solve it:
1) creating reserves

The organization of reserves is considered the best way to protect wild fauna and flora. The development of natural reserves in China can be divided into three stages (Wang Zuwang, Giang Zhigang, 1998):
1) The initial stage of slow development (1956-1978): The first natural reserve was founded in the province of Guangdong in 1956, by 1978 they were created about thirty;
2) Stage of rapid development (1978-1993): their number has increased to 600, they were distributed throughout the country, occupying an area over 600 thousand km 2; Especially the rapid growth of the reserves occurred in 1988-1993, since in 1987 they had 478 with a total area of \u200b\u200b220 thousand km 2;
3) Stage of stable development, consolidation and improvement (since 1994): an increase in the number of reserves has slowed down, more attention has been paid to improving their activities and training staff. Currently, China's reserves occupy 7% of the country's territory, which exceeds the average level.

2) organization of artificial breeding centers

In the main cities of the country there are more than 40 zoos, including 28 major. In addition, China has numerous dilution centers of wild animals and plants. Such centers, more known as safari parks, are becoming increasingly popular and visited by tourists. In general, the effectiveness of such organizations is not too large. The content of animals leaves much better, they are poorly multiplied. Many zoos are in the financial crisis and are not able to cover their own expenses.

3) control over the trade in wild animals and plants
Weakness of such control is one of the main causes of the degradation of China fauna. The price of snow leopard skins in the black market reaches 20 thousand dollars. Each year China exports 130 thousand. Groundhog. Studies have shown that only in December 1993. 65 live burgers for restaurants were exported from China to Hong Kong for restaurants. The above figures are only the upper part of the iceberg, the actual volumes of trade multiple times more. In 1995, China's Ministry of Forests held a symposium for monitoring the trade in wild animals and plants in Asia, participation in which delegates from more than 20 countries took part. In the final document of the Symposium "Beijing Resolution" paid special attention to international cooperation in the field of protecting wild animals and plant resources, as well as controlling illegal trade.

4) Improving environmental legislation;

In recent years, China has released a series of laws and statutes for the protection of wild animals and plants. However, the main environmental document in this area is the "Law on the Protection of Wild Animals", adopted back in 1989, he was the first purely environmental law aimed at its content not to primitively understood resources saving, but to preserve the natural environmental balance. This is the only law in the system of environmental legislation of the PRC, which provides for the harsh, up to the death penalty, punishment for its violation.

5) improving the efficiency of resource use;

The use of bioresources in China is still low. Medicinal preparations derived from animals have low quality, a significant part of biologically active substances is lost in production due to imperfection of technology (Vang Zuwang, Giang Zhigang, 1998). A prerequisite is the creation of a breeding base for economically important animals, the establishment of effective chemical components of animals used in medicine, the use of modern technologies.

6) Optimization of public resource management, knowledge promotionetc. Consider them in more detail.

Optimization of government resource management and propaganda of environmental knowledge.

Here, the first priority is to strengthen administrative control over the use of bioresources (forest cutting, hunting, wild animals and plants, etc.). Works are also needed to study bioresources, conducting environmental monitoring, primarily in the most important regions (Tibetan Highlands, Schienglong Mountain, etc.). It is important and popularizing knowledge in the field of human relationships with the environment among the population by means of printing, radio and television, as well as in schools.

Water biological resources

China's water biological resources in their wealth are not inferior to ground. In a significant degree, this is due to the large area of \u200b\u200bwater area, which is said in Section 3.4. Natural water area also need to add numerous irrigation canals and wetlands, having a total area of \u200b\u200b14 million hectares, of which 5.884 million hectares relate to the wetlands of international importance. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe open intramicious water surface is about 17.47 million hectares.

Large water area, a huge variety of landscape and climatic conditions, long-term evolution contributed to the emergence of high diversity. For example, China's freshwater fauna has more than 1,000 species belonging to 268 genera and 52 families. Among them, about 70% belongs to carpida, and 84% refer to carpeting forms (Hehe Shupin, Chen Ja, 1998). For freshwater fauna, a large number of endemic and valuable species are characterized.

The country is also characterized by a wide variety of coastal and marine ecosystems: coastal shale, estuaria, coral reefs, extensive tidal and treble zones with mangrove thickets, more than 160 bays, numerous islands (about 5 thousand) and oceanic ecosystems. Chinese marine waters relate to three climatic zones: moderately warm, subtropical and tropical and exposed to many oceanic flows (mainland coastal flow, warm flow of Kurosio, etc.). Flipping into coastal waters more than 1,500 large and medium rivers also contribute to ecosystem variety.

Marine bioresources of China are extremely rich both in quantitative and qualitatively. In total, there are 20278 species of marine organisms, which exceeds 25% of world species diversity. This includes 1694 types of sea fish (175 types of cartilage and 1519 types of bone fish), 685 types of crabs, 90 species of shrimp, 84 types of clam codes. Many species of organisms are suitable for medical use. The database of marine biological resources, potentially suitable for medical applications, which began to be created by the State Oceanic Administration in 1999, now there are more than 900 species of fish, algae, microorganisms and other life forms.

The maximum biodiversity is typical for the South China Sea, which is due to its large size and location in the tropical zone. It is assumed that this sea biodiversity ranks first in the world. In its shallow part, 3 main types of ecosystems are distinguished: coral reefs, mangrove vegetation and thickets of algae. In the South China Sea, 45 out of 51 existing types of mangrove plants were found, most of the famous bodies of corals and 20 out of 50 existing species of algae (Morton, Blackmore, 2001). The South China Sea has an extremely rich ichthyofauna. The list of species of the fish of this sea has 3365 species (Randall, Lim, 2000), although it is obvious that a large number of subspecies are attributed to independent species.

China fully uses a favorable situation with the wealth of aquatic bioresources. So the total catch of fish (marine and freshwater) in 2000 amounted to 17.0 million tons, which corresponds to 20% of the world.
In subsequent places:
2) Peru - 10.7 million tons;
3) Japan - 5.0;
4) USA - 4.7;
5) Chile - 4.3;
6) Indonesia - 4.1;
7) Russia - 4.0;
8) India - 3.6;
9) Thailand - 2.9;
10) Norway - 2.7 million tons.

The main marine fishing species are mackerel, royal mackerel, Pacific and Chinese herring, marine eel, kefal, sea crucian, saber-fish, PMP (sea bream), Flub.
The situation with fishing in the inland reservoirs is even more favorable, here the PRC accounts for 25.4% of world production, while countries in the leading top ten are as follows:
1) China - 2233 thousand tons;
2) India - 797;
3) Bangladesh - 670;
4) Uganda - 356;
5) Indonesia - 329;
6) Russia - 292;
7) Tanzania - 280;
8) Egypt - 253;
9) Cambodia - 246;
10) Kenya - 210 thousand tons.

Maximum catches fall on various types of carps, white Amur, a small burner, perch. The greatest catch of fish falls on the reservoirs, then lakes and rivers follow, but in terms of specific bioproductivity, the situation is opposite.
For example, in 1995, the average annual catch (kg / ha) was: rivers - 1140; Lakes - 628; Reservoirs - 443 (WU, 1998). Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan, giving 413872, 300073, 298672, 258098, and 155272, 258098 and 15,5272, 258098, and 15,5272, 258098, and 15,5272, 258098 and 155272, 258098 and 15,5272, 258098

Table 5. Leaders in world aquaculture in 1998 . (Tacon, Forster, 2001)

	Production-in1		Groost 2. 1984-98,% / year	Groost 3. 1997-98,%	Total. Cost, thousand dollars.	Cost Dol / kg
Philippines
Indonesia
South. Korea
Bangladesh
Sowing. Korea

1 includes freshwater aquaculture and mariculture (fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic animals and algae);

2 Annual increase in weight during 1984-1998.

3 difference in weight production between 1997 and 1998.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of Chinese aquaculture gives Table. 6.

