The organic world of the Atlantic Ocean: features and description. Which parts of the Atlantic Ocean are particularly polluted and why? Straits and seas

The Atlantic Ocean stretches from north to south for 16,000 km from subarctic to antarctic latitudes. The ocean is wide in the northern and southern parts, narrowing in equatorial latitudes to 2900 km. In the north it communicates with the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it is widely connected with the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is bounded by the shores of North and South America - in the west, Europe and Africa - in the east and Antarctica - in the south.

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world. The coastline of the ocean in the northern hemisphere is heavily dissected by numerous peninsulas and bays. There are many islands, inland and marginal seas near the continents. The Atlantic consists of 13 seas, which occupy 11% of its area.

Geographical position of the Atlantic Ocean wikipedia
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Name the objects of geographical location Atlantic Ocean Cape Gallinas Guiana Current Mount Aconcagua 5. Lake Titicaca 6.

Amazon River 7. Orinoco River 8. La Plata Bay 9. Cape Horn.

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"Sea Ocean" - THE ANIMAL WORLD OF THE SEA AND OCEANS IS VERY VARIOUS Mammals, mollusks, fish, viruses live there. Seas and oceans. 1.000.000 million! For example, the largest mammal on earth lives ... in the sea! THERE ARE MOUNTAINS UNDER WATER! THE SEA HEALS We go to the sea to swim and relax.

"Study of the World Ocean" - At the bottom of the ocean there are many remains of ancient organisms that are millions of years old. Life on our planet is possible without light and oxygen. Therefore, we decided to sail on: Why is life possible on other planets? Submariners answered... We are attracted by the ocean because: Can similar organisms live on other planets?

"Sea ocean" - Mark on the contour map. Black, Mediterranean, Norwegian, Northern Baltic Caribbean. § 24 teach; page 73 of the textbook: tasks 1,2,5 (in writing in a notebook), task 4 in a contour map. Parts of the oceans. Barents Kara Laptev Chukotka East Siberian and other peninsulas. Bays: Bengal, Guinean, Hudson, Mexican, Great Australian.

"The oceans and parts of the oceans" - According to the properties of water, features of currents, types of organisms. Bay - part of the ocean, the sea, protruding into the land. Africa 30.3 million sq. km. Seas. Working with a map (name geographical objects). North America 24.2 million sq. km. Note to the erudite. A continent is a huge piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.

"Atlantic Ocean" - A giant ridge stretched almost along the meridian across the entire Atlantic. Economically developed countries lie on both sides of the ocean. Vast shelves adjoin the coasts of Europe and North America. Atlantic Ocean. Lesson plan. Geographical position. Features of the nature of the ocean. The Atlantic reaches its greatest width in temperate latitudes and narrows towards the equator.

"World Ocean Lesson" - There is water all around, but there is trouble with drinking. River. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Everything in the world reflects… Waterfalls. A stream of snow falling from the top of a mountain. Rockfall is different. Annotation. We are used to the fact that water is always our companion! Checking homework. This lesson corresponds to the psychological and age characteristics of children.

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In the Atlantic Ocean, all zonal complexes are distinguished - natural belts, except for the northern polar one. The waters of the northern subpolar belt are rich in life. It is especially developed on the shelves off the coasts of Iceland, Greenland and the Labrador Peninsula. The temperate zone is characterized by intense interaction of cold and warm waters, its waters are the most productive regions of the Atlantic. The vast expanses of warm waters of the two subtropical, two tropical and equatorial zones are less productive than the waters of the northern temperate zone.

In the northern subtropical zone, a special natural aquatic complex of the Sargasso Sea stands out.

It is characterized by high water salinity (up to 37.5 ppm) and low bioproductivity. Brown algae grow in clear, pure blue water - sargasso, which gave the name to the water area.

In the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere, as in the northern one, natural complexes are rich in life in areas where waters with different temperatures and water densities mix. In the subantarctic and antarctic belts, the manifestation of seasonal and permanent ice phenomena is characteristic, which affects the composition of the fauna (krill, cetaceans, notothenia fish).

Natural complexes of the Atlantic Ocean wikipedia
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North Atlantic Ocean

borders and coastlines. The Atlantic Ocean is divided into northern and southern parts, the boundary between which is conventionally drawn along the equator. From an oceanographic point of view, however, the equatorial countercurrent, located at 5-8? NL The northern boundary is usually drawn along the Arctic Circle. In some places this boundary is marked by underwater ridges.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the Atlantic Ocean has a heavily indented coastline. Its relatively narrow northern part is connected to the Arctic Ocean by three narrow straits. In the northeast, the Davis Strait, 360 km wide (at the latitude of the Arctic Circle), connects it with the Baffin Sea, which belongs to the Arctic Ocean. In the central part, between Greenland and Iceland, there is the Danish Strait, with a width of only 287 km at its narrowest point. Finally, in the northeast, between Iceland and Norway, is the Norwegian Sea, approx. 1220 km. To the east, two water areas deeply protruding into the land separate from the Atlantic Ocean. The more northern of them begins with the North Sea, which to the east passes into the Baltic Sea with the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland. To the south there is a system of inland seas - the Mediterranean and the Black - with a total length of approx. 4000 km. In the Strait of Gibraltar, which connects the ocean with the Mediterranean Sea, there are two oppositely directed currents one below the other. The lower position is occupied by the current from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, since the Mediterranean waters, due to more intensive evaporation from the surface, are characterized by greater salinity, and consequently, greater density.

