The Mongol Tatar invasion lasted how long. Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia
The Tatar-Mongol yoke is a period of time when Ancient Russia was dependent on the Golden Horde. The young state, due to its nomadic lifestyle, conquered many European territories. It seemed that it would keep in suspense for a long time the population of different countries, but disagreements within the Horde led to its complete disintegration.
Tatar-Mongol yoke: reasons
Feudal fragmentation and constant princely feuds turned the country into an unprotected state. Weakening of defenses, openness and inconstancy of borders - all this contributed to the frequent raids of nomads. The fragile ties between the regions of Ancient Rus and the tensions of the princes allowed the Tatars to destroy Russian cities. Here are the first raids that "smashed" the northeastern lands of Russia and plunged the country into the power of the Mongols.
Tatar-Mongol yoke: development of events
Of course, Russia was not able to immediately conduct an open struggle against the invaders: there was no regular army, there was no support from the princes, there was an obvious backwardness in technical armament, and there was no practical experience. That is why Russia could not resist the Golden Horde until the 14th century. This century became a turning point: the rise of Moscow takes place, a single state begins to take shape, the Russian army wins the first victory in the difficult Battle of Kulikovo. As you know, in order to reign, one had to get a label from the Horde Khan. That is why the Tatars pursued a policy of playing off: they quarreled the princes who were arguing for this label. The Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia also led to the fact that some princes specifically acted on the side of the Mongols in order to achieve the elevation of their own territory. For example, the uprising in Tver, when Ivan Kalita helped defeat his rival. Thus, Ivan Kalita achieved not only a label, but also the right to collect tribute from all his lands. Dmitry Donskoy also actively continues to fight against the invaders. It is with his name that the first victory of the Russians at the Kulikovo field is associated. As you know, the blessing was given by Sergius of Radonezh. The battle began with a duel between two heroes and ended with the death of both. The new tactics helped defeat the Tatars' army exhausted by civil strife, but did not completely free them from their influence. But he liberated the state, and already united and centralized, Ivan 3. It happened in 1480. This is how, a hundred years apart, two of the most significant events in military history took place. Standing on the Ugra River helped to get rid of the invaders and liberated the country from their influence. After which the Horde ceased to exist.
Lessons and implications
Economic devastation, backwardness in all spheres of life, the difficult state of the population - these are all the consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. This difficult period in the history of Russia showed that the country slows down in its development, especially in the military. The Tatar-Mongol yoke taught our princes, first of all, the tactical conduct of the battle, as well as the policy of compromises and concessions.
MONGOLIAN IGO(Mongol-Tatar, Tatar-Mongol, Horde) is the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by nomadic conquerors who came from the East from 1237 to 1480.
According to Russian chronicles, these nomads were called "Tatars" in Russia after the name of the most active and active tribe of the Otuz-Tatars. It became known from the time of the conquest of Beijing in 1217, and the Chinese began to call by this name all the tribes of the occupiers who came from the Mongolian steppes. The invaders entered the Russian chronicles under the name "Tatars" as a generalizing concept for all eastern nomads who devastated the Russian lands.
The beginning of the yoke was laid during the years of the conquest of Russian territories (the Battle of Kalka in 1223, the conquest of north-eastern Russia 1237-1238, the invasion of southern Russia in 1240 and south-western Russia in 1242). It was accompanied by the destruction of 49 out of 74 Russian cities, which was a heavy blow to the foundations of Russian urban culture - handicraft production. The yoke led to the liquidation of numerous monuments of material and spiritual culture, the destruction of stone buildings, the burning of monastery and church libraries.
The date of the formal establishment of the yoke is 1243, when the father of Alexander Nevsky is the last son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, Prince. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich accepted from the conquerors a label (certifying document) for the great reign in the Vladimir land, in which he was called "the eldest of all other princes in the Russian land." At the same time, the Russian principalities, defeated by the Mongol-Tatar troops a few years earlier, were not considered directly included in the empire of the conquerors, which received the name of the Golden Horde in the 1260s. They remained politically autonomous, retained the local princely administration, whose activities were controlled by permanent or regular representatives of the Horde (Baskaks). Russian princes were considered tributaries of the Horde khans, but if they received labels from the khans, they remained officially recognized rulers of their lands. Both systems - tributaries (the collection of tribute by the Horde - "exit" or, later, "yasak") and the issuance of labels - consolidated the political fragmentation of the Russian lands, increased rivalry between the princes, contributed to the weakening of ties between the northeastern and northwestern principalities and lands with the southern and southwestern Russia, which became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland.
The Horde did not keep a permanent army on the conquered Russian territory. The yoke was supported by the direction of punitive detachments and troops, as well as by repressions against disobedient rulers who resisted the administration of administrative measures conceived at the headquarters of the khan. So, in Russia, in the 1250s, a general census of the population of the Russian lands by the Baskaks-"censors", and later - the establishment of submarine and military duties, aroused particular discontent. One of the ways of influencing the Russian princes was the system of hostages, leaving one of the princes' relatives in the khan's headquarters, in the city of Sarai on the Volga. At the same time, the relatives of obedient rulers were encouraged and released, the obstinate were killed.
The Horde encouraged the loyalty of those princes who compromised with the conquerors. So, for Alexander Nevsky's willingness to pay "exit", (tribute) to the Tatars, he not only received the support of the Tatar cavalry in the battle with the German knights on Lake Peipsi in 1242, but also ensured that his father, Yaroslav, received the first label for the great reign. In 1259, during a rebellion against the "census members" in Novgorod, Alexander Nevsky ensured the census and even gave guards ("watchmen") for the Baskaks so that they would not be torn apart by the rebellious townspeople. For the support provided to him, Khan Berke renounced the violent Islamization of the conquered Russian territories. Moreover, the Russian Church was exempted from paying tribute ("exit").
When the first, most difficult time of the introduction of the khan's power into Russian life passed, and the top of Russian society (princes, boyars, merchants, church) found a common language with the new government, the whole burden of paying tribute to the united forces of conquerors and old masters fell on the people. The waves of popular uprisings described by the chronicler were constantly rising for almost half a century, starting in 1257–1259, the first attempt at an all-Russian census. Its implementation was entrusted to Kitata, a relative of the great khan. Rebellions against the Baskaks repeatedly arose everywhere: in the 1260s in Rostov, in 1275 - in the southern Russian lands, in the 1280s - in Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Vladimir, Murom, in 1293 and again, in 1327, in Tver. The elimination of the Basque system after the participation of the troops of the Moscow Prince. Ivan Danilovich Kalita in the suppression of the Tver uprising of 1327 (from that time on the collection of tribute from the population was imposed, in order to avoid new conflicts, on the Russian princes and their subordinate tax farmers) did not stop paying tribute as such. Temporary exemption from them was obtained only after the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, but already in 1382 the payment of tribute was restored.