Table 6. The state of the Chinese aquaculture in 1998 . (Tacon, Forster, 2001)

	Products, T.	The change (97-98),%
Fish (total)
Freshwater Fish (Total)
White Tolstolobik
White amur
Bolsheld carp
Golden crucian
White Amur Bream
Or karp
Black carp
Nile Tyalyapia
Japanese eel
Other freshwater fish
Sea fish
Cruise (total)
Chinese river crab
Giant river shrimp
Sea crabs
Shrimp
Other crustaceans
Mollusks
Marine Ministry
Primorsky scallop
Bivalve mollusks (Ruditapess, sea cuttings, etc.)
Other marine mollusks
Tripter turtle
Water plants
Japanese laminarium
Red algae
Total products

In recent years, the growth rate in Chinese aquaculture has significantly exceeded the average. Thus, already in 2000, the total production was 32444 thousand tons, which corresponded to 71% of the global production volume and 49.8% of the total cost. Especially increased by China's share in the production of algae. In the same 2000, the country produced 7.9 million tons (4.0 billion dollars) from 10.1 million tons (5.6 billion dollars) in the world.

Successes in fishing and aquaculture largely contributed to solving a food problem. In 2000, the production of fish and fish products per capita amounted to 25 kg / year, while on average the world only 13.2 kg / year. Naturally, such production requires large areas. In 1999, 1.1 million hectares were employed under the needs of the national mariculture, including 71 thousand hectares of fish production, 238 thousand hectares for growing crustaceans, 711 thousand hellis and 55 thousand hells - algae. In freshwater aquaculture, the basis of production is special fish-water ponds, which in 1999 held an area of \u200b\u200babout 2.1 million hectares. It is characterized by very high bioproductivity. In 1994, the average production was 3416 kg / ha (WU, 1998).

Successes in fisheries and especially in aquaculture are largely based on scientific research. In the period 1994-1999. In China, 2035 articles were published (about 5% of world quantities), approximately 95% of them - articles in 143 magazines published in the country (Arunachalam, Balaji, 2001). In China, there are more than 210 institutions of provincial and urban levels, including China's fisheries academy and the three subordinate institute in accordance with the regional seas, five research institutes engaged in relevant river basins. Educational services in the field of fishing are 29 colleges and universities, the largest of which are Shanghai Fisheries University, Dalian College of Fisheries and the Maritime University in Qingdao.

However, the situation with water biological resources can not be called cloudless. The pollution of internal and coastal water can be attributed to the pollution of internal and coastal water, the change in the hydrological regime due to the facilities of dams and dams, transparios, insufficiently thought-out introduction of new species, the destruction of aquatic ecosystems due to the non-harmonious breeding of herbivorous carps ("re-paint") and t. D. As a result, many hydrobionts are in a threatened state, and some are no longer found in nature. For example, among freshwater fish, 92 species (10% of freshwater fauna) are under threat of disappearance. Among them are 52 types of carp, 11 species of soms, 5 types of sturgeon, 6 species of salmon and 18 other species. According to the degree of threatening, these species can be divided into 4 categories (HE Shupinn, Chen Ja, 1998): disappeared (4 species), rare (23), under threat of disappearance (28), potentially threatened (37 species).
Many other types of hydrobionts are also located in the threatever state. Among them are the most famous Dolphin r. Yangtze. Its value for China emphasizes the fact that this animal is often called the "big Panda r. Yangtze". This freshwater dolphin reaches a length of 2.5 m and weighs 135-230 kg. Previously, he dwell on the 1400-kilometer plot of the main channel in the lower and middle course of p. Yangtze, and during the flood migrated to numerous tributaries and the associated lakes. However, in recent years, the situation has deteriorated sharply.
During the traditional weekly inspections of their habitats, held by the Institute of Hydrobiology, Wuhan in 1997-1999, the number of meetings with them was constantly declining. So, in 1997, they were met 11 times (only 17 individuals), 1998 - 5 times (7 animals), 1999 (2 times - 4 dolphins). Calculations of their numbers gave the following results: 1980 - 400, 1991 - 300, 1993 - 150-240, 1995 - less than 100, 2000 - several dozen (Reeves et al., 2000).

The reasons for reducing the number of these dolphins a lot. In 1990 About 40% of their deaths were due to illegal electricity (Zhang et al., 2003). The second important cause of mortality was the explosions carried out to maintain the depths needed for shipping in the fairway. Other factors that influenced their number were pollution of water, noise, clashes with ships, including damage to rowing screws, hitting fishing nets. Completion of construction and operation of HPP "Three Gorges" in the upper reaches. Yangtze, apparently, will lead to the final disappearance of this species and will also negatively affect the state of such rare species as Chinese sturgeon, unpaid guidance pig and the Chinese Alligator (Damming ..., 1990; Fang, 1996). The only possibility of preserving dolphins, according to X. Zhang with co-authors (2003), is the salts of the remaining individuals and their movement in a specially organized reserve.

It should be noted that the organization of reserves in China is paying great attention. In 1988, the State Council for the creation and management of maritime reserves was established. The first marine reserve was created in the early 1990s. Currently, there are about 25 coastal and marine natural reserves with a total area of \u200b\u200b650 thousand hectares. For example, the Sanya Reserve in Hainan Province is organized for the protection of 110 species of a variety of corals, 60 species of bottom algae and the richest sea fauna. It is represented by more than 300 species of fish and 300 kinds of invertebrates (220 mollusks, 70 crustaceans, 10 iglinodes). The area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is 5568 hectares.

In China, there are quite a few internal waters that have the status of protected. One of them, Lake Dalai-Nur, located in the steppes of inner Mongolia, at the end of 2002, was officially entered by UNESCO in the register of world reserves "Man and Biosphere". This lake is among the top five in the country's largest freshwater lakes. It has the size of 80x40 km, over 30 species of fish live in it, as well as a large amount of water birds.

Water resources

The total river flow resources of China are 2800 km 3 / year. This corresponds to 6.6% of the flow of the rivers of the entire world and 19.3% of the total runoff of Asia Rivers. According to this criterion, the country takes 5th place in the world after Brazil, Russia, Canada and the United States. There are more than 1,000 rivers in the country with more than 1000 km 2 each. Most rivers flow east or south and refers to the Pacific Waterborum Basin, which occupies 56.8% of the country's area.
The largest rivers of this basin are Yangtze, Juanhe, Amur, Zhujiang (Sizyan, Pearl), which flow in the eastern part of China.
More than a third of the country's area belongs to the inner drain pools covering the Tibetan Highlands and a significant part of Northern China and Xinjiang. Here the largest river is Tarim. The rivers of the Indian Ocean basin drain the south of Tibetan and West Yunnan-Guizhowsky Highlands. The basin of the Northern Ice Ocean includes only 50 thousand km 2.
The largest river of this basin is the Irtysh, the upper agencies of which are located in the PRC.

Information on important rivers is given in Table. 7.

Table 7. Characteristics of China's largest rivers

Name	Water collection area, km 2		Annual stock
Sunhuhajiang (Sungari)
(Pearl, Sizyan)

China has many lakes. Among them, 2848 natural lakes with an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1 km 2 each, including 130 lakes having a water area of \u200b\u200bmore than 100 km 2.
Most lakes are located in the middle and lower flow pool. Yangtze and on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau.
The characteristic of the largest lakes of the country gives the table. eight.

Table 8. Characteristics of China's largest lakes

Name	Square, km 2	Maximum depth, m	Height above sea level, m		Salinity
Qinghai (Cucunor)				prov. Qinghai
				prov. Jiangsi
Duntinhu				prov. Hunan.
Dalai Nur (Hulundi)				aUTON. Rayon Inner Mongolia.
Hongzsehu				prov. Jiangsi
Nah Tso (Tangri-Nur)				Tibetan autonomous area
Waishanhu				prov. Shandong
				prov. Yunnan

A brief description of the seas that wash the Chinese coast is given in Table. nine.