In the tropical zone in the southwest of the North Atlantic are the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, connected to the ocean by the Strait of Florida. The coast of North America is indented by small bays (Pamlico, Barnegat, Chesapeake, Delaware and Long Island Sound); to the northwest are the Bays of Fundy and St. Lawrence, Belle Isle, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay.

Islands. The largest islands are concentrated in the northern part of the ocean; these are the British Isles, Iceland, Newfoundland, Cuba, Haiti (Hispaniola) and Puerto Rico. On the eastern edge of the Atlantic Ocean there are several groups of small islands - Azores, Canaries, Cape Verde. There are similar groups in the western part of the ocean. Examples include the Bahamas, Florida Keys and Lesser Antilles. The archipelagos of the Greater and Lesser Antilles form an island arc surrounding the eastern part of the Caribbean Sea. In the Pacific Ocean, such island arcs are characteristic of regions of crustal deformations. Deep-water trenches are located along the convex side of the arc.

Bottom relief. The basin of the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by a shelf, the width of which varies. The shelf is cut by deep gorges - the so-called. submarine canyons. Their origin is still a matter of controversy. According to one theory, the canyons were cut by rivers when the ocean level was below present. Another theory links their formation with the activity of turbidity currents. It has been suggested that turbidity currents are the main agent responsible for the deposition of sediments on the ocean floor and that it is they that cut submarine canyons.

The bottom of the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean has a complex rugged relief, formed by a combination of underwater ridges, hills, basins and gorges. Most of the ocean floor, from a depth of about 60 m to several kilometers, is covered with thin, dark blue or bluish-green silt deposits. A relatively small area is occupied by rocky outcrops and areas of gravel-pebble and sandy deposits, as well as deep-water red clays.

Telephone and telegraph cables have been laid on the shelf in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean to connect North America with northwestern Europe. Here, the areas of industrial fishing, which are among the most productive in the world, are confined to the area of the North Atlantic shelf.

In the central part of the Atlantic Ocean, almost repeating the outlines of the coastlines, a huge underwater mountain range approx. 16 thousand km, known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This ridge divides the ocean into two approximately equal parts. Most of the peaks of this underwater ridge do not reach the surface of the ocean and are located at a depth of at least 1.5 km. Some of the highest peaks rise above ocean level and form the islands - Azores in the North Atlantic and Tristan da Cunha - in the South. In the south, the range bends around the coast of Africa and continues further north into the Indian Ocean.

A rift zone extends along the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

currents. Surface currents in the North Atlantic Ocean move clockwise. The main elements of this large system are the warm current of the Gulf Stream directed to the north, as well as the North Atlantic, Canary and Northern Equatorial (Equatorial) currents. The Gulf Stream follows from the Florida Strait and about. Cuba heading north along the US coast and about 40? NL deviates to the northeast, changing its name to the North Atlantic Current. This current divides into two branches, one of which follows the northeast along the coast of Norway and further into the Arctic Ocean. It is because of it that the climate of Norway and all of northwestern Europe is much warmer than would be expected at latitudes corresponding to the region stretching from Nova Scotia to southern Greenland. The second branch turns south and further southwest along the coast of Africa, forming the cold Canary Current. This current moves to the southwest and joins the North Equatorial Current, which heads west towards the West Indies, where it merges with the Gulf Stream. To the north of the North Equatorial Current is an area of stagnant water, abundant in algae and known as the Sargasso Sea. Along the North Atlantic coast of North America, the cold Labrador Current passes from north to south, following from the Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea and cooling the coast of New England.

South Atlantic Ocean

borders and coastlines. Some experts attribute to the Atlantic Ocean in the south the entire body of water up to the Antarctic ice sheet itself; others take for the southern boundary of the Atlantic an imaginary line connecting Cape Horn in South America with the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. The coastline in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean is much less indented than in the northern part; there are also no inland seas along which the influence of the ocean could penetrate deep into the continents of Africa and South America. The only major bay on the African coast is Guinea. On the coast of South America, large bays are also few in number. The southernmost tip of this continent - Tierra del Fuego - has a rugged coastline, bordered by numerous small islands.

There are no large islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, but there are separate isolated islands, such as Fernando de Noronha, Ascension, Sao Paulo, St. Helena, the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, and in the extreme south - Bouvet, South Georgia , South Sandwich, South Orkney, Falkland Islands.

Bottom relief. In addition to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, there are two main submarine mountain ranges in the South Atlantic. The whale range extends from the southwestern tip of Angola to about. Tristan da Cunha, where it joins the Mid-Atlantic. The Rio de Janeiro ridge stretches from the Tristan da Cunha Islands to the city of Rio de Janeiro and is a group of separate underwater hills.

currents. The main current systems in the South Atlantic move counterclockwise. The South Tradewind current is directed to the west. At the prominence of the east coast of Brazil, it divides into two branches: the northern one carries water along the northern coast of South America to the Caribbean, and the southern, warm Brazilian Current, moves south along the coast of Brazil and joins the West Winds Current, or Antarctic, which heads east and then to the northeast. Part of this cold current separates and carries its waters north along the African coast, forming the cold Benguela Current; the latter eventually joins the South Equatorial Current. The warm Guinea Current moves south along the coast of Northwest Africa to the Gulf of Guinea.

Due to the high solar activity observed in recent years off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the frequency of tropical hurricanes has increased significantly. In 2005, three hurricanes, Katrina, Rita, and Emily, hit the south coast of the United States, the first of which caused massive damage to the city of New Orleans.