The first prince, who received the great reign without the ill-fated "label", as his "fatherland", was the son of the victor of the Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo, v. Kn. Vasily I Dmitrievich. "Exit" to the Horde began to be paid irregularly under him, and Khan Edigei's attempt to restore the former order of things by capturing Moscow (1408) failed. Although during the feudal war of the middle of the 15th century. Horde and made a number of new devastating invasions of Russia (1439, 1445, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1455, 1459), but they could no longer restore their dominion over. The political unification of the Russian lands around Moscow under Ivan III Vasilievich created the conditions for the complete elimination of the yoke, in 1476 he refused to pay tribute at all. In 1480, after the unsuccessful campaign of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat ("Standing on the Ugra" in 1480), the yoke was finally overthrown.
Modern researchers differ significantly in their assessments of the Horde's rule over the Russian lands for more than 240 years. The very designation of this period as "yoke" in relation to Russian and Slavic history in general was introduced by the Polish chronicler Dlugosh in 1479 and has since become firmly entrenched in Western European historiography. In Russian science, this term was first used by N.M. Karamzin (1766-1826), who believed that it was precisely the yoke that held back the development of Russia in comparison with Western Europe: “The shade of the barbarians, darkening the horizon of Russia, hid Europe from us at the same time when beneficial information and skills more and more multiplied in her. " The same opinion about the yoke as a restraining factor in the development and formation of all-Russian statehood, the strengthening of Eastern despotic tendencies in it was also shared by S.M. Soloviev and V.O. Klyuchevsky, who noted that the consequences of the yoke were the ruin of the country, a long lag behind Western Europe, irreversible changes in cultural and socio-psychological processes. This approach to assessing the Horde yoke also prevailed in Soviet historiography (A.N. Nasonov, V.V. Kargalov).
Scattered and rare attempts to revise the established point of view met with resistance. The works of historians who worked in the West (primarily G.V. Vernadsky, who saw in the relationship between the Russian lands and the Horde a complex symbiosis, from which each nation gained something) were criticized. The concept of the famous Russian Turkologist L.N. Gumilyov, who tried to destroy the myth that nomadic peoples brought Russia only suffering and were only robbers and destroyers of material and spiritual values, was also hushed up. He believed that the nomadic tribes who invaded Russia from the East were able to establish a special administrative order that ensured the political autonomy of the Russian principalities, saved their religious identity (Orthodoxy) and thereby laid the foundations of religious tolerance and the Eurasian essence of Russia. Gumilev argued that the result of the conquests of Russia at the beginning of the 13th century. it was not a yoke, but a kind of alliance with the Horde, the recognition of the supreme power of the khan by the Russian princes. At the same time, the rulers of the neighboring principalities (Minsk, Polotsk, Kiev, Galich, Volhynia) who did not want to recognize this power turned out to be conquered by the Lithuanians or Poles, became part of their states and underwent centuries of Catholicization. It was Gumilev who first pointed out that the ancient Russian name of nomads from the East (among whom the Mongols predominated) - "Tatarov" - cannot offend the national feelings of the modern Volga (Kazan) Tatars living on the territory of Tatarstan. Their ethnos, he believed, does not bear historical responsibility for the actions of nomadic tribes from the steppes of southeastern Asia, since the ancestors of the Kazan Tatars were the Kama Bulgars, Kipchaks and partly the ancient Slavs. The history of the appearance of the "myth of the yoke" Gumilev connected with the activities of the creators of the Norman theory - German historians who served in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences of the 18th century, and distorted real facts.
In post-Soviet historiography, the question of the existence of the yoke is still controversial. As a result of the growing number of supporters of the Gumilyov concept, appeals to the President of the Russian Federation in 2000 to cancel the celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo became, since, according to the authors of the appeals, “there was no yoke in Russia”. According to these researchers, supported by the authorities of Tatarstan and Kazakhstan, the united Russian-Tatar troops fought in the Battle of Kulikovo with the usurper of power in the Horde, Temnik Mamai, who proclaimed himself a khan and gathered under his banners mercenary Genoese, Alans (Ossetians), Kasogs (Circassians) and Polovtsy.
Despite the controversial nature of all these statements, the fact of a significant mutual influence of the cultures of peoples who have lived in close political, social and demographic contacts for almost three centuries is indisputable.
Lev Pushkarev, Natalia Pushkareva
Chronology
- 1123 The battle of the Russians and Polovtsians with the Mongols on the Kalka River
- 1237 - 1240 The conquest of Russia by the Mongols
- 1240 The defeat by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich of the Swedish knights on the Neva River (Battle of the Neva)
- 1242 The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky on Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice)
- 1380 Battle of Kulikovo
The beginning of the Mongol conquests of the Russian principalities
In the XIII century. the peoples of Russia had to endure a hard struggle with Tatar-Mongol conquerors who ruled in the Russian lands until the 15th century. (the last century in a milder form). Directly or indirectly, the Mongol invasion contributed to the fall of the political institutions of the Kiev period and the growth of absolutism.
In the XII century. in Mongolia there was no centralized state, the union of the tribes was achieved at the end of the 12th century. Temujin, the leader of one of the clans. At a general meeting ("kurultai") of representatives of all clans in 1206 he was proclaimed a great khan with the name Chinggis("Limitless power").
Once the empire was established, it began its expansion. The organization of the Mongol army was based on the decimal principle - 10, 100, 1000, etc. The Imperial Guard was created, which controlled the entire army. Before the advent of firearms Mongol cavalry took up in the steppe wars. She was better organized and trained than any nomadic army of the past. The reason for the success was not only the perfection of the military organization of the Mongols, but also the unpreparedness of the rivals.
At the beginning of the 13th century, having conquered part of Siberia, the Mongols began to conquer China in 1215. They managed to capture the entire northern part. From China, the Mongols took out the latest military equipment and specialists for that time. In addition, they received cadres of competent and experienced officials from among the Chinese. In 1219, the troops of Genghis Khan invaded Central Asia. Following Central Asia, there was captured northern Iran, after which the troops of Genghis Khan made a predatory campaign in the Caucasus. From the south, they came to the Polovtsian steppes and defeated the Polovtsians.
The request of the Polovtsians to help them against a dangerous enemy was accepted by the Russian princes. The battle between the Russian-Polovtsian and Mongolian troops took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River in the Azov region. Not all Russian princes who promised to participate in the battle put up their troops. The battle ended with the defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian troops, many princes and warriors died.
Genghis Khan died in 1227. Ogedei, his third son, was elected the Great Khan. In 1235, Kurultai gathered in the Mongolian capital Kara-Korum, where it was decided to begin the conquest of the western lands. This intention posed a terrible threat to the Russian lands. At the head of the new campaign was Ogedei's nephew - Batu (Batu).
In 1236, Batu's troops began a campaign against the Russian lands. Having defeated the Volga Bulgaria, they set out to conquer the Ryazan principality. The Ryazan princes, their squads and townspeople had to fight the invaders alone. The city was burned and plundered. After the capture of Ryazan, the Mongol troops moved to Kolomna. Many Russian soldiers died in the battle near Kolomna, and the battle itself ended in defeat for them. On February 3, 1238, the Mongols approached Vladimir. Having besieged the city, the invaders sent a detachment to Suzdal, which took and burned it. The Mongols stopped only in front of Novgorod, turning south due to muddy roads.