Table 9. Brief description of the seas, washing the coast of China

The sake of fairness must be said that the area of \u200b\u200bthe Chinese seas itself (within the 12-mile zone) is equal to 348.09 thousand km 2, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe exceptional economic zone (200 miles from the coast) is 3.2 million km 2, while the shore length Lines exceed 30 thousand km.

Despite abundant water resources, per capita is only 2220 m 3 of fresh water per year, this represents only a quarter of the monthly indicator and corresponds to 109 places from 149 countries. It is assumed that by 2030, when China's population will increase to 1.6 billion people, the water supply per capita will decrease to 1760 m 3 / year (China ..., 2001).
The situation aggravates the large uneven distribution of surface and underground flow in various areas, which can be judged by the proposed table.

Table 10. Distribution of renewable water resources by region of China (in cubic meters and percentage of total reserves)

River system		Average annual surface stock		The groundwater
	Northeast
	Highhe-Luanhe
	Southeastern
	Southwestern
	Selfless area
	Summary resource

The disproportion in the distribution of water resources also reflects the fact that the share of the Swanhe, Huiheh rivers basins, as well as the interconnect Northwestern regions, occupying half the country area, where 45% of cultivated agricultural land and lives 36% of the Chinese population, and only 12% of water resources. The average per capita provision of water resources in arid northern and northwestern regions is three times lower than in the south.

The situation is exacerbated by the extreme unevenness of precipitation over the year. For example, in the pool p. Huanghe from the annual amount of precipitation of 400 mm half falls during the rainy season from July to September (Leung, 1996).

The water crisis also contributes to amplifying pollution of surface and groundwater. In 1997, the total sewage volume was 41.6 billion m 3, of which 22.7 billion m 3 were industrial waters and 18.9 billion m 3 - municipal wastewater (Water ..., 1999).
The sewage volume increases by 1.8 billion m 3 annually. 80% of wastewater is discharged into the river without cleaning.
At least 500 million people drink water, not relevant standards (Biryulin, 1994). In accordance with the level of pollution (from high to low), China's largest lakes are located as follows: Dianchi, Chaohu (Western), Sihu, Hongzse, Thai, Duntichhu, Jingbohu, Bagraskel (Bostan), Sinkihu, Erhai. As for coastal waters, the most polluted is the East-China Sea, then follow the Bohai Strait, Yellow and South China Sea (Water ..., 1999).

The changes have significantly affected underground sources. 50% of groundwater in cities are polluted and cannot be used for drinking. In arid seaside areas underground, salted water is increasingly found. Due to the pumping, the volume of which exceeds the replenishment, there is a constant decrease in level. For example, in Beijing, the groundwater level is reduced by 1.5-2 m / year (Water ..., 1999). A similar situation is observed in the North-Chinese Plain, where over the past 5 years, the level on average falls by 1.5 m. Often for irrigation systems, it is necessary to swing water from a 400-meter depth.

The current disadvantageous situation is largely due to the expansion of crops crops requiring abundant irrigation (rice, corn, wheat), a low coefficient of reuse of water in the Chinese industry (now it does not exceed 30%, while in developed countries this value is 75%).

The structure of water consumption is currently the following type: 66% of the entire water is spent on irrigational needs. At the same time, 39.7% of sowing areas (20 years ago, 82% of water was used for these purposes), 23% goes to the needs of the industry (at the beginning of the reforms it was 10.3%), 7% consumes the rural population and about 4% of all water reserves use citizens. In the near future it is not difficult to assume a significant increase in water consumption by the population. With a further economic development, China, like any other country, will be in captivity of the "hygienic revolution", as a result of which the increasing number of people will be used by washable cars, kitchen sinks, flush toilets and bathrooms.

Starting from the time of the formation of the PRC in 1949, the Ministry of Hydrogenation was provided with water (more precisely, freshwater), the Ministry of Hydrogen Energy and Energy, the structure of which many times changed. The main tasks of these ministries treated the implementation of a single water resource management, observations of river channels, lakes and reservoirs of the country, Beregrepnaya work, the organization of work to combat floods, droughts and soil erosion, as well as hydro-elevative construction. In general, water management in the country was divided and, for example, the issues of water supply of cities treated the competence of urban planning agencies (Yao Huaczun, 2002). Currently, the Ministry of Water Resources is in these issues.
China well understand the importance of the problem of ensuring water and to solve it take serious efforts. In the near future, a thorough examination of all water resources of the country is scheduled. Previously, such surveys were performed in 1940s, 1950s and 1997-1998. The upcoming survey is designed for three years and promises to become the most comprehensive and reliable.

You can allocate the following ways to solve the problem:
1) improving the efficiency of water utilization;
2) protection of water resources from pollution;
3) spatial redistribution of surface runoff;
4) Redistribution of surface runoff over time. Consider these paths more likely.

Improving the efficiency of use of water resources

Since agriculture continues the main consumer of water, the main efforts are scheduled to take in this direction. The main way of supplying water to the field is superficial irrigation (watering flooding or watering on furrows), when water is distributed by a self-shot. This method is rather ineffective due to significant loss of water due to its leakage into the ground. It is believed that now the loss of water from the channels due to evaporation and leaks reach 60% (Heilig Et Al., 2000), and the lack of grain harvest due to this is 2.5 million tons annually (Water ..., 1999). To reduce the amount of seepage water, it is planned to transition to the construction of channels with a concrete bottom and the widespread use of plastic pipes.

The increase in the efficiency of water use will contribute to the wide introduction of such methods as spraying (splashing water under pressure on the surface of the irrigation section) and drip irrigation (water supply with small portions through the holes in the pipes located on the surface or shallow depth). These water supply methods are much more efficient. The efficiency of the use of water during the spray is 0.7-0.8, and with drop irrigation 0.9 (Shiklomanov, Markova, 1987), but they are more expensive. To stimulate their implementation, the Chinese authorities have developed a number of measures. The government compensates part of the cost of acquiring hydraulic equipment.

For 50 years, water for irrigation was free, it is now planned to introduce fees for its use. The peasants oppose the introduction of this program, arguing that in 1950-1960, the government attracted huge masses of peasants on the construction of irrigation channels without paying their labor for the construction of irrigation canals.

In 1999, the Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC began to implement a special program for saving water in arid rural areas. The program is scheduled to create new crops with large yield and low water consumption (here the emphasis is placed on biotechnology), the introduction of new moisture-saving methods of soil processing, as well as the terraceing of fields for more economical spending of drain and rainwater. A large number of agronomist specialists are sent to the village for teaching peasants to competent and economical water use. It is planned to increase in the structure of crops of more profitable and less moisthed fruits and vegetables by reducing the share of relatively cheap grain. The growth of singers of sorghum and cotton with a decrease in the cultivation of corn and rice is scheduled. In the northern regions of China, it is already refused to practice two harvests per year, leaving only one culture due to lack of water. Changing the structure of agriculture will affect China's foreign trade. It is expected that the export of fruits and vegetables will be increased, but the need to import wheat, corn and soy (selaubles, 2001) will arise.

Another measure is more efficient use of water in industry, where there is also significant reserves. For example, the production of one ton of steel in China is spent from 23 to 56 m 3 of water, while in the USA, Japan and Germany, its consumption does not exceed 6 m 3. Similarly, on the manufacture of 1 tons of paper, water costs are about 450 m 3, whereas in developed countries about 200 m 3. The main ways are the wide introduction of current water supply with bringing the coefficient of reuse of water to the level of developed countries, a decrease in the country's share in the country's economy of the water-intensive industries (power engineering, petrochemistry and pulp and paper industry).