The system of surface currents of the Atlantic Ocean in general terms repeats their circulation in the Pacific Ocean.

In equatorial latitudes, there are two trade wind currents - the North Trade Wind and the South Trade Wind, moving from east to west. Between them, the trade wind countercurrent moves to the east. The Northern Equatorial Current passes near 20°N. and off the coast of North America gradually deviates to the north. The South Tradewind Current, passing south of the equator from the coast of Africa to the west, reaches the eastern ledge of the South American mainland and, at Cape Cabo Branco, is divided into two branches running along the coast of South America. Its northern branch (the Guiana Current) reaches the Gulf of Mexico and, together with the North Trade Wind Current, takes part in the formation of the system of warm currents in the North Atlantic. The southern branch (Brazil Current) reaches 40° S, where it meets with a branch of the circumpolar West Wind Current, the cold Falkland Current. Another branch of the West Winds current, carrying relatively cold water northward, enters the Atlantic Ocean off the southwestern coast of Africa. This is the Benguela Current - an analogue of the Peru Current of the Pacific Ocean. Its influence can be traced almost to the equator, where it flows into the South Equatorial Current, closing the southern Atlantic gyre and significantly reducing the temperature of surface waters off the coast of Africa.

The overall pattern of surface currents in the North Atlantic is much more complex than in the southern part of the ocean, and also has significant differences from the system of currents in the northern part of the Pacific.

A branch of the North Equatorial Current, reinforced by the Guiana Current, penetrates through the Caribbean Sea and the Yucatan Strait into the Gulf of Mexico, causing a significant increase in the water level there compared to the ocean. As a result, a powerful sewage current arises, which, bending around Cuba, through the Florida Strait, enters the ocean called the Gulf Stream (“stream from the bay”). Thus, off the southeastern coast of North America, the greatest system of warm surface currents of the World Ocean is born.

Gulf Stream at 30°N and 79°W merges with the warm Antilles Current, which is a continuation of the North Trade Wind Current. Further, the Gulf Stream runs along the edge of the continental shelf to about 36°N. At Cape Hatteras, deviating under the influence of the rotation of the Earth, it turns east, skirting the edge of the Great Newfoundland Bank, and leaves for the shores of Europe called the North Atlantic Current, or "Gulf Stream Drift".

At the outlet of the Florida Strait, the width of the Gulf Stream reaches 75 km, the depth is 700 m, and the current speed is from 6 to 30 km/h. The average water temperature on the surface is 26 °C. After the confluence with the Antilles Current, the width of the Gulf Stream increases 3 times, and the water discharge is 82 million m3/s, i.e. 60 times the flow of all rivers in the world.

North Atlantic Current at 50°N and 20°W splits into three branches. The northern one (the Irminger Current) goes to the southern and western shores of Iceland, and then goes around the southern coast of Greenland. The main middle branch continues to move northeast, towards the British Isles and the Scandinavian Peninsula, and goes into the Arctic Ocean called the Norwegian Current. The width of its flow to the north of the British Isles reaches 185 km, the depth is 500 m, the flow rate is from 9 to 12 km per day. The water temperature on the surface is 7 ... 8 °C in winter and 11 ... 13 °C in summer, which is on average 10 °C higher than at the same latitude in the western part of the ocean. The third, southern, branch penetrates the Bay of Biscay and continues south along the Iberian Peninsula and the northeastern coast of Africa in the form of the cold Canary Current. Pouring into the Northern Equatorial Current, it closes the subtropical circulation of the North Atlantic.

The northwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean is mainly under the influence of cold waters coming from the Arctic, and other hydrological conditions develop there. In the area of Newfoundland Island, the cold waters of the Labrador Current move towards the Gulf Stream, pushing the warm waters of the Gulf Stream from the northeastern coast of North America. In winter, the waters of the Labrador Current are 5 ... 8 ° C colder than the Gulf Stream; all year round their temperature does not exceed 10 ° C, they form the so-called "cold wall". The convergence of warm and cold waters contributes to the development of microorganisms in the upper layer of water and, consequently, to the abundance of fish. Especially famous in this regard is the Great Newfoundland Bank, where cod, herring, and salmon are caught.

Up to about 43°N The Labrador Current carries icebergs and sea ice, which, combined with the fogs characteristic of this part of the ocean, poses a great danger to navigation. A tragic illustration is the disaster of the Titanic liner, which crashed in 1912 800 km southeast of Newfoundland.

The temperature of the water on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, as in the Pacific, is generally lower in the southern hemisphere than in the northern. Even at 60°N (with the exception of the northwestern regions), the temperature of surface waters fluctuates during the year from 6 to 10 °C. In the southern hemisphere at the same latitude it is close to 0°C and lower in the eastern part than in the western.

The warmest surface waters of the Atlantic (26...28 °C) are confined to the zone between the equator and the Northern Tropic. But even these maximum values do not reach the values noted at the same latitudes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Salinity indicators of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean are much more diverse than in other oceans. The highest values (36-37% o - the maximum value for the open part of the World Ocean) are typical for tropical regions with low annual precipitation and strong evaporation. High salinity is also associated with the inflow of salt water from the Mediterranean Sea through the shallow Strait of Gibraltar. On the other hand, large areas of the water surface have an average oceanic and even low salinity. This is due to large amounts of atmospheric precipitation (in equatorial regions) and the desalination effect of large rivers (Amazon, La Plata, Orinoco, Congo, etc.). In high latitudes, the decrease in salinity to 32-34% o, especially in summer, is explained by the melting of icebergs and floating sea ice.