In 1240 the Mongol offensive resumed. Chernigov and Kiev were captured and destroyed. From here the Mongol troops moved to Galicia-Volyn Rus. Having captured Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich in 1241 Batu invaded Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Moravia, and then in 1242 reached Croatia and Dalmatia. However, the Mongol troops entered Western Europe significantly weakened by the powerful resistance they met in Russia. This explains in many ways the fact that if the Mongols managed to establish their yoke in Russia, then Western Europe experienced only an invasion and then on a smaller scale. This is the historical role of the heroic resistance of the Russian people to the Mongol invasion.
The result of Batu's grand campaign was the conquest of a huge territory - the southern Russian steppes and forests of Northern Russia, the Lower Danube region (Bulgaria and Moldova). The Mongol Empire now included the whole Eurasian continent from the Pacific Ocean to the Balkans.
After Ogedei's death in 1241, the majority supported the candidacy of Ogedei's son Gayuk. Batu also became the head of the strongest regional khanate. He founded his capital at Sarai (north of Astrakhan). His power extended to Kazakhstan, Khorezm, Western Siberia, Volga, North Caucasus, Russia. Gradually, the western part of this ulus became known as Golden Horde.
The struggle of the Russian people against Western aggression
When the Mongols occupied Russian cities, the Swedes, threatening Novgorod, appeared at the mouth of the Neva. They were defeated in July 1240 by the young prince Alexander, who received the name Nevsky for his victory.
At the same time, the Roman Church was making acquisitions in the Baltic Sea countries. Back in the XII century, German knighthood began to seize the lands belonging to the Slavs beyond the Oder and in the Baltic Pomerania. At the same time, an offensive was carried out on the lands of the Baltic peoples. The invasion of the Crusaders on the lands of the Baltic and North-Western Russia was sanctioned by the Pope and German Emperor Frederick II. Germanic, Danish, Norwegian knights and troops from other northern European countries also took part in the crusade. The attack on Russian lands was part of the Drang nach Osten doctrine (push to the east).
Baltic in the XIII century
Together with his retinue, Alexander with a sudden blow liberated Pskov, Izborsk and other captured cities. Having received the news that the main forces of the Order were marching on him, Alexander Nevsky blocked the way for the knights, placing his troops on the ice of Lake Peipsi. The Russian prince showed himself to be an outstanding commander. The chronicler wrote about him: "We conquer everywhere, and we will not conquer Nicholas." Alexander deployed troops under cover of the steep bank on the ice of the lake, excluding the possibility of enemy reconnaissance of his forces and depriving the enemy of freedom of maneuver. Taking into account the construction of the knights "pig" (in the form of a trapezoid with a sharp wedge in front, which was made up of heavily armed cavalry), Alexander Nevsky arranged his regiments in the form of a triangle, the tip resting on the shore. Before the battle, some of the Russian soldiers were equipped with special hooks to pull the knights off their horses.
On April 5, 1242, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi, which was called the Battle of Ice. The knight's wedge pierced the center of the Russian position and buried itself on the shore. The flanking attacks of the Russian regiments decided the outcome of the battle: like ticks, they crushed the knightly "pig". The knights, unable to withstand the blow, fled in panic. The Russians pursued the enemy, “flogging, carrying after him, as if through the air,” the chronicler wrote. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, in the battle "German 400 and 50 were taken prisoner"
Persistently resisting the enemies of the West, Alexander was extremely patient with the eastern onslaught. The recognition of the sovereignty of the khan freed his hands to repel the Teutonic crusade.
Tatar-Mongol yoke
Persistently resisting the enemies of the West, Alexander was extremely patient with regard to the Eastern onslaught. The Mongols did not interfere in the religious affairs of their subjects, while the Germans tried to impose their faith on the conquered peoples. They pursued an aggressive policy under the slogan "He who does not want to be baptized must die!" The recognition of the sovereignty of the khan freed up forces to repel the Teutonic crusade. But it turned out that it is not easy to get rid of the “Mongolian flood”. Rthe Russian lands infiltrated by the Mongols were forced to recognize their vassal dependence on the Golden Horde.
In the first period of Mongol rule, tax collection and the mobilization of Russians into Mongol troops were carried out on the orders of the great khan. Both money and recruits were sent to the capital. Under Gauk, Russian princes traveled to Mongolia to receive a reign label. Later, a trip to Saray was enough.
The incessant struggle waged by the Russian people against the invaders forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon the creation of their own administrative bodies of power in Russia. Rus retained its statehood. This was facilitated by the presence in Russia of its own administration and church organization.
To control the Russian lands, the institution of governors-Baskaks was created - the leaders of the military detachments of the Mongol-Tatars, who monitored the activities of the Russian princes. The denunciation of the Baskaks to the Horde inevitably ended either with the summons of the prince to Sarai (he often lost his label, or even his life), or with a punitive campaign into the rebellious land. Suffice it to say that only in the last quarter of the XIII century. 14 such trips to the Russian lands were organized.
In 1257, the Mongol-Tatars undertook a population census - “record in the number”. Besermens (Muslim merchants) were sent to the cities, who were given the mercy of collecting tribute. The amount of tribute (“exit”) was very large, only one “tsar's tribute”, i.e. tribute to the khan, which was first collected in kind, and then in money, amounted to 1300 kg of silver per year. The constant tribute was supplemented by "requests" - one-time levies in favor of the khan. In addition, deductions from trade duties, taxes to “feed” the khan's officials, etc. went to the khan's treasury. In total, there were 14 types of tributes in favor of the Tatars.
The Horde yoke slowed down the economic development of Russia for a long time, destroyed its agriculture, and undermined its culture. The Mongol invasion led to a decline in the role of cities in the political and economic life of Russia, urban construction stopped, the fine and applied arts fell into decay. A grave consequence of the yoke was the deepening of the disunity of Russia and the isolation of its individual parts. The weakened country was unable to defend a number of western and southern regions, which were later captured by the Lithuanian and Polish feudal lords. A blow was dealt to the trade relations of Rus' with the West: trade relations with foreign countries were preserved only in Novgorod, Pskov, Polotsk, Vitebsk and Smolensk.
The turning point was 1380, when the army of many thousands of Mamai was defeated at the Kulikovo field.
Battle of Kulikovo 1380
Russia began to grow stronger, its dependence on the Horde was getting weaker and weaker. The final liberation took place in 1480 under the sovereign Ivan III. By this time, the period ended, the gathering of Russian lands around Moscow ended and.
1243 - After the defeat of Northern Russia by the Mongol-Tatars and the death of the great Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich (1188-1238x), Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1190-1246 +) remained the eldest in the family, who became the Grand Duke.
Returning from the western campaign, Batu summons the Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich Vladimir-Suzdalsky to the Horde and gives him a label (permission sign) for the great reign in Russia at the khan's headquarters in Sarai: "You will be older than all the princes in the Russian language."
This is how the unilateral act of vassal subordination of Russia to the Golden Horde was carried out and legally formalized.
Russia, according to the label, lost the right to fight and had to pay tribute to the khans twice annually (in spring and autumn). Baskaks (governors) were sent to the Russian principalities - their capitals - to monitor the rigorous collection of tribute and the observance of its size.