Water protection against pollution

In many cases, existing water resources cannot be

used due to their unsatisfactory state. Currently, 90% of the rivers and water bodies are largely polluted. Of the 32 Chinese megacities, thirty have water supply problems. Shanghai example is indicative. One of the rivers feeding the city is SuchoHehhe - as a result of strong pollution, completely written off as a source of water supply, in the second (Huangpuchanian) water acceptable water can be taken only in the upper reaches (Biryulin, 1994).

The Ministry of Water Resources are now introduced special licenses for the use of water, new rules of drilling of wells are being developed, for pumping water from underground sources, special permissions are now required, the discharges of pollutants in the reservoirs are rigidly regulated, other measures of administrative and financial impact on organizations and individuals are being developed. Polluting water resources. The fulfillment of all 44 articles "of the PRC Law on the Prevention of Pollutation of the Water Environment" was significantly tougher, adopted in 1985

Spatial redistribution of surface runoff

The characteristic feature of China is extremely uneven

providing water resources of various parts of the country. In the pool r. Yangtzi The volume of the river flow, coming on 1 hectare of land, ten times more than in the Swanhe and Huihe River basins, and 26 times more than in the Highhe and Luanhe River basins (Shiklomanov, Markova, 1987). Naturally, this circumstance has long encountered a thought if not about liquidation, then at least about mitigating such disproportion. The first large-scale experience of this kind was built in the Yii-YiII centuries a great channel, having a length of 1794 km and the feeding water from the mouth of the janctz near the city of Hangzhou to Beijing. Already in our time, a number of other projects were implemented: the transfer of part of the runoff r. Luanhe (1.1 km 3) kg. Tianjin, transfer of part of the runoff r. Huanghe in the capital of Hubei Province G. Wuhan, etc.

However, all these transits do not go to any comparison with the project "South-North", on the beginning of the implementation of which was announced on November 25, 2002. It is believed that for the first time the thought of Him said Mao Zedong in 1952. The cost of the project is estimated at 59 billion dollars. Its implementation is designed for 48 years. It is envisaged to begin the drainage in the lower reaches of the r. Yangtze near the city of Yangzhou, partially using the Great Canal Hangzhou-Beijing cross the four large lakes (Hongzse, scrap, Nansi and Dunpine), then in the tunnel to go under the route Juanhe, go to the great canal in the city of Dunge and, finally, divided by Three sleeves cross the eastern part of the North-Chinese Plain. The main technical complexity is the need to overcome the considerable height of the area (the territory receiving water is located 40 m higher than the place of water intake). To raise large volumes of water in such a height, the construction of 10 powerful pumping stations consumes about 5 billion kW per year of electricity. The channel length will be about 1300 km, and the total amount of transformation will be 44.8 km 3 / year (14.8 km 3 / year - East, 13 km 3 / year - Central and 17 km 3 / year - West Sleeve, respectively). It is expected that the East Canal will be built by 2005 (its value is $ 7 billion), Central by 2010 and West to 2050

The main environmental problems due to the implementation of the project will increase the range of seawrage penetration of up to 120 km due to a decrease in the runoff on the mouth of the p. Yangtza, which will lead to a deterioration in the conditions of water supply Shanghai, the strengthening of eutrophing processes in intersectable lakes due to excess in the varied phosphorus and nitrogen water, it is assumed that water mineralization will increase with 200 mg / liter in the target of water intake to 500 mg / liter on the end site. Some concern also caused the possibility of transfer to the north of pathogens of schistosomatosis. This disease is widespread in the southern regions of China. However, based on the fact that the larvae Helmint-Shistosomes die at temperatures below -2 o with their distribution north of the r. Huanghe is recognized as unlikely (Shiklomanov, Markova, 1987).

Redistribution of surface runoff in time

A serious problem is a large non-uniformity of river runoff for a year. Only 27% of the drain can be used for economic needs, its remaining part falls on floods (Shiklomanov, Markova, 1987). This circumstance determines the urgent need to smooth water consumption by cutting the peaks of large seals and increasing the volume of water in the arid period. Such a redistribution of river flow in time is achieved by the creation of reservoirs. The practice of their facilities exists in China from ancient times. According to the total number of reservoirs, China ranks first in the world, although according to their total volume it is only in fifth place, yielding the United States, Russia, Canada and Brazil (Avakian, etc., 1987). Since the early 1950s, China has built over 85 thousand small reservoirs with a total of 479.7 km3 and 2953 large and medium-sized dams with 417 km3 reservoirs. In the PRC, almost all medium and small rivers are regulated by the dumps with a length of 347 thousand km and 31 thousand hydraulic shutters. It should be noted that dams and dams are often in unsatisfactory technical condition. According to China Daily dated March 23, 1999, almost 33 thousand small and medium-sized dams need to be repaired, which requires investments in the amount of 3.6 billion dollars (Heilig et al., 2001).

In recent years, a number of projects are implemented in China, in particular, at many years and seasonal flow regulation. The most significant objects should include the largest HPP "Three Gorges" in the world, built since 1994 in the middle course of p. Yangtze. The reservoir of 39.4 km 3 will allow regulating the river stock, reduce the likelihood of flooding, will improve the water supply of industrial and agricultural enterprises in a large area. The construction of the HPP is scheduled to be completed by 2011 since September 1991, work is underway to implement a multi-purpose hydraulic project in the middle course of p. Huanghe (130 km downstream Sanmensxia). Creating a reservoir with a volume of 1.65 km 3 will allow you to irrigate more than a million hectares of arid lands.

All described measures to solve the problem of water resources require huge costs. Stormy economic growth experienced by China in recent years, allows such expenses. In addition, the ever-growing volumes of investment in the Chinese economy of foreign countries and international organizations make the implementation of the planned grand plans even more real. The amount of national costs for water management in 2002 was equal to $ 5 billion, and an increase compared with the previous year was 16%, which is the highest indicator in the world.

Mineral and raw materials and energy resources

China is extremely rich in mineral resources, according to their cumulative stocks, he ranks third in the world. Of the approximately two hundred types of existing mineral resources in its depths of industrial scales, there are 156 species, including 9 energy, 54 metal, 90 non-metals, 3 other liquid and gaseous minerals. In recent years, China invests large funds in the search and exploration of deposits. So, in 2001, 22.7 billion yuan (2.7 billion dollars) were spent on these purposes. The gross value of the products produced by the Chinese mining industry in 2001 amounted to 479 billion yuan (58 billion dollars).

By the nature of the use of mineral resources can be divided as follows (Mirzhahanova, 2003):
1) Fuel and energy (oil, gas, coals, slates, uranium ores, etc.);
2) ore of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chromium);
3) non-ferrous metals (zinc, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, tin, tungsten, etc.);
4) ore of noble metals (gold, platinum, silver);
5) mining raw materials (phosphorites, apatite, sulfur, salt, bromine, etc.);
6) precious and diverse stones (diamond, grenade, corundum, etc.);
7) non-metallic industrial raw materials (mica, graphite, quartz, asbestos, etc.);
8) non-metallic building materials (marble, clay, granite, etc.);
9) Hydromineral raw materials (underground fresh and mineralized water).
Consider the state of affairs with these categories of mineral resources.

1.To fuel and energy resources

The most safe is the case with coal. The explored reserves of stone coal in China make up a little more than 1 trillion t (second place in the world after the United States), while their constant replenishment occurs. So in 2001, reserves were additionally confirmed in 1.64 billion tons. Approximately half of the coal is in Shaanxi and inner Mongolia. Large reserves are also available in Anhui, Guizhou, Shanxi and Ninxia-Huieu Autonomous Area. For coal mining, the country ranks first in the world. Of the total amount of 1.35 billion tons, mined in 1997 (Rodionova, Bunakova, 1999), about half accounts for 60 thousand small coal kits and local cuts, the other half into large state mines.