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The second largest Atlantic Ocean is located mostly in the Western Hemisphere and is bounded by the shores of North and South America, Europe, Africa and Antarctica. Its border with the Indian Ocean is conventionally drawn along the meridian of Cape Agulhas (about 20° E). The coastline of the ocean in the northern hemisphere is strongly dissected by peninsulas and bays, in the southern hemisphere the coasts are slightly indented. An important feature of the ocean is the presence of the Mediterranean seas, protruding thousands of kilometers deep into the continents (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas). In total, there are 13 seas in the ocean, they occupy 11% of its area.

Bottom relief
A narrow continental shelf stretches along the coast, but the shelf area of the Atlantic Ocean is larger than that of the Pacific Ocean. The continental slope is steep, indented by submarine canyons. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge stretches across the entire ocean almost in the middle, dissected by transverse faults into separate segments. The height of the ridge is 2 km. In its axial part there is a deep rift valley with active volcanoes. On both sides of the ridge lie hollows with a relatively flat bottom, separated by uplifts.

Mineral resources
The shelf of the North Sea, in the Venezuelan, Mexican, Guinean and Biscay bays are rich in oil. Phosphorite deposits have been discovered in the area of deep water rise off the tropical coast of North Africa. Alluvial tin was found off the coast of Great Britain and Florida, and diamonds were found off the coast of South-West Africa. Reserves of ferromanganese nodules have been found off the coast of Newfoundland and Florida. Sulfur is being mined in the Gulf of Mexico.

Climate
The Atlantic Ocean is located in all climatic zones of the Earth.

Four main centers of atmospheric action are formed over the ocean - the Icelandic and Antarctic lows, the North Atlantic and South Atlantic highs, with which the westerly winds of temperate latitudes are associated (the strongest in the Southern Hemisphere are the "roaring forties"). The northern tropical regions are characterized by the so-called West Indian hurricanes. Numerous icebergs and floating sea ice from the Arctic Ocean and off the coast of Antarctica are a distinctive feature of the ocean

currents
Due to the strong elongation of the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, meridional water flows are more developed in it than latitudinal ones. In the Atlantic, as in the Pacific, two rings of surface currents are formed, but meridional currents predominate here. In the Northern Hemisphere, the warm North Trade Winds, the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic and the cold Canary Currents form the movement of waters in a clockwise direction. In the Southern Hemisphere, the warm South Trade Winds, Brazilian and cold currents of the West Winds and Benguela rotate the waters counterclockwise.

Currents have a significant effect on the temperature distribution of surface waters. The northern half of the ocean is warmer than the southern one and the temperature difference reaches 6 °C.

The average surface water temperature is slightly lower (16.5 °C) than in the Pacific Ocean. The cooling effect is exerted by the waters and ices of the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica. Due to the relative narrowness of the ocean, a significant part of the evaporating moisture is transferred to neighboring continents, so the salinity of surface waters in the Atlantic Ocean is high.

organic world
The Atlantic Ocean is poorer in species of organisms than the Pacific Ocean (only 200 thousand species of plants and animals). However, its productivity is exceptionally high. The organic world of the tropical regions is more diverse, but the temperate zones are distinguished by the number of organisms (not species) and biomass. Crustaceans make up a significant amount of plankton, among them krill, the main food of baleen whales, stands out, especially a lot of it off the coast of Antarctica. In the tropical zone, the bottom vegetation consists of green and red algae; in extratropical regions, brown algae predominate in the northern part and red algae in the south. The Atlantic Ocean provides 2/5 of the world fish catch (herring, hake, sea bass, tuna, cod).

Natural complexes
In the Atlantic Ocean, all natural belts are distinguished, except for the north polar one. The waters of the northern subpolar belt are rich in life. It is especially developed on the shelves off the coast of Greenland and Labrador. The temperate zone is characterized by an intense interaction of cold and warm waters, and they are also rich in organisms. These are the fishiest areas of the Atlantic. The vast expanses of warm waters of the two subtropical, two tropical and equatorial zones are less productive than the waters of the northern temperate zone. In the northern subtropical zone, a special natural aquatic complex of the Sargasso Sea stands out. It is characterized by increased water salinity - up to 37.5 ‰ and low productivity. The water is clear, pure blue. Sargassum brown algae grow in it, which gave the name of the water area.

In the temperate zone of the Southern Hemisphere, complexes are distinguished (as in the northern one), where waters with different temperatures and densities mix. These areas are rich in life. The complexes of the subantarctic and antarctic belts are characterized by seasonal ice phenomena.

The lecture was added on 03/07/2014 at 14:34:40

1.) Between which continents is the ocean located, with which other oceans is it connected,

2.) How is the ocean located relative to the equator, tropics, polar circles, prime meridian

3. In all climatic zones

2. The Atlantic Ocean is divided into northern and southern parts, the boundary between which is conditionally drawn along the equator.

2) The Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator, the northern and southern tropics, crosses a little, s.p. circle, s.p.

3) located in all climatic zones except the Arctic, Antarctic and from the south of the Subantarctic (again, except for the southern ocean)

Both tropics cross the ocean
The northern boundary is usually drawn along the Arctic Circle.
It borders the Arctic Ocean at the Antarctic Circle
From the prime meridian - in the west.