1243-1252 - This decade was a time when the Horde troops and officials did not bother Russia, receiving timely tribute and expressions of external obedience. Russian princes during this period assessed the current situation and developed their own line of conduct in relation to the Horde.
Two lines of Russian politics:
1. The line of systematic partisan resistance and continuous "point" uprisings: ("to run, not serve the king") - led. book Andrey I Yaroslavich, Yaroslav III Yaroslavich and others.
2. The line of complete, unquestioning submission to the Horde (Alexander Nevsky and most of the other princes). Many appanage princes (Uglitsk, Yaroslavl, and especially Rostov) established relations with the Mongol khans, who left them to "reign and rule." The princes preferred to recognize the supreme power of the Horde Khan and donate to the conquerors part of the feudal rent collected from the dependent population, rather than risk losing their princes (see "On the Arrivals of Russian Princes to the Horde"). The Orthodox Church pursued the same policy.
1252 Invasion of "Nevruyeva rati" The first after 1239 in North-Eastern Russia - Reasons for the invasion: Punish for the disobedience of Grand Duke Andrei I Yaroslavich and speed up the full payment of the tribute.
Horde forces: The Nevryu army had a significant number - at least 10 thousand people. and a maximum of 20-25 thousand.This indirectly follows from the title of Nevryuya (prince) and the presence in his army of two wings, headed by the temniks - Elabuga (Olabuga) and Kotiy, as well as from the fact that the army of Nevryuya was able to disperse across the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and "comb" it!
Russian forces: Consisted of the regiments of Prince. Andrey (i.e. regular troops) and the squads (volunteer and security detachments) of the Tver governor Zhiroslav, sent by the Tver prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich to help his brother. These forces were an order of magnitude smaller than the Horde forces in terms of their numbers, i.e. 1.5-2 thousand people
The course of the invasion: Having crossed the Klyazma River near Vladimir, the punitive army of Nevryuya hastily headed for Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, where Prince. Andrew, and, overtaking the army of the prince, defeated him utterly. The Horde plundered and ravaged the city, and then occupied the entire Vladimir land and, returning to the Horde, "combed" it.
Results of the invasion: The Horde army rounded up and captured tens of thousands of captive peasants (for sale in the eastern markets) and hundreds of thousands of cattle and took them to the Horde. Book. Andrei with the remnants of his squad fled to the Novgorod Republic, which refused to give him asylum, fearing the Horde's repressions. Fearing that one of his "friends" would betray him to the Horde, Andrei fled to Sweden. Thus, the first attempt to resist the Horde failed. Russian princes abandoned the line of resistance and bowed to the line of obedience.
Alexander Nevsky received the label for the great reign.
1255 The first complete census of the population of North-Eastern Russia, conducted by the Horde - It was accompanied by spontaneous unrest of the local population, scattered, unorganized, but united by the general demand of the masses: "do not give a number to the Tatars", i.e. not to give them any data that could become the basis for a fixed payment of tribute.
Other authors indicate different dates for the census (1257-1259)
1257 Attempt to conduct a census in Novgorod - In 1255 no census was carried out in Novgorod. In 1257, this measure was accompanied by an uprising of the Novgorodians, the expulsion of the Horde "counters" from the city, which led to a complete failure of the attempt to collect tribute.
1259 The embassy of Murz Berke and Kasachik to Novgorod - The punitive control army of the Horde ambassadors - Murz Berke and Kasachik - was sent to Novgorod to collect tribute and prevent anti-Horde uprisings of the population. Novgorod, as always in the event of a military threat, yielded to force and traditionally bought off, and also made an obligation itself, without reminders or pressure, to regularly pay tribute annually, "voluntarily" determining its size, without drawing up census documents, in exchange for a guarantee of absence from the city Horde collectors.
1262 Meeting of representatives of Russian cities to discuss measures to resist the Horde - A decision was made to simultaneously expel tribute collectors - representatives of the Horde administration in the cities of Rostov the Great, Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl, where anti-Horde demonstrations take place. These riots were suppressed by the Horde military units at the disposal of the Baskaks. But nevertheless, the khan's government took into account the 20-year experience of repeating such spontaneous rebellious outbreaks and abandoned Basque, transferring from that time the collection of tribute into the hands of the Russian, princely administration.
From 1263 the Russian princes began to bring tribute to the Horde themselves.
Thus, the formal moment, as in the case of Novgorod, turned out to be decisive. The Russians did not so much resist the fact of payment of the tribute and its size, as they were offended by the foreign, foreign composition of the collectors. They were ready to pay more, but to "their" princes and their administration. The Khan authorities quickly realized the full benefits of such a decision for the Horde:
firstly, the lack of your own troubles,
secondly, the guarantee of the end of the uprisings and the complete obedience of the Russians.
thirdly, the presence of specific responsible persons (princes), whom it was always easy, convenient and even "legal" could be brought to justice, punished for not paying tribute, and not deal with the insurmountable spontaneous popular uprisings of thousands of people.
This is a very early manifestation of a specifically Russian social and individual psychology, for which the visible is important, not the essential, and which is always ready to make actually important, serious, significant concessions in exchange for visible, superficial, external, "toy" and supposedly prestigious, will be repeated many times throughout Russian history up to the present time.
It is easy to persuade the Russian people, to appease with a petty handout, a trifle, but it cannot be irritated. Then he becomes stubborn, intractable and reckless, and sometimes even angry.
But you can literally take it with your bare hands, circle it around your finger, if you immediately give in in some trifle. This was well understood by the Mongols, who were the first Horde khans - Batu and Berke.
I cannot agree with the unfair and humiliating generalization of V. Pokhlebkin. You should not consider your ancestors stupid, gullible savages and judge them from the "height" of the past 700 years. There were numerous anti-Horde demonstrations - they were suppressed, presumably, brutally, not only by the Horde troops, but also by their own princes. But the transfer of the collection of tribute (from which it was simply impossible to free oneself in those conditions) to the Russian princes was not a "petty concession", but an important, principled moment. Unlike a number of other countries conquered by the Horde, Northeastern Russia retained its political and social system. On Russian soil there has never been a permanent Mongol administration, under the onerous yoke, Russia managed to maintain the conditions for its independent development, although not without the influence of the Horde. An example of the opposite kind is the Volga Bulgaria, which, under the Horde, as a result, could not preserve not only its own ruling dynasty and name, but also the ethnic continuity of the population.
Later, the khan's power itself crumbled, lost its statesmanship and gradually, by its mistakes, "brought up" from Russia its equally insidious and circumspect enemy as it was itself. But in the 60s of the XIII century. this final was still far away - two whole centuries. In the meantime, the Horde spun the Russian princes and through them all of Russia, as it wanted. (It will be good to be confused by the one who will be the last to be confused - isn't it?)
1272 The second Horde census in Russia - Under the leadership and supervision of the Russian princes, the Russian local administration, it passed peacefully, calmly, without a hitch, without a hitch. After all, it was carried out by "Russian people", and the population was calm.
It's a shame that the census results weren't saved, or maybe I just don't know?