Despite the fact that China is the first country that opened the possibility of oil use, the development of the modern oil industry began only in the 1950s. Until 1949, only two small deposits were developed in the country that made 120 thousand tons of crude oil annually. Currently, in proven oil reserves (4.0 billion tons), China is located in the 9th place in the world (Mirzhahanova, 2003), and on extraction (162 million tons in 2000) - the fifth. The largest deposits are Dacin in Heilongjiang Province (40% of all extraction), Shengley in Hebei Province (23%) and Liaohe in Liaoning Province (8%).

Officer pools are also widespread in central and western regions of China, but they are not yet mastered due to poor transport accessibility. The most promising here are the Tarim Wpadina (four fields with total proven reserves of 270 million tons), the Dzungar Bowl (three fields with proven stocks 320 million tons) and Wpadina Tulufan Hami (two deposits with proven reserves 200 million tons). It is worth mentioning about more than forty marine oil-free basins containing about 1.2 billion tons. The most promising here are the Bohai shed in the yellow sea, the estuary r. Pearl and South China Sea. The process and exploration of deposits are spent impressive rates and only in 2001, reserves amounted to 727 million tons.

Gas fields are quite closely related to petroleum. According to the explored reserves of natural gas, China is not among the leading countries, however, such a prospect is not excluded in the future. Recently open fields in Western China have the following reserves: in the Tarim Wpadin - 110 billion m 3, in the Dzhungar Both - 52 billion m 3, in the Turfan and Khami hollows - 25 billion m 3. Natural gas reserves in the South China Sea in coastal waters about. Hainan Chinese experts are assessed by a huge amount of 13 trillion tons, but these deposits are not yet explored, besides, Vietnam pretends to some of them. Nevertheless, the increase in reserves is a rapid pace and only in 2001 it amounted to 430 billion m3. The extraction of natural gas is still mainly carried out in the Sichuan basin, however, the development of other deposits is not far off. In 2000, 30.5 billion m 3 Gas (Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2002) was produced.

From other types of fuel and energy resources, radioactive minerals and combustible shale deserve attention. The first are represented in China mainly uranium and thorium. According to the reserves of uranium ores (0.5 thousand tons), the country ranks 6th in the world. As for combustible shale, more than 180 deposits with total reserves of 400 billion tons are known in the country. Their mining is mainly produced in the south and northeast of China.

2. Rudes of black metals

The best thing is the case with iron ores. Their stocks are estimated at almost 50 billion tons, which is about 19% of global. China is an explicit leader and prey. So in 1996, 249.5 million tons were mined, whereas in Brazil (second place) only 170 million tons (Mirzakhhanov, 2003). The main deposits are an Answan swimming pool in Liaoning province, Panzhihua Pool in Sichuan province, as well as deposits in the eastern part of Hebei Province.

3.Reads of non-ferrous metals

Of non-ferrous metals, things are most safely dealt with tungsten, tin, tantalum, zinc, molybdenum, lead and mercury. For all these positions, China is among the leaders. Tungsten is included in the composition of superterald wear-resistant tool alloys, mainly in the form of carbide and is used in electrollamp incandescent lamps. The main ore minerals are tungsten and sheelit. In China, 42% of the world's voltage reserves are concentrated (mainly in the form of tungsten).

China World Leader in Tin Production (61 thousand tons in 1995). Along with Australia, he is a leading lead producer, their share accounts for 16% of lead ore mining. Together with Chile, China divides second place for the extraction of molybdenum (18 thousand tons) used mainly to doping steels, here the leader is the United States (59 thousand tons). The largest deposits of Molybdenum (Sandaochean and Jingduich) are located in the provinces of Henan and Shaanxi (Mao et al, 2002b). The PRC ranks fifth in the world by tantalum reserves used in electronics and to create superhard alloys for metal-cutting tools.

4. ores of noble metals

Of the noble metals, the most favorable situation with gold. Over the past years, China has consistently holds the fifth place in the world for the extraction of this metal, and there is a prospect of improving this indicator, since the lag from Brazil is very slightly. More than 70% of Chinese gold resources are concentrated in the boundary parts of the North-Chinese platform and adjacent orogenic belts (Mao et al., 2002a). The following golden areas can be attributed to the richest areas: 1) the Ziadun peninsula along the eastern outskirts of the platform; 2) Golden provinces in the Datsinshan mountains, Yanlao and Changbayashan along the northern outskirts; 3) Xiao Cinlin-XUN "Ershan along the South-central outskirts of the platform; 4) Mount Cinlin along the south-western outskirts of the platform. In each of these areas there are several dozen fields. For example, in the area Xiao Cinlin-XUN" Ershan, located in The eastern part of the province of Henan and the western part of Shaanxi Province, more than a hundred fields and ores were found, of which there are reserves of more than 20 tons each, and the total reserves exceed 400 tons. Gold content ranges from 5.1 to 20.3 g / t (MAO et al., 2002a). Significant gold reserves (about 300 tons) are also concentrated in the Mao et al, 2002b mountains. The largest here are the Bagumao deposits (80 tons), Shuanwan and Dongbayji (more than 60 tons each) and Dashui (46 tons). The gold deposits are also in other areas of China. So, in 1995, the Hanshan deposit in the northern part of Gansu Province was opened. Currently, its reserves are estimated at 60 tons (Mao et al, 2000).

5. Rare-earth metals

Rare-earth metals include lanthanis and lanthanoids (a family of 14 chemically similar elements - from cerium to lutection). In this category also include yttrium and scandiums - metals that are most often found in nature along with lanthanoids and close to them by chemical properties. Rare-earth metals are used in the form of mixtures and individually as alloying additives in steels and alloys, for the manufacture of magnetic materials, special braids. In recent years, the demand for separate rare-earth elements, as well as an image used as a phonophore for color television, is growing. The main ore minerals of rare lands are monazith and Basnezit. The most famous mineral Yttria - Xenotim. The world's largest Basenzoye Field of Bayan-Operates with complex rare-earth and iron ores is in the inner Mongolia. In general, about 45% of the world's reserves of rare earth elements (43 million tons) are concentrated in China.

6. Mining raw materials

Of all kinds of mining raw materials, it is best to do with antimony. It is mainly used for the manufacture of flame retardants (mainly in the form of Sb 2 O 3 oxide), lowering flammability of wood, tissues and other materials. The antimony is also used in the chemical industry, in semiconductors, in the manufacture of ceramics and glass, as a lead hardener in automotive batteries. The main ore mineral - antimonite. The PRC concentrates 52% of the world stocks of antimony, estimated at 6 million tons.

China ranks second in the world in the prey of the cook salt, it accounts for 14%. Its source are numerous salted lakes and sea water. Almost all salty lakes are located in the inner sideless areas of the country, such as Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang-Uigur Autonomous Area. The largest is Lake Qinghai, the second in size - Lake us-Tso, located on the eastern outskirts of the basin r. Tarim and the most highly mountainous large salt lake in the world. In turn, the lowest salty salt lake of the country is Aydinkel in the Turfan Vpadina, which is at a mark of 154 m below sea level. The maximum number of salted lakes is focused on the North Tibetan plateau (more than 420) and in the Tsaidam depression (about a hundred lakes with a total area of \u200b\u200b8,500 km2 and the total reserves of about 100 billion tons.). The main mining from salty lakes is made on Lakes Jiltytai and Yabulay in the inner Mongolia and Schove in the Yunchensky area, Shanxi Province. In obtaining seawater salts, China is also a recognized leader. The area of \u200b\u200bsalt evaporations is 430 thousand hectares. In 1997, China produced more than 29 million tons of salt. The main chemical products obtained from it are potassium and magnesium chlorides, bromide and ammonium compounds. Only on bromide and calcium chloride, annual production is more than 50 thousand tons for each position. The situation with phosphates is very well safe. In 1995, it accounted for 15% of their production (third place in the world after the United States and Morocco).

7. Precious and Delicate Stones

From this category of minerals, nephritis reserves are the most important. The main nephite placers of China are located in the valleys of Rivers Yarkd, Khotan, Keria and Karaman on the northern slopes of the Kunlun Range. These deposits (together with indigenous) are located within the strip stretched in the sub-lift direction by 600 km with a width of 100 km.