1) The Atlantic Ocean is located between Eurasia, with America, South, America, Africa and from the south it touches Antarctica.The Atlantic Ocean is connected to all oceans Pacific (west), Indian (east), southern (south) and northern ice (north) oceans

1.North America,South America,Africa,Eurasia

Detailed solution paragraph § 16 in geography for students of grade 7, authors Korinskaya V.A., Dushina I.V., Shchenev V.A. 2017

Questions and tasks.

1. What influence does its geographical position and size have on the nature of the Atlantic Ocean?

A giant mountain range stretches across the Atlantic. In one place it comes to the surface - this is the island of Iceland. The ridge divides the ocean bed into two almost equal parts. Vast shelves adjoin the coasts of Europe and North America. The Atlantic Ocean lies in all climatic zones. The widest part of the ocean lies in tropical and temperate latitudes. Trade winds and westerly winds of temperate latitudes blow in these latitudes. In winter, storms often play out in temperate latitudes; in the Southern Hemisphere, they rage in all seasons of the year. Surface water temperatures are lower than in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This is explained by the cooling effect of water and ice carried out of the Arctic Ocean and from the Antarctic, as well as by the intense mixing of water masses. Noticeable differences between water and air temperatures in a number of areas of the Atlantic cause the formation of strong fogs. The salinity of water masses in some areas of the ocean is above average, since a significant part of the evaporated moisture is carried by winds to neighboring continents due to the relative narrowness of the ocean. The currents in the Atlantic are not latitudinal, but meridional. The reasons for this are the great elongation of the ocean from north to south and the outlines of the coastline. The currents in the Atlantic more actively carry the introductory masses, and with them heat and cold, from one latitude to another. The peculiarity of the ocean is numerous icebergs and floating sea ice.

2. Select natural complexes in the Atlantic Ocean in which latitudinal zonality is manifested, and complexes formed under the influence of land. Explain their features.

In the Atlantic Ocean there are almost all natural belts. Within them, natural complexes of seas and bays (the Mediterranean, North, Baltic and other seas) stand out. By their nature, they differ from the complexes of the open part of the ocean. In the northern subtropical zone there is the Sargasso Sea, unique in its nature - a sea without coasts. Its boundaries form currents. The waters of this sea have high salinity (up to 37%) and temperature.

3. Write a description of the nature of the Mediterranean Sea.

The land adjacent to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in Eurasia and Africa is distinguished by the unity of natural and cultural landscapes. This monotony of nature and conditions of economic activity around one of the largest seas of the Earth was noted by geographers a very long time ago and gave rise to the introduction of the geographical concept of "Mediterranean", or "Middle-earth". The features and originality of the natural conditions of the Mediterranean are determined primarily by the subtropical climate with dry summers and wet winters. Nowhere else on Earth is this type of climate so widespread and so pronounced as on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, therefore it is called the Mediterranean. Climate features determine the originality of the entire natural complex. They determine the nature of runoff and hydrological conditions, the course of soil-forming processes, and the formation of a special genetic type of brown soils. A special type of vegetation is also associated with the Mediterranean climate, with striking features of adaptation to summer dryness. The Mediterranean Sea cuts into the land between the continents of Europe, Africa and Asia. In the northeast, the Mediterranean Sea is connected by the Dardanelles to the waters of the Sea of Marmara, then through the Bosporus to the Black Sea. In the southeast, through the Suez Canal, it connects to the Red Sea. The total area of the Mediterranean Sea is 2.5 million square kilometers, the volume of water is 3.8 million cubic meters. km. The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1541 meters, and the deepest point is at around 5121 meters. The coastline of the Mediterranean Sea is mostly leveled near the mountainous coasts, and near the low ones - of the lagoon-estuary type. The largest bays of the Mediterranean Sea: Taranto, Lyon, Valencia, Genoa, Sidra and Gabes. The largest islands are: Sicily, Corsica, Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus. Large rivers flow into the Mediterranean Sea: the Tiber, Nile, Ebro, Po and Rhone. The total annual flow is approximately 430 cubic kilometers. There are very few phyto- and zooplankton in the Mediterranean Sea, but there are many algae, such as peridine and diatoms. Approximately 550 species of fish live in the waters, herring, anchovy, mackerel, tuna, mullet, dorado, bonito and horse mackerel live here.

4. What parts of the Atlantic Ocean are the most polluted? Answer why?

The shelves of the Atlantic Ocean are rich in oil and other minerals. Thousands of wells have been drilled offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and in the North Sea. In connection with the growth of cities, the development of navigation in many seas and in the ocean itself, a deterioration in natural conditions has recently been observed. Water and air are polluted, conditions for recreation on the shores of the ocean and its seas have worsened. For example, the North Sea is covered with many kilometers of oil slicks. Off the coast of North America, the oil film is hundreds of kilometers wide. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most polluted on Earth. The Atlantic is no longer able to clean up waste on its own. The fight against the pollution of this ocean is an international affair. Treaties have already been signed that prohibit the dumping of hazardous waste into the ocean.

5. What role does the Atlantic Ocean play in the life of mankind?

Of all the oceans, the Atlantic occupies the most important place in the life of mankind. It happened historically. The most important sea routes pass through the Atlantic. Since time immemorial, the Atlantic Ocean has been a place of intensive fishing and hunting. Whaling in the Bay of Biscay was carried out as early as the 9th-12th centuries. The natural conditions of the Atlantic are favorable for the development of life, therefore, of all the oceans, it is the most productive. Most of the fish catch and the extraction of other marine products falls on the northern part of the ocean. The shelves of the Atlantic Ocean are rich in deposits of oil and other minerals. Thousands of wells have been drilled offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and in the North Sea.