And the fact that it was carried out according to the khan's orders, that the Russian princes delivered her data to the Horde and this data directly served the Horde's economic and political interests - all this was for the people "behind the scenes", all this "did not concern" him and did not interest ... The appearance that the census was taking place "without Tatars" was more important than the essence, that is, the strengthening of the tax oppression that has come on its basis, the impoverishment of the population, its suffering. All this "was not visible," and therefore, according to Russian ideas, this means that ... was not.
Moreover, in just three decades that have elapsed since the moment of enslavement, Russian society, in fact, has become accustomed to the fact of the Horde yoke, and the fact that it was isolated from direct contact with representatives of the Horde and entrusted these contacts exclusively to the princes completely satisfied it, both ordinary people and noble ones.
The proverb "out of sight - out of mind" very accurately and correctly explains this situation. As it is clear from the chronicles of that time, the lives of the saints and the patristic and other religious literature, which was a reflection of the dominant ideas, Russians of all estates and states had no desire to get to know their enslavers better, to get to know "what they breathe", what they think, how think, as they understand themselves and Russia. They saw "God's punishment" sent down to the Russian land for sins. If they had not sinned, had not angered God, there would have been no such calamities - this is the starting point of all explanations from the authorities and the church of the then "international situation". It is not difficult to see that this position is not only very, very passive, but that, in addition, it actually removes the blame for the enslavement of Russia from both the Mongol-Tatars and the Russian princes who made such a yoke, and shifts it entirely onto the people who found themselves enslaved and suffered from it more than anyone.
Proceeding from the thesis of sinfulness, the churchmen called on the Russian people not to resist the invaders, but, on the contrary, to their own repentance and obedience to the "Tatars", not only did not condemn the Horde power, but also ... set it up as an example for their flock. This was a direct payment on the part of the Orthodox Church for the enormous privileges granted to it by the khans - exemption from taxes and extortions, solemn receptions of metropolitans in the Horde, the establishment in 1261 of a special Sarai diocese and permission to erect an Orthodox church directly opposite the khan's headquarters *.
*) After the collapse of the Horde, at the end of the 15th century. the entire staff of the Sarai diocese was retained and transferred to Moscow, to the Krutitsky monastery, and the Sarai bishops received the title of metropolitan of Sarai and Podonsky, and then of Krutitsky and Kolomna, i.e. were formally equalized in rank with the metropolitans of Moscow and All Russia, although they were no longer engaged in any real central political activity. This historical and decorative post was abolished only at the end of the 18th century. (1788) [Approx. V.Pokhlebkin]
It should be noted that on the threshold of the XXI century. we are experiencing a similar situation. Modern "princes", like the princes of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia, are trying to exploit the ignorance and slavish psychology of the people and even cultivate it, not without the help of the same church.
In the late 70s of the XIII century. the period of temporary lull from the Horde troubles in Russia is coming to an end, which can be explained by the ten-year emphasized obedience of the Russian princes and the church. The internal needs of the Horde economy, which made a constant profit from the trade of slaves (captured during the war) in the eastern (Iranian, Turkish and Arab) markets, require a new influx of funds, and therefore in 1277-1278. The Horde twice makes local raids into the border Russian borders exclusively for the removal of the polonyanniki.
It is significant that not the central khan administration and its military forces are involved in this, but the regional, ulus authorities in the peripheral areas of the Horde's territory, solving their local, local economic problems with these raids, and therefore strictly limiting both the place and the time (very short, calculated in weeks) of these military actions.
1277- The raid on the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality is carried out by detachments from the western Dniester-Dnieper regions of the Horde, which were under the rule of Temnik Nogai.
1278 - A similar local raid follows from the Volga region to Ryazan, and it is limited only to this principality.
During the next decade - in the 80s and early 90s of the XIII century. - new processes are taking place in Russian-Horde relations.
The Russian princes, who have gotten used to the new situation in the previous 25-30 years and have essentially been deprived of any control from the side of domestic bodies, begin to settle their petty feudal scores with each other with the help of the Horde military force.
Just like in the XII century. Chernigov and Kiev princes fought with each other, calling Polovtsy to Russia, and the princes of North-Eastern Russia fought in the 80s of the XIII century. with each other for power, relying on the Horde detachments, which they invite to plunder the principalities of their political opponents, i.e., in fact, cold-bloodedly call on foreign troops to devastate the regions inhabited by their Russian compatriots.
1281 - The son of Alexander Nevsky, Andrei II Alexandrovich, Prince Gorodetsky, invites the Horde army against his brother led. Dmitry I Alexandrovich and his allies. This army is organized by Khan Tuda-Mengu, who at the same time gives Andrew II a label for the great reign, even before the outcome of the military clash.
Dmitry I, fleeing from the khan's troops, fled first to Tver, then to Novgorod, and from there to his possession on the Novgorod land - Koporye. But the Novgorodians, declaring themselves loyal to the Horde, do not let Dmitry into his patrimony and, taking advantage of its location inside the Novgorod lands, force the prince to tear down all its fortifications and finally force Dmitry I to flee from Russia to Sweden, threatening to hand him over to the Tatars.
The Horde army (Kavgadai and Alchegei), under the pretext of pursuing Dmitry I, relying on the permission of Andrei II, passes and devastates several Russian principalities - Vladimir, Tver, Suzdal, Rostov, Murom, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and their capitals. The Horde reaches Torzhok, practically occupying the entire North-Eastern Russia up to the borders of the Novgorod Republic.
The length of the entire territory from Murom to Torzhok (from east to west) was 450 km, and from south to north - 250-280 km, i.e. almost 120 thousand square kilometers, which were devastated by military operations. This restores the Russian population of the ruined principalities against Andrey II, and his formal "accession" after the flight of Dmitry I does not bring peace.
Dmitry I returns to Pereyaslavl and prepares for revenge, Andrei II leaves for the Horde with a request for help, and his allies - Svyatoslav Yaroslavich Tverskoy, Daniil Alexandrovich Moskovsky and Novgorodians - go to Dmitry I and make peace with him.
1282 - Andrey II comes from the Horde with Tatar regiments led by Turai-Temir and Ali, reaches Pereyaslavl and again expels Dmitry, who runs this time to the Black Sea, to the possession of Temnik Nogai (who at that time was the actual ruler of the Golden Horde) , and, playing on the contradictions between Nogai and the Sarai khans, brings the troops given by Nogai to Russia and forces Andrei II to return the great reign to him.
The cost of this "restoration of justice" is very high: the Nogai officials are given the responsibility of collecting tribute in Kursk, Lipetsk, Rylsk; Rostov and Murom are again subjected to ruin. The conflict between the two princes (and the allies who joined them) continues throughout the 80s and early 90s.
1285 - Andrei II again goes to the Horde and brings from there a new punitive detachment of the Horde, led by one of the khan's sons. However, Dmitry I succeeds in successfully and quickly defeating this detachment.
Thus, the first victory of the Russian troops over the regular Horde troops was won in 1285, and not in 1378, on the river Vozhe, as is usually believed.
It is not surprising that Andrew II in the following years stopped turning to the Horde for help.