It is quite safely afflicted with other types of mineral resources (non-metallic industrial raw materials, non-metallic building materials and hydromineral raw materials). Although China does not apply to world leaders, however, it provides its needs.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the energy resources of China. Those of them associated with fuel and energy mineral resources are previously considered. Here we are talking about renewable energy sources, which includes wind, wave, tidal, solar, geothermal, bioenergetic, hydropower and other energy resources.

The country ranks first in the world in the reserves of hydropower resources (680 million kW), which is explained by two circumstances:
1) a significant amount of surface runoff (2800 km 3 / year, which is almost equal to the drain of the whole of Europe);
2) the origins of most large rivers are located on the high-altitude Tibetan Highlands and for their top flow are characterized by waterfalls.

China is very well provided with heavy helicores. About two thirds of its territory receive a total annual insolation exceeding 1.64 kWh / m 2, while the duration of solar radiance in these areas exceeds 2,200 hours per year (Li et al., 1997). Wind energy reserves are also large enough. The wind potential of the country is 3200 gigovatt, of which about 253 gigovatt are suitable for technical use. As of the end of 1995, about 140 thousand small wind generators were working in China with a capacity of 50 watts to 5 kilowatts with a total installed capacity of 17 megawatts.

The PRC is a world leader in biogas production from agricultural waste. There are significant reserves of geothermal energy focused in Tibet and Yunnan Province. The first geothermal power station with a capacity of 7 thousand kW was built in Tibet back in 1977. China has tremendous reserves of tidal energy, which is estimated at 13.28 trillion kilowatt, and potential annual production in 62436 billion kW / hour.
The tidal power station in the province of Chezjiang with a capacity of 3 thousand kW was built in 1985, the reserves of osmotic energy based on salting differences are estimated at 125 million kW.

China Recreational Resources

Recreational resources can be divided as follows (geoecological foundations ..., 1991):
1) Natural (hydrological, climatic, forest, landscape, geological, hydrogeological, specially protected natural complexes);
2) resortwork (mineral waters, healing dirt, etc.); Other famous waterfalls include Dyoshuyloau (two of its sleeves flow from Lake Dzinbochi, have a height of 20-25 m and a width of 40-45 m), LUNTAN FEYPU near the city of Tishan, Dathan Waterfall near the border with Vietnam (width 200 m, the height of the fall 70 m), Shatundepa on r. Hashuihe, having seven cascades, and others.

In many cases, certain types of natural recreational resources are not important, namely by their combination. For example, hydrological resources are closely related to climatic. The most important factors for all types of resting on the beach and swimming and the most attractive characteristics of sea resorts is the duration of solar radiance along with the daily maximum temperature (Smith, 1978). From this point of view, Hainan Island is allocated, which is a recognized maritime recreation center.

The most famous zone of tourism and recreation on this island is the area of \u200b\u200bSanya. Even in winter, the water temperature is 18-22 0 s, there is a wide range of marine entertainment - water parks, diving, jumps for jumping into water, boats, etc. For the development of underwater tourism, a special submarine is operated, capable of immersed with 40 passengers on The depth of 50 m. For one hour, tourists examine coral reefs with their rich life. It should be noted that in general the Chinese coast is very favorable for the development of maritime tourism. There are more than 1,500 sections with one or another recreational value, 196 Chinese coastal cities are actively involved in the development of maritime tourism.

For ski resorts, a combination of hydrological (abundance of snow) and climatic (period duration with negative temperatures) of resources is also important. At first glance, the territory of China by virtue of a sufficiently southern location is little suitable for the development of such a type of tourism. Back in 1994, the ski industry in the country practically did not exist. Only 200 Chinese had ski skills. However, in recent years, the country has survived a real ski boom. Now the number of ski resorts exceeds hundreds, of which about ten in their capabilities and equipment correspond to Western standards. In most resorts, only one slope is still operated, which are also not long and cool. Nevertheless, there are opportunities for their upgrades. Now the variants of the development of the ski and sump along the herbal slope in the summer months are being studied.

The recognized leader among the ski resorts of the country is the resort of Yabuli, located 195 km from Harban (within the city of Shangzhi) and occupying area 23 km 2. It is equipped with 9 lifts, has 11 ski slopes (length up to 3080 m, width 40 m, average tilt 22.60), as well as the world's longest sled highway. In addition, the skiing springboard, special platforms for lovers of slalom and freestyle are constructed. Snow here is held from November to April, its maximum thickness reaches 1 m. In 1996, III Asian Winter Games were held in Yanguli, in which 494 athletes from 16 countries participated. China has already nominated the province of Heilongjiang as a candidate for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe leading ski resorts of China gives Table. 12.

Table 12. Brief information on China's leading ski resorts

A significant recreational resource is the rich Fauna of China. In recent years, hunting tourism has received a great development. In 1985, the American of Chinese origin Liu's goal put forward a proposal to organize research in China's hunting resources. At the same time, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved the creation of Tashansky hunting economy for foreigners in the province of Heilongjiang, which resolves the hunt for the root, of the Rubel, and Kaban. Currently, China has 24 hunting farms for foreigners, occupying a total area of \u200b\u200b6527 km2. Mainly, they are in the province of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Heilongjiang and Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Area. Foreign hunting tourism can be divided into two categories. The first includes hunting for large animals, and quite often on their rare species. The hunt for them is quite difficult and prices are very high.
For example, for the shooting of one gold Takin (a mammal family of solutions having a body length to 220 cm, and a height in the withers to 130 cm, and a 12 thousand dollars must be paid to the international red book). Rates for the extraction of other animals: a mountain goat - 4900, Indian Zamble (deer weighing up to 300 kg) - 3900, deer - 3500, blue ram - 2500, Jaran, Tibetan dazenen and Chinese Muzzhak - 1200, boar - 800 dollars. It should be noted that this is only the price of Trophy. In addition, the cost of a ticket includes payment of nutrition, accommodation, travel and other services, which is within the hunting tour (8-12 days) for even 3-5 thousand dollars. From the moment American Klagn Burger in October 1997 killed a blue ram for $ 10,600, more than 700 large wild animals were shot by foreign hunters. The second category includes hunting for geese, ducks and other waterfowl. It is especially popular among citizens of South Korea and Japan. The average price of one killed bird - 17 dollars.

National parks can be attributed to biological recreational resources, the number of which is constantly growing in China. For example, on January 23, 1996, such a park was opened not far from Harban. It contains 30 amur tigers. People watch them without leaving special tourist buses, while animals use full freedom of movement. During this time, the park visited more than 350 thousand people.

Geological recreational resources are also determined. For example, China refers to the number of countries with the wide development of karst processes and, accordingly, the large spread of karst forms of relief. There are many caves attracting tourists in the country. In the south and south-west of the eastern part of China, there is the most extensive area of \u200b\u200bthe world of karst forms of relief. Along with usual there are also specific forms, such as Silin (Stone Forest). Extremely picturesque high remains were formed as a result of a combination of intensive karst process with river water activities of the Joints and Zhujiang pools (Samburov, Medvedev, 1991). The strongest Forest has a "stone forest" 85 km from Kunmina, having an area of \u200b\u200bseveral square kilometers.

2. Resort Recreational Resources

China also has considerable resortwork resources. In particular, there is a large number of fields of thermal mineral waters in the country. Their reserves are especially great in the Tianjin district, located in the northern part of the Great Chinese Plain. Thermal water tanks are mainly confined to the carbonate rocks of the upper paleozoic and the middle proteoda, the water temperature exceeds 900 C. The total power of the layer of sedimentary rocks containing mineral waters exceeds 1000 m. Total has 13 aquifers of sandstone, closer to the surface the water temperature decreases and is 25-700 C. All aquifers contain high-quality mineral water suitable for medical use (Liao et al., 2000).