6. What is the peculiarity of the geographical position of the Arctic Ocean? How does it affect his nature?

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the Earth's oceans. He is the shallowest. The ocean is located in the center of the Arctic, which occupies the entire space around the North Pole, including the ocean, adjacent parts of the continents, islands and archipelagos. A significant part of the ocean area is made up of seas, most of which are marginal and only one is inland. There are many islands in the ocean located near the continents. Almost all sides of the ocean are surrounded by land, which determines the features of its nature - climate, hydrological regime which its waters connect with the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The coastline of the ocean is heavily dissected; It distinguishes nine seas, which account for half of the entire surface of the ocean. Many individual islands and archipelagos (Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya).

8. How to explain that the air over the Arctic Ocean is warmer than over Antarctica?

Despite the fact that in summer the Antarctic receives about 7% more solar heat than the Arctic, the climate in the latter is much warmer than in the South Polar Region. There are several reasons that explain this seemingly strange phenomenon. One of them is the free communication of the Arctic Ocean with the Atlantic in the vast space between Greenland and the northern tip of Europe. The warm waters of the Atlantic, including the powerful Gulf Stream, freely penetrating under the Arctic ice, give off an enormous amount of heat to the Arctic, which significantly softens its climate. In addition, together with the fresh water of the largest rivers of Eurasia and North America flowing into the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic receives additional heat all year round, which the Antarctic is deprived of. But, perhaps, one of the main reasons for the Antarctic cold is that the mainland that exists at the South Pole is the highest of all six that exist on Earth. The average height of the Antarctic continent is more than 2,000 m, while Eurasia, which follows it in height, has an average height of only about 900 m. This fact is explained by the fact that the continental rocks of Antarctica are covered by a thick layer of ice, the average thickness of which is about 1,800 m. Then how in the Central Arctic the height of the surface of the ice fields of the Arctic Ocean is a few meters, which practically corresponds to sea level. Only due to the difference in altitude, Antarctica should be colder than the Arctic by an average of about 13 ° C, and at the top of the ice dome - by as much as 25–28 ° C, since the air temperature in the atmosphere decreases by 6.5 ° C with each kilometer of altitude.

9. What natural complexes are isolated in the Arctic Ocean? Why?

The Arctic Ocean is located within the northern Arctic natural belt of the World Ocean. The seas of the ocean lie in the northern subpolar zone. 1. The northern polar belt is a kind of water complex during the year, most of the surface is covered with drifting ice Wind, currents and tides cause ice to move, heaps of ice are formed - hummocks up to 10–12 m high. This belt is not very suitable for life Only seals live on its outskirts , walruses, polar bears. 2. The subarctic belt covers parts of the ocean adjacent to the earth, their nature is not so severe. In summer, the water near the coast is free of ice, moreover, it is very desalinated by river waters. In water areas where warm waters penetrate, there are a lot of plankton and fish.

10. Highlight the main types of economic activity in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans.

All types of human economic activity in marine areas are represented in the Atlantic Ocean. Among them, maritime transport is the most important, followed by subsea oil and gas production, and only then is the capture and use of biological resources. More than 70 coastal countries with a population of over 1.3 billion people are located on the shores of the Atlantic. Many transoceanic routes pass through the ocean with large volumes of freight and passenger traffic. On the coasts of the ocean and its seas, the most significant ports of the world in terms of cargo turnover are located. The already explored mineral resources of the ocean are significant (examples are given above). However, oil and gas fields are currently being intensively developed on the shelf of the North and Caribbean Seas, in the Bay of Biscay. Many countries that previously did not have significant reserves of these types of mineral raw materials are now experiencing an economic upswing due to their extraction (England, Norway, the Netherlands, Mexico, etc.).

The biological resources of the ocean have long been intensively used. However, due to the overfishing of a number of valuable commercial fish species, in recent years the Atlantic has yielded to the Pacific Ocean in terms of fish and seafood. Intensive human economic activity in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and its seas causes a noticeable deterioration of the natural environment - both in the ocean (water and air pollution, a decrease in the stocks of commercial fish species) and on the coasts. In particular, recreational conditions on the ocean coast are deteriorating. In order to prevent further and reduce the existing pollution of the natural environment of the Atlantic Ocean, scientific recommendations are being developed and international agreements are being concluded on the rational use of ocean resources.

The Arctic Ocean is of exceptional importance for the countries whose shores are washed by its waters. The harsh nature of the ocean makes it difficult to find minerals in it. But deposits of oil and natural gas have already been explored on the shelf of the Kara and Barents Seas, off the coast of Alaska and Canada. The biological wealth of the ocean is small. In the Atlantic region, fish are caught and algae are harvested, and seals are hunted. Whale hunting in the ocean is strictly limited. The development of the Northern Sea Route began only in the 1930s. 20th century The Northern Sea Route (NSR for short) is the main shipping route in the Arctic, which significantly reduces the distance between European and Far Eastern ports. The NSR plays a huge role in the development of Siberia. Along this route, equipment and food are transported to Siberia, timber and ore are exported. Navigation lasts from 2 to 4 months, and in some areas with the help of icebreakers, its duration is longer. To ensure the operation of the NSR, special services have been created in our country: polar aviation, a whole network of meteorological stations on the coast and on drifting ice floes.