At the end of the 80s, the Horde sent small predatory expeditions to Russia themselves:
1287 - Raid to Vladimir.
1288 - The raid on Ryazan and Murom and the Mordovian lands These two raids (short-term) were of a specific, local nature and were aimed at plundering property and capturing the polonyans. They were provoked by the denunciation or complaint of the Russian princes.
1292 - "Dedenev's army" to the Vladimir land Andrei Gorodetsky, together with princes Dmitry Borisovich Rostovsky, Konstantin Borisovich Uglitsky, Mikhail Glebovich Belozersky, Fyodor Yaroslavsky and Bishop Tarasiy went to the Horde to complain about Dmitry I Alexandrovich.
Khan Tokhta, after listening to the complainants, dispatched a significant army under the leadership of his brother Tudan (in Russian chronicles - Deden) to conduct a punitive expedition.
"Dedenev's army" passed through all Vladimir Rus, having ruined the capital of Vladimir and 14 more cities: Murom, Suzdal, Gorokhovets, Starodub, Bogolyubov, Yuryev-Polsky, Gorodets, Uglechepole (Uglich), Yaroslavl, Nerekhta, Ksnyatin, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky , Rostov, Dmitrov.
In addition to them, only 7 cities remained untouched by the invasion, lying outside the route of the Tudan troops: Kostroma, Tver, Zubtsov, Moscow, Galich Mersky, Unzha, Nizhny Novgorod.
On the way to Moscow (or near Moscow), Tudan's army was divided into two detachments, one of which went to Kolomna, i.e. to the south, and the other to the west: to Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk, Volokolamsk.
In Volokolamsk, the Horde army received gifts from the Novgorodians, who hastened to bring and present gifts to the khan's brother far from their lands. Tudan did not go to Tver, but returned to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, made the base where all the loot was taken and the prisoners were concentrated.
This campaign was a significant pogrom of Russia. It is possible that Tudan with his army also passed Klin, Serpukhov, Zvenigorod, not named in the annals. Thus, the area of his operations covered about two dozen cities.
1293 - In winter, a new Horde detachment under the leadership of Toktemir appeared near Tver, which came with punitive purposes at the request of one of the princes to restore order in the feudal strife. He had limited goals, and the chronicles do not describe his route and time spent on Russian territory.
In any case, the whole of 1293 passed under the sign of another Horde pogrom, the cause of which was exclusively the feudal rivalry of the princes. It was they who were the main reason for the Horde repressions that fell on the Russian people.
1294-1315 biennium Two decades pass without any Horde invasions.
The princes regularly pay tribute, the people, frightened and impoverished from previous robberies, slowly heal economic and human losses. Only the accession to the throne of the extremely powerful and active Khan Uzbek opens a new period of pressure on Russia
The main idea of Uzbek is to achieve complete disunity of the Russian princes and their transformation into continuously warring groups. Hence his plan - the transfer of the great reign to the weakest and most non-military prince - Moscow (under Khan Uzbek, the Moscow prince was Yuri Danilovich, who challenged the great reign with Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver) and the weakening of the former rulers of the "strong principalities" - Rostov, Vladimir, Tver.
To ensure the collection of tribute, Uzbek Khan practices sending, together with the prince, who received instructions from the Horde, special commissioners-ambassadors, accompanied by military detachments of several thousand people (sometimes there were up to 5 temniks!). Each prince collects tribute on the territory of a rival principality.
From 1315 to 1327, i.e. in 12 years, Uzbek has sent 9 military "embassies". Their functions were not diplomatic, but military-punitive (police) and partly military-political (pressure on the princes).
1315 - "Ambassadors" of Uzbek accompany the Grand Duke Mikhail of Tver (see the Table of Ambassadors), and their detachments rob Rostov and Torzhok, near which they defeat the detachments of Novgorodians.
1317 - Horde punitive detachments accompany Yuri of Moscow and rob Kostroma, and then try to rob Tver, but suffer a severe defeat.
1319 - The robbery of Kostroma and Rostov is committed again.
1320 - Rostov falls victim to a robbery for the third time, but Vladimir is mostly ruined.
1321 - Tribute is knocked out of Kashin and the Kashin principality.
1322 - Yaroslavl and the cities of the Nizhny Novgorod principality are subjected to a punitive action to collect tribute.
1327 "Shchelkanov's Host" - The Novgorodians, frightened by the Horde's activity, "voluntarily" pay the Horde a tribute of 2000 rubles in silver.
The famous attack of the Chelkan (Cholpan) detachment on Tver, known in the annals as the "Shchelkanov invasion" or "Shchelkanov army", took place. It provokes an unprecedentedly decisive uprising of the townspeople and the destruction of the "ambassador" and his detachment. The "Shchelkan" itself is burned in the hut.
1328 - A special punitive expedition follows against Tver under the leadership of three ambassadors - Turalyk, Syuga and Fedorok - and with 5 temniks, i.e. a whole army, which the chronicle defines as a "great army". In the devastation of Tver, along with the 50-thousandth Horde army, Moscow princely detachments also participate.
From 1328 to 1367 - there comes a "great silence" for as long as 40 years.
It is a direct result of three things:
1. Complete defeat of the Tver principality as a rival of Moscow and thereby eliminating the cause of military-political rivalry in Russia.
2. Timely collection of tribute by Ivan Kalita, who, in the eyes of the khans, becomes an exemplary executor of the Horde's fiscal instructions and expresses to her, in addition, exceptional political obedience, and, finally
3. As a result of the understanding by the Horde rulers that the Russian population has matured the determination to fight the oppressors and therefore it is necessary to apply other forms of pressure and consolidation of the dependence of Russia, except for punitive ones.
As for the use of some princes against others, this measure no longer seems to be universal in the face of possible popular uprisings uncontrolled by "tame princes". A turning point is coming in Russian-Horde relations.
Punitive campaigns (invasions) to the central regions of North-Eastern Russia, with the inevitable ruin of its population, have ceased since then.
At the same time, short-term raids with predatory (but not devastating) goals on the peripheral areas of Russian territory, raids on local, limited areas continue to take place and remain as the most favorite and safest for the Horde, one-sided-short-term military-economic action.
A new phenomenon in the period from 1360 to 1375 is the retaliatory raids, or more precisely, the campaigns of the Russian armed detachments in the peripheral lands, dependent on the Horde, bordering with Russia, - mainly in the Bulgars.
1347 - A raid is made on Aleksin, a border town on the Moscow-Horde border along the Oka
1360 - The Novgorod ushkuyniks make the first raid on the town of Zhukotin.
1365 - The Horde prince Tagai raided the Ryazan principality.
1367 - Detachments of Prince Temir-Bulat invade the principality of Nizhny Novgorod with a raid, especially intensively in the border strip along the Pyana river.
1370 - A new Horde raid follows on the Ryazan principality in the area of the Moscow-Ryazan border. But through the Oka the Horde people were not allowed to stand there by the guard regiments of Prince Dmitry IV Ivanovich. And the Horde, in turn, noticing resistance, did not seek to overcome it and limited themselves to reconnaissance.
Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhegorodsky makes an invasion raid on the lands of the "parallel" khan of Bulgaria - Bulat-Temir;
1374 Anti-Horde uprising in Novgorod - The occasion was the arrival of the Horde ambassadors, accompanied by a large armed retinue of 1000 people. This is common for the beginning of the XIV century. the escort was, however, regarded in the last quarter of the same century as a dangerous threat and provoked an armed attack by Novgorodians on the "embassy", during which both the "ambassadors" and their guards were completely destroyed.
A new raid of the Ushkuyniks, who rob not only the Bulgar city, but are not afraid to penetrate as far as Astrakhan.
1375 - Horde raid on the city of Kashin, short and local.
1376 2nd campaign against the Bulgars - The United Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod army prepared and carried out the 2nd campaign against the Bulgars, and took from the city an indemnity of 5000 rubles in silver. This attack by the Russians on the territory dependent on the Horde, unheard of in 130 years of Russian-Horde relations, naturally triggers a retaliatory military action.
1377 Massacre on the Pyane River - On the border Russian-Horde territory, on the Pyane River, where the Nizhny Novgorod princes were preparing a new raid on the Mordovian lands lying beyond the river, dependent on the Horde, they were attacked by a detachment of Tsarevich Arapsha (Arab Shah, Khan of the Blue Horde ) and suffered a crushing defeat.
On August 2, 1377, the united militia of the princes of Suzdal, Pereyaslavsky, Yaroslavsky, Yuryevsky, Murom and Nizhny Novgorod was completely killed, and the "commander-in-chief" himself, Prince Ivan Dmitrievich of Nizhny Novgorod, drowned in the river, trying to escape, together with his personal squad and his "headquarters" ... This defeat of the Russian army was largely due to their loss of vigilance due to many days of drunkenness.
Having destroyed the Russian army, the detachments of Tsarevich Arapsha raided the capitals of the hapless warrior princes - Nizhny Novgorod, Murom and Ryazan - and subjected them to complete looting and burning to the ground.
1378 Battle on the river Vozha - In the XIII century. after such a defeat, the Russians usually lost any desire to resist the Horde troops for 10-20 years, but at the end of the XIV century. the setting has completely changed:
Already in 1378, the ally of the princes defeated in the battle on the Pyane River, the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry IV Ivanovich, having learned that the Horde troops who had burned Nizhny Novgorod intend to go to Moscow under the command of Murza Begich, decided to meet them on the border of his principality on the Oka River and not allow to the capital.
On August 11, 1378, a battle took place on the bank of the right tributary of the Oka, the Vozha River, in the Ryazan principality. Dmitry divided his army into three parts and, at the head of the main regiment, attacked the Horde army from the front, while Prince Daniel Pronsky and the okolnichy Timofey Vasilyevich attacked the Tatars from the flanks, in a girth. The Horde were utterly defeated and fled across the river Vozhu, having lost many killed and carts, which the Russian troops captured the next day, rushing to pursue the Tatars.
The battle on the River Vozha had great moral and military significance as a dress rehearsal for the Battle of Kulikovo, which followed two years later.
1380 Battle of Kulikovo - The battle of Kulikovo was the first serious, specially prepared battle in advance, and not accidental and improvised, like all previous military clashes between the Russian and Horde troops.
1382 Tokhtamysh's invasion of Moscow - The defeat of Mamai's troops on the Kulikovo field and his flight to Kafa and his death in 1381 allowed the energetic Khan Tokhtamysh to end the Temniks' rule in the Horde and reunite it into a single state, eliminating the "parallel khans" in the regions.
Tokhtamysh identified the restoration of the military and foreign policy prestige of the Horde and the preparation of a revanchist campaign against Moscow as his main military-political task.
Results of Tokhtamysh's campaign:
Returning to Moscow in early September 1382, Dmitry Donskoy saw the ashes and ordered to immediately restore the devastated Moscow at least with temporary wooden buildings before the onset of frost.
Thus, the military, political and economic achievements of the Battle of Kulikovo were completely eliminated by the Horde after two years:
1. The tribute was not only restored, but actually doubled, for the population decreased, but the size of the tribute remained the same. In addition, the people had to pay the Grand Duke a special extraordinary tax to replenish the princely treasury taken away by the Horde.
2. Politically, vassal dependence has increased dramatically, even formally. In 1384, Dmitry Donskoy was forced to send his son, heir to the throne, the future Grand Duke Vasily II Dmitrievich, who was 12 years old, to the Horde for the first time (According to the generally accepted account, this is Vasily I. V.V. Pokhlebkin, apparently, considers 1 -m Vasily Yaroslavich Kostromsky). Relations with the neighbors - the Tver, Suzdal, Ryazan principalities, which were specially supported by the Horde to create a political and military counterbalance to Moscow, became aggravated.
The situation was really difficult, in 1383 Dmitry Donskoy had to "compete" in the Horde for the great reign, to which Mikhail Alexandrovich Tverskoy again presented his claims. The reign was left to Dmitry, but his son Vasily was taken hostage to the Horde. The "fierce" ambassador Adash (1383, see "Golden Horde Ambassadors in Russia") appeared in Vladimir. In 1384 he had to collect a heavy tribute (a half from the village) from all over the Russian land, and from Novgorod - a black forest. Novgorodians opened robberies along the Volga and Kama and refused to pay tribute. In 1385, he had to show unprecedented condescension to the Ryazan prince, who decided to attack Kolomna (annexed to Moscow in 1300) and defeated the troops of the Moscow prince.
Thus, Russia was actually thrown back into the position of 1313, during the reign of Khan Uzbek, i.e. practically the achievements of the Battle of Kulikovo were completely erased. Both politically and economically, the Moscow principality was thrown back 75-100 years ago. The prospects for relations with the Horde, therefore, were extremely grim for Moscow and Russia as a whole. It could be assumed that the Horde yoke would be fixed forever (well, nothing is eternal!), If a new historical accident did not occur:
The period of the Horde's wars with the empire of Tamerlane and the complete defeat of the Horde during these two wars, the disruption of all economic, administrative, and political life in the Horde, the death of the Horde army, the devastation of both of its capitals - Sarai I and Sarai II, the beginning of a new turmoil, the struggle for the power of several khans in the period from 1391-1396. - all this led to an unparalleled weakening of the Horde in all spheres and made it necessary for the Horde khans to focus on the turn in the XIV century. and XV century. exclusively on internal problems, temporarily neglect external ones and, in particular, weaken control over Russia.
It was this unexpected situation that helped the Moscow principality get a significant respite and restore its strength - economic, military and political.