3. Architectural and historical recreational resources

As for architectural and historical recreational resources, China is extremely rich in this regard. The country is a sample of one of the most ancient civilizations, the monuments of which are preserved in many places. In various historical epochs, the capitals were Beijing, Xi'an, Nanjing, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Hangzhou and Anyang. However, since architectural and historical recreational resources are not actually natural, they are not considered here.

It is assumed that in 2003 the income of the country from foreign tourism will be $ 21.5 billion, and from the internal 425 billion yuan, which in the amount will be $ 72 billion. And 8.5% will exceed the income of 2002. In the coming years, the People's Republic of China intends to pay increased attention to the development of the tourist market of the United States and Germany and attracting tourists from India. From October 17 to October 24, 2003, the 15th session of the World Tourist Organization was held in China, which took about 70 ministers from the participating countries of this organization, as well as over 1000 of its representatives. In the plans of China by 2020 to become the first country in the world in terms of the number of people who come to tourists and enter the 4th place on visiting tourism.

The question of the provision of the future economic growth of the PRC with minerals has already been attracted for quite a long time and in China itself, and abroad. It should be noted that the forecast estimates of a number of Chinese experts are Alarmist in nature and, voluntarily or unwittingly, contribute to the formation of ideas about China's readiness to engage in a kind of planetary war for accessing unauthorized mineral resources. So, the forecast received in the early 1990s, according to which by year 2000 its own production should be lower than the country's needs about half of the 45 most important types of minerals, and after 2020 - in their absolute majority. This convection was produced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China in December 2002. Report of the Group of Experts "Fossil Resources and Development of China's Economy", which predicted for the period up to 2020, a huge deficit and a high degree of country support for imports on oil, gas, copper and aluminum. In particular, the needs of the PRC in oil at 2020 predicted in the range of 550 to 640 million tons, and up to 500 million tons were supposed to import. Although the Alarmism of the authors of the report was recognized as excessive, he clearly served as one of the reasons for a detailed study of the country's leadership of the problem of the resource of China and the formation of accentuated politiciansin this area.

In a concentrated form, this policy was formulated in the White Book "Chinese policy of relatively minerals" (December 2003), in the study of the Engineering Academy of China "Chinese Strategy for Sustainable Development of Oil and Gas Resources" (represented by the Prime Minister of the State Council of the PRC on June 25, 2004) , in the "medium and long-term program of energy savings", developed by the State Committee on Reform and Development (November 2004). China is focused on ensuring the fulfillment of modernization requirements, at least in the period up to 2020, in a support mainly to master their mineral reserves, including through attracting foreign investments and technologies.

People's Republic of China by size - 9.6 million square meters. Kilometers - is in third place in the world after the Russian Federation and Canada. At the same time, a significant part of the territory of China is occupied by mountains, alpine plateaus, deserts and other inconveniences. According to the surveys of the national territory, the mountains account for about a third of the territory of the PRC (3.2 million square meters. Km), on the mountain plateau - 26% (2.5 million square meters), for hilly lands - about 10% (0.95 million square meters). The most convenient for life and economic activities of the plains and the basins occupy 12% respectively (1.15 million square meters) and about 19% (1.8 million square meters) of the country. At an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, there are 25% of the territory of the PRC, from 500 to 1000 m - 17% and from 1000 to 2000 m - 25.1%. In general, the peculiarities of the physical geography of China predetermine the increased concentration of the population at a relatively small area represented mainly by Primorye and a number of internal provinces (Henan, Sichuan, Chongqing) at a low population density in extensive high-mountainous and desert areas (Tibet, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Area).

The potential of economic use of the territory also directly depends on the number of precipitation and average annual temperatures. In China stand out four types of climatic zones: wet (humid), which occupies 32% of the country's territory (mainly southeast, southern and southwestern provinces); Semi-discharge (15%), semi-sized (22%) and arid (rental) - 31% of the territory. Northern Regions of China (Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei) seriously suffer from progressive desertification.

land Fund structure The PRC is as follows (see Table 1).

Table 1

Land Fund of the PRC

Compiled by: Zhongo Tongji Nyanjian-2004 (Chinese Statistical Yearbook-2004). Beijing 2004: 5-6.

The size pashnya In China, the year from year to go somewhat. There is, in particular, not always a legitimate seizure of arable land for urban and industrial construction. In addition, in the Western regions of the country there is a special program for the return of arable land in a natural natural state. In general, Pashny Square in China by the end of 2003 decreased to 123.4 million hectares. China has less than 10% of world arable land with its share in the population of the planet in 22%.

The average pashnya size in the PRC is now only 0.095 hectares, or only 46.4% of the average level. In addition, 60% of Pashnya is located in areas with a lack of water or seriously suffering from saline, soil erosion and desertification.

The situation somewhat improves the possibility of obtaining repeated crops on the territory of the country during the year - the total sowing area under the agricultural culisters in 2003 amounted to 152.4 million hectares. In general, limited arable land implies particularly high demands on the intensity of crop production in the PRC, which has its limits. In the future, the factor of lack of arable land can have a certain inhibitory effect on the economic growth of China.

According to the 1996 agricultural census, the total area of \u200b\u200bland used in rural and forestry, amounted to 640.5 million hectares. In addition to Pashnyi, it includes forests (including forest stages) - 227.6 million hectares; Pastures - 266.1 million hectares, gardens - 10.0 million hectares, fish farms - 6.8 million hectares.

Nice security of China pastures allows him to have one of the world's largest livestock in the world (sheep, goats). At the same time, despite the consistent large-scale trainer program, the average per capita level of obstascence of the territory of the PRC is only 13.9% of the average level (according to other data - 17%). China practically stopped the deforestation of its own forests and is one of the world's largest importers of round forest and timber.

Water reserves China (understood as the annual volume of river flow) is estimated at 2.8 trillion m 3. In the peroxide calculation, this is about 2,200 cubic meters per person, or ¼ from the average level. Additional problems create uneven distribution of water resources throughout the country. Its northern part, which concentrated 64% of Pashny Square, accounts for only 19% of water resources. In the second half of the 1990s, the annual direct economic damage to China from the lack of water was estimated at 200 billion yuan (24 billion dollars).

Extremely high level of pollution of freshwater. The volume of wastewater discharge in 2003 reached 68 billion tons (three times more than in 1980), of which 66% had to be manufactured and 34% on household drains. A third of industrial and two thirds of domestic drainage fall into the river without preliminary cleaning.

The question of the degree of threatening China in the prospect of water deficiency remains discussion. In the late 1990s, this factor was considered as hardly the main limiter of economic growth in the country after 2010, along with the lack of significant increase in water consumption in the period 1998-2001. (by year, respectively, 547 billion m 3, 559, 550 and 551 billion m 3), a complex of water-saving activities (not least - a significant increase in water fees in many cities of China) and, the main thing, the beginning of construction at the end of 2002 the first , In 2003 - the second of three conceived hydraulic systems on the transfer of water from the pool r. Yangtze to the northern arid areas clearly softened pessimism at this stage regarding China's water supply prospects. There is no doubt, however, that the PRC strongly needs consistent large-scale efforts to wastewater treatment and in the upbringing of the corresponding environmental thinking in its population.

The PRC has large hydropower resources - 676 \u200b\u200bmillion kW, from which 379 million kW can be practically involved.

In recent years, China has noticeably activated the use of coastal resources moreley.. The gross cost of production based on the use of marine and ocean resources in 2000 exceeded 413 billion yuan (about $ 50 billion), of which more than 50% had to produce water fishery and about 10% for oil and gas production. The share of the value added of the "marine economy" in China's GDP amounted to 2.6%.

The trouble-free development of the marine economy complicates the availability of disputes regarding the state affiliation of a number of sections of the seasy seas. So, the subject of disputes are the marine water area of \u200b\u200b73 thousand square meters. km in yellow sea, 210 thousand square meters. km in the East China Sea and a significant part of the territory in the South China Sea.