11. What professions should polar explorers have?

The Arctic Ocean is studied by people who are called the expressive word "polar explorers". Belonging to polar explorers is determined not only by profession, but also by geographical area of activity. Despite the fact that a person is armed with powerful equipment, working in the Arctic Ocean is difficult and dangerous. Polar explorers are characterized not only by courage and courage, endurance and diligence, but also by high professional skills. Geographer, meteorologist, physician.

1. What influence does its geographical position and size have on the nature of the Atlantic Ocean?

The meridional extent of the Atlantic Ocean determines the difference in its nature in latitude. The north of the ocean is strongly influenced by the Arctic, and the south by the Antarctic; the ocean lies in almost all climatic zones. The differences in longitude are not so great, since, unlike the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean is much narrower. Sea currents, especially the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic, have a strong influence on the nature and climate of the ocean coasts.

2. Select natural complexes in the ocean, in which latitudinal zonality is manifested, and complexes formed under the influence of land. Explain their features. Separate natural complexes in the ocean can be identified, taking as a basis the boundary of climatic zones. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean are distinguished into separate natural complexes, the most interesting of which is the natural complex of the Sargasso Sea.

3. Write a description of the nature of the Mediterranean Sea.

On a contour map, mark all the seas of the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea. Using the maps of the school atlas, determine the features of their geographical location, climatic characteristics, forms of economic use by man and other features of nature and economy.

4. What parts of the Atlantic Ocean are especially polluted? Why?

Pollution of the waters of the Atlantic contributes to economic activity. The degree of pollution depends on the intensity of the use of the natural resources of the ocean. The coastal waters of the ocean are the most polluted. Severe water pollution is observed in areas through which sea transport routes pass.

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Atlantic Ocean is the second largest in the world, while about half the size of the Pacific Ocean.

It is bounded to the north by Greenland and Iceland, to the east by Africa and Europe, to the west by North and South America, and to the south by Antarctica.

It is easy to see that the ocean washes the shores of almost all continents, and has a noticeably elongated shape.

Characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean

The area of the Atlantic Ocean exceeds 91 million km2, and this is a lot.

HELP!business activities in the Atlantic Ocean

Its depth is also impressive: the maximum is 8742 meters, and the average is about 3600 meters. Due to this, the volume of its waters is very large - 329.6 million km3. This is a quarter of the world's oceans.

Brief information:

The bottom of the Atlantic Ocean is very uneven, and has many faults, depressions and small mountains.
And from north to south, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs along the central part of the ocean floor, it divides the ocean into western and eastern parts (they are almost equal to each other). Earthquakes and underwater volcanic eruptions are observed in the region of the ridge.
— Seas, bays and straits occupy about 16% of the area of the Atlantic Ocean (14.7 million km2).
There are relatively few islands in the ocean, about a thousand.
- Due to the large extent of the reservoir, as well as atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, the Atlantic Ocean includes all the climatic zones of the planet.
In general, the average temperature in its open spaces in summer is 20 °C, and in winter - from 0 to 10 °C. As you move north from the equator, the temperature drops noticeably.
- The salinity of the waters ranges from 34‰ (at the equator) to 39‰ (in the Mediterranean Sea). Although in areas where rivers flow into the ocean, this figure can be halved.
- Floating ice on the surface of the ocean is formed only in its northern and southern parts, since they are close to the poles of the planet.
- The diversity of flora and fauna of the Atlantic Ocean is very large, but it can also boast of the number of living organisms.
Thanks to this, the ocean feeds a huge number of people. But this leads to a noticeable reduction in the representatives of the animal world. That is why a limit on fishing has been set, as well as other similar restrictions.
- In the Atlantic Ocean, minerals are mined (oil, gas, iron ore, sulfur, and many others). This leads to gradual pollution of its waters.

- The Atlantic Ocean got its name from the ancient Greek myth of Atlanta - a mighty titan who holds the vault of heaven on his shoulders.
The famous Bermuda Triangle is located in the Atlantic Ocean.
In that area, many ships and planes really disappeared, but there are scientific justifications for these incidents. However, what actually happened, no one knows for sure.

Atlantic Ocean: biogeocenosis and environmental problems

regular and random resets; on the second: their chemical composition and physical state.

Every year, up to 1.5 million tons of oil and oil products, a huge amount of various acids and salts, millions of tons of solids (packaging, paper, glass, plastic, polyethylene, etc.) enter the Atlantic Ocean and its seas.

At the bottom, radioactive waste is buried in special containers. The thermal pollution of the Atlantic (especially its northern part) is also significant due to the discharge of hot and warm water from industrial wastewater and thermal power plants. In addition, there is indirect pollution of the ocean, which occurs during the construction of dams and reservoirs.

At the same time, the volume of river runoff changes, the solid runoff of rivers changes, and the chemical and mechanical composition of suspensions entering the ocean waters changes. one). In connection with the current situation, a number of scientists from Europe and North America are engaged in the study and development of maximum permissible pollution standards, concentrations of certain substances.

The creation of regulations and the development of technical systems for wastewater treatment leads to certain positive results. In the United States, Canada, France and Great Britain, special services have been created and are operating to deal with the consequences of accidental oil spills. An oil slick is localized along the perimeter with special floating barriers, and then either scooped out or contributes to the settling of oil lumps and the bottom with the help of chemicals. These measures are necessary, as in the Atlantic Ocean the largest tanker load is 38% of all oil transportation (Indian Ocean - 34%, Pacific Ocean - 28%).

Most oil transportation is on international routes off the coast of Western and Southern Europe. For example, the concentration of oil in the North Sea is 0.1-0.5 mg/l, the Gulf Stream zone is up to 1 mg/l. In 1972, the UN Conference on Environmental Problems was held, at which it was decided to conduct research on the study of oil pollution, the World Ocean, including the Atlantic Ocean.

From 175 to 1978, the International Oceanographic Commission and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) organized expeditions by scientists from 25 countries. More than 100 thousand visual observations were made, more than 5 thousand samples were taken.

water and soil samples. The conclusion was as follows: that in all areas in a meter layer there is oil in a dispersed form. The problems of ocean protection were also touched upon in the report of the International Commission on the Environment (ICEM) in 1987 "Our Common Future". In recent years, international organizations have initiated the creation of aquatic protected areas: national parks, reserves, nature reserves.

The creation and expansion of national protected areas contributes to the formation and development of public structures for the protection of aquatic objects. So far, there are few of them, but the prospects are encouraging, since the need to establish a special regime for the protection of individual water areas is based on the conscious attitude of people to the riches of the ocean.

The main criteria for the creation of protected aquatic areas are: the nature and main purpose of the mode of use of this object (absolute withdrawal from economic exploitation in the interests of science and culture) or partial use for recreation, reproduction of natural resources; the degree of complexity of the protected object (the natural complex as a whole or any of the natural resources); duration of the established restrictive regime.

Currently in the Atlantic Ocean are known; Everglades Marine National Park (Florida), Jefferson Marine Park, Buck Island Rior National Park, where coral flora and fauna are protected. A number of territories in the Mediterranean are being prepared, in particular, the island of Media (Spain), and the Cote d'Azur of France is being protected.

The creation of aquatic reserves in the UK and Denmark is envisaged. For more than 25 years there has been a national coast of Assate Island, where the barrier reef and its inhabitants are protected. The Cahuanta reef has been declared a natural monument in Costa Rica. In the countries of South America, they are just starting to create marine and underwater reserves. In Venezuela, it is planned to establish 5 coastal national parks and 18 reserves. Since 1940, there have been 4 reserves for the protection of lobsters off the coast of South Africa (in the Stolovaya Bay near Cape Town).

Reserves are being created near Robben Island and in St. Helens Bay. References: 1. Zirgoffer A Atlantic Ocean and its Seas Moscow, 1975 2. Atlantic Ocean (Nature and Natural Resources of the World Ocean series) M., 77 3.

Atlantic Ocean (geography of the World Ocean series) L., 84 4. Gorsky N.N.

Economic activity in the Atlantic Ocean

Secrets of the ocean. M., 1968.
Atlantic Ocean: biogeocenosis and environmental problems

RESURS.KZ site moderator

Economic use of the Atlantic Ocean

Among them, maritime transport is of the greatest importance, then - underwater oil and gas production, only then - the catch and use of biological resources.

More than 70 coastal countries with a population of over 1.3 billion people are located on the shores of the Atlantic. Many transoceanic routes pass through the ocean with large volumes of freight and passenger traffic.

On the coasts of the ocean and its seas, the most significant ports of the world in terms of cargo turnover are located.

The already explored mineral resources of the ocean are significant (examples are given above). However, oil and gas fields are currently being intensively developed on the shelf of the North and Caribbean Seas, in the Bay of Biscay. Many countries that previously did not have significant reserves of these types of mineral raw materials are now experiencing an economic upswing due to their extraction (England, Norway, the Netherlands, Mexico, etc.).

The biological resources of the ocean have long been intensively used.

However, due to the overfishing of a number of valuable commercial fish species, in recent years the Atlantic has yielded to the Pacific Ocean in terms of fish and seafood.

Intensive human economic activity in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and its seas causes a noticeable deterioration of the natural environment - both in the ocean (water and air pollution, a decrease in the stocks of commercial fish species) and on the coasts.

Economic use of the Atlantic Ocean wikipedia
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HELP!business activities in the Atlantic Ocean

Answers:

All types of human economic activity in marine areas are represented in the Atlantic Ocean.

Among them, maritime transport is the most important, followed by underwater oil and gas production, and only then is the capture and use of biological resources. More than 70 coastal countries with a population of over 1.3 billion people are located on the shores of the Atlantic. Many transoceanic routes pass through the ocean with large volumes of freight and passenger traffic. On the coasts of the ocean and its seas, the most significant ports of the world in terms of cargo turnover are located. The already explored mineral resources of the ocean are significant (examples are given above).

However, oil and gas fields are currently being intensively developed on the shelf of the North and Caribbean Seas, in the Bay of Biscay.

Question: HELP! economic activities in the Atlantic Ocean

Many countries that previously did not have significant reserves of these types of mineral raw materials are now experiencing an economic upswing due to their extraction (England, Norway, the Netherlands, Mexico, etc.). The biological resources of the ocean have long been intensively used.

However, due to the overfishing of a number of valuable commercial fish species, in recent years the Atlantic has yielded to the Pacific Ocean in terms of fish and seafood. Intensive human economic activity in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and its seas causes a noticeable deterioration of the natural environment - both in the ocean (water and air pollution, a decrease in the stocks of commercial fish species) and on the coasts.

In particular, recreational conditions on the ocean coast are deteriorating. In order to prevent further and reduce the existing pollution of the natural environment of the Atlantic Ocean, scientific recommendations are being developed and international agreements are being concluded on the rational use of ocean resources.