Here, perhaps, we should interrupt and make a few notes. I do not believe in historical accidents of this magnitude, and there is no need to explain the further relations of Muscovite Rus with the Horde by an unexpectedly happened happy accident. Without going into details, we note that by the beginning of the 90s of the XIV century. Moscow has somehow solved the economic and political problems that have arisen. The Moscow-Lithuanian treaty concluded in 1384 removed the Tver principality from under the influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tverskoy, having lost support both in the Horde and in Lithuania, recognized the primacy of Moscow. In 1385, the son of Dmitry Donskoy, Vasily Dmitrievich, was released from the Horde. In 1386, Dmitry Donskoy reconciled with Oleg Ivanovich Ryazansky, which in 1387 was sealed by the marriage of their children (Fedor Olegovich and Sofia Dmitrievna). In the same 1386, Dmitry succeeded in restoring his influence there with a large military demonstration under the Novgorod walls, taking the black forest in the volosts and 8,000 rubles in Novgorod. In 1388, Dmitry also faced the discontent of Vladimir Andreevich's cousin and comrade-in-arms, who had to be brought “into his will” by force, forced to recognize the political seniority of his eldest son Vasily. Dmitry managed to make up on this with Vladimir two months before his death (1389). In his spiritual testament, Dmitry blessed (for the first time) his eldest son Vasily "with his father's great reign". And finally, in the summer of 1390, the wedding of Vasily and Sophia, the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt, took place in a solemn atmosphere. In Eastern Europe, Vasily I Dmitrievich and Cyprian, who became Metropolitan on October 1, 1389, are trying to prevent the consolidation of the Lithuanian-Polish dynastic union and replace the Polish-Catholic colonization of the Lithuanian and Russian lands with the consolidation of Russian forces around Moscow. An alliance with Vitovt, who was against the Catholicization of the Russian lands that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was important for Moscow, but could not be lasting, since Vitovt, naturally, had his own goals and his own vision of around which center the gathering of Russians should take place. lands.
A new stage in the history of the Golden Horde coincided with the death of Dmitry. It was then that Tokhtamysh came out of reconciliation with Tamerlane and began to lay claim to the territories under his control. The confrontation began. Under these conditions, Tokhtamysh immediately after the death of Dmitry Donskoy issued a label for the reign of Vladimir to his son, Vasily I, and strengthened it by transferring to him the principality of Nizhny Novgorod and a number of cities. In 1395, Tamerlane's troops defeated Tokhtamysh on the Terek River.
At the same time, Tamerlane, having destroyed the power of the Horde, did not carry out his campaign against Russia. Having reached Yelets without fighting and robbery, he suddenly turned back and returned to Central Asia. Thus, the actions of Tamerlane at the end of the XIV century. became a historical factor that helped Russia survive in the fight against the Horde.
1405 - In 1405, based on the situation in the Horde, the Grand Duke of Moscow officially announced for the first time that he was refusing to pay tribute to the Horde. During 1405-1407. The Horde did not react in any way to this demarche, but then Edigei's campaign against Moscow followed.
Only 13 years after Tokhtamysh's campaign (Apparently, there is a typo in the book - 13 years have passed since Tamerlane's campaign) the Horde authorities could again recall the vassal dependence of Moscow and gather forces for a new campaign to restore the flow of tribute, which had been stopped since 1395.
1408 Yedigei's campaign to Moscow - December 1, 1408, a huge army of the temnik Edigei approached Moscow along a winter sled route and laid siege to the Kremlin.
On the Russian side, the situation was repeated to the details during Tokhtamysh's campaign in 1382.
1. Grand Duke Vasily II Dmitrievich, hearing about the danger, like his father, fled to Kostroma (supposedly to collect an army).
2. In Moscow, Vladimir Andreevich the Brave, Prince Serpukhovsky, a participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, remained for the head of the garrison.
3. The posad of Moscow was once again burned out, i. E. all wooden Moscow around the Kremlin, a mile in all directions.
4. Edigei, approaching Moscow, set up his camp in Kolomenskoye, and sent a notice to the Kremlin that he would stand all winter and starve out the Kremlin without losing a single soldier.
5. The memory of the invasion of Tokhtamysh was still so fresh among the Muscovites that it was decided to fulfill any demands of Edigei, so that only he would leave without hostilities.
6. Edigei demanded to collect 3000 rubles in two weeks. silver, which was done. In addition, the troops of Edigei, scattered throughout the principality and its cities, began to collect polonyanniks for captivity (several tens of thousands of people). Some cities were severely devastated, for example, Mozhaisk was completely burned down.
7. On December 20, 1408, having received everything that was required, the army of Edigei left Moscow, without being attacked or persecuted by the Russian forces.
8. The damage inflicted by Edigei's campaign was less than the damage from the invasion of Tokhtamysh, but it also laid a heavy burden on the shoulders of the population
The restoration of Moscow's tributary dependence on the Horde lasted from then on for almost another 60 years (until 1474).
1412 - Payment of tribute to the Horde becomes regular. To ensure this regularity, the Horde forces from time to time made eerily-reminiscent raids on Russia.
1415 - The destruction of the Elets (border, buffer) land by the Horde.
1427 - Horde troops raid Ryazan.
1428 - The raid of the Horde troops on the Kostroma lands - Galich Mersky, the ruin and plunder of Kostroma, Plyos and Lukh.
1437 - Battle of Belevskaya Ulu-Muhammad's campaign to the Zaoksky lands. Belevskaya battle on December 5, 1437 (defeat of the Moscow army) because of the unwillingness of the Yuryevich brothers - Shemyaka and Krasny - to allow the army of Ulu-Muhammad to settle in Belev and make peace. As a result of the betrayal of the Lithuanian governor of Mtsensk Grigory Protasyev, who went over to the side of the Tatars, Ulu-Mukhammed won the Battle of Belev, after which he went east to Kazan, where he founded the Kazan Khanate.
Actually, from that moment on, a long struggle between the Russian state and the Kazan Khanate begins, which Russia had to wage in parallel with the heiress of the Golden Horde - the Great Horde and which only Ivan IV the Terrible managed to complete. The first trip of the Kazan Tatars to Moscow took place already in 1439. Moscow was burned, but the Kremlin was not taken. The second campaign of the Kazan people (1444-1445) led to the catastrophic defeat of the Russian troops, the capture of the Moscow prince Vasily II the Dark, humiliating peace and, ultimately, the blindness of Vasily II. Further, the raids of the Kazan Tatars to Russia and the Russian retaliatory actions (1461, 1467-1469, 1478) are not indicated in the table, but they should be borne in mind (see "Kazan Khanate");
1451 - Hike of Makhmut, the son of Kichi-Muhammad, to Moscow. He burned down the townships, but the Kremlin did not take it.
1462 - Ivan III stopped issuing Russian coins with the name of the Horde Khan. Ivan III's statement about the rejection of the khan's label for the great reign.
1468 - Campaign of Khan Akhmat to Ryazan
1471 - Hike of the Horde to the Moscow borders in the Zaoksky strip
1472 - The Horde army approached the city of Aleksin, but did not cross the Oka. The Russian army set out for Kolomna. There was no clash between the two forces. Both sides feared that the outcome of the battle would not be in their favor. Caution in conflicts with the Horde is a characteristic feature of the policy of Ivan III. He didn't want to risk it.
1474 - Khan Akhmat again approaches the Zaokskaya region, on the border with the Moscow Grand Duchy. A peace, or, more precisely, an armistice, is concluded on the terms of payment by the Moscow prince of an indemnity of 140 thousand altyns in two terms: in the spring - 80 thousand, in the fall - 60 thousand. Ivan III again avoids a military clash.
1480 Great standing on the river Ugra - Akhmat demands that Ivan