China has a relatively complete set mineral. To date, deposits 171 of type 171 were found in the country and reserves of 158 mineral types were identified. China is one of the world leaders in the reserves of rare earth elements, coal, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony, titanium, gypsum, magnesite, barite, fluorite, talc and graphite. According to such types of minerals, like iron ore, manganese, aluminum, copper, phosphorus, prevailing poor deposits. A rather sharp lack country is experiencing in diamonds, platinum, chromite, potash salt. The volume of proven stocks of basic mineral types in China in 2003 is presented in Table 2.

table 2

Stocks of the main minerals of China as of 2003.

Ending table.

Source: Zhongo Tongji Nyanjiang (China-2004 Statistical Yearbook). Beijing 2004: 9.

The PRC is the third country in the world in general reserves of minerals, which in the middle of 2004 were estimated at 16.56 trillion dollars. However, according to their per capita volume - 15.1 thousand dollars. - China takes only the 53rd place. According to modern estimates, the recoverable coal reserves per person per person are about 90 tons, or half the average level. For oil, these indicators are 2.6 tons and 12.5%, and by natural gas - 1074 m 3 and 4.5%.

At the same time, it is impossible not to take into account the rather weak geological study of China and the real perspective of the detection of new large deposits of various types of minerals. An example of this kind can be the detection of large natural gas deposits in Xinjian and the inner Mongolia, which allowed to build the East-West gas pipeline (Urumchi-Shanghai).

As of 2002, China has 489 large, 1025 medium and over 145 thousand small mines and mines (including sand and clay careers), which provided employment about 9 million people. China is a major coal producer, steel, ten basic types of non-ferrous metals, cement (in these positions it takes 1st place in the world), phosphoric ore (2nd), pyrite, oil (5th).

The volume of foreign trade in energy and mining products in 2002 amounted to 111 billion dollars. - 18% of foreign trade turnover of the country. China is a net importer of crude oil, iron ore, manganese ore, copper concentrate and potash fertilizer. In significant quantities, they are exported: lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, antimony, rare earth elements, flood spat, barium, talc, graphite.

Exit in 2003-2004 The trajectory of economic growth has more than 9% per year led to a jump-like increase in China's demand for imported mineral resources. The volume of their importation in 2003 exceeded $ 102 billion. . The import of oil is particularly growing, which increased from 91.1 million tons in 2003 to 122.7 million tons in 2004, and iron ore - respectively, from 148 million tons to 208 million tons.

Officials in China state that dependence on the import of fossil resources adversely affects the safe and interests of the translational development of the state. According to the head of the state administration of the geological exploration of the People's Republic of China, Maine Syanlay, "The deficit of fossil resources has already become one of the key factors that slow down the process of economic and social development of the country"

Relief and minerals

China belongs to the number of rich mineral resources. Here are extracted: stone coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. Within the Sinai shield, the largest coal deposits in the country in the country are focused (which in its origin goes back to the Jurassic period), oil (mainly Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic period). The fields of non-ferrous and rare metals are the largest, of which the first place in the world is the first place in the world, are located within the South China massif, here you also produce antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper and Dr. and in Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Hingane are deposits of gold and other precious metals.

Agroclimatic resources

One of the main factors affecting the climatic features of China is, first of all, the position of the country within three belts: moderate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, a large amount of mainland territory, internal areas, as well as the seaside position of the eastern and southern regions, has a large influence.

The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the north (and in the north of Big Hingane to -30) and up to +18 in the south. In the summer, the temperature regime is more diverse: the average temperature of July in the north is +20, and in the south +28.

Annual rainfall decreases as it moves from the south-east (2000 mm in the south-east, the mainland of China, 2600 mm on the island of Hainan) in the north-west (on the Tarim Plain places up to 5 mm and less).

By temperature regime in China distinguish the southern and northern parts. The first is temperate and warm even in the winter climate, and the second with cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between the summer and winter. On the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively wet, and the western arid zone is distinguished.

Land resources

In many ways, the climatic and relief features of the country led to a wide variety of soils in China. For the western part, desert-steppe complexes are characterized. In the outside of the Tibetan part, brown and brown soils are dominated by dry steppes, as well as dry-brown deserts, with significant areas of stony, or salt diary. A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of serozles, mountain-chestnut and mountain-meadow soils. On the Tibetan highlands are more common than the soils of alpine deserts.

For the eastern part of China, the typical soils accompanying forest associations, and the most common on this territory are: ferrous-podzolic, brown forests - in the mountains and meadow dark color - on the plains of the northeast. Yellowemes, reds and laaterites, mainly in mountain varieties are common in the south of the country.

Largely on the features of the formation of soil resources of China influenced the centuries-old cultivation of the ancient agricultural culture of the rice country, which led to a change in soils and the formation, in essence, special types, such as "rice swampy" - in the south and "east-carbonate" - on Ledsova plateau.

Water resources

Features of the relief reflected first of all on the distribution of water resources of the country. The most wet are the southern and eastern parts having a thick and strongly branched system. In these areas, the largest rivers in China - Yangtze and Huanghe proceed. These are also related to the same: Amur, Sungari, Yaloha, Sizyan, Cagno. The rivers of Eastern China are mostly multi-way and shipping, and their regime is characterized by unevenness of seasonal flow - the minimum costs in winter and the maximum - in the summer. On the plains, the flood is often caused by a rapid spring and summer melting of snow.

Western, arid part of China poor rivers. Basically they are small, shipping on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers of this area do not have drain in the sea, and they are episodic. The largest rivers of this area - Tarim, Black Irtysh, or, Edzin-goal. The largest rivers, carrying their waters in the ocean, are frozen in Tibetan Highlands.

China is rich not only by rivers, but also lakes. Severe two main types:

textonic and water-erosion. The first are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the second in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lobnor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Especially numerous lakes on Tibetan Highlands. Most of the plain lakes, as well as rivers, smallwomen, many without rapid and salted. In the eastern part of China, the largest dunnchi, smoke, thai, located in the Basin of the Yanji River; Hongszohu and Gaohuh - in the pool of the River Juanhe. In a flood, many of these lakes become natural reservoirs of the country.

Flora and fauna

The special geographical position of China, due to which it is immediately in three belts: moderate, subtropical and tropical, has an impact not only on the formation of climatic conditions, relief and soil resources, but, above all, on the diversity and wealth of the country's plant and animal world. It is not by chance that this flora and fauna of China has more than 30 thousand species of various plants. It is also characteristic that of 5 thousand wood-shrub species of about 50 are found only in China. The relics of an ancient flora are also numerous. For a variety of forest breeds, China ranks first in the world. It grown such valuable technical rocks such as poppy and greasy trees, tung, oilseed and suma camellia.

There are two main parts in the country in the nature of vegetation cover: Eastern and Western. Forest vegetation species are more common in the eastern part, north of the Cignin Ridge extend summer-green broad-sized forests of various types. In the central part of Eastern China there are large plains, forests here are almost reduced, and the lands of rapida.

In the northeast, the forests of taiga type are common. Here you can find pines, birch, dasseu larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hurry, nut and even Amur velvet.

In the south and south-east of China, evergreen subtropical forests extend, in which you can find cypress, amfnorm laurel, lacquer and greasy trees, as well as Kinginghami's relict tree. Tropical forests in their original form are preserved only on the island of Hainan.

One of the features of the vegetation world of China is the contrast between forest and deserted, mostly solving and completely deprived of vegetation by areas of the western part. Not great here and the number of animal species, although the animal world of China has a wealth and diversity. It has about 1 thousand 800 species of only land animals. The most common and numerous deer, moose, leopards, brown bears, boars, monkeys, dickerys, gibbons, armadors and even Indian elephants are most common. The most rich in animal species south-eastern territory of the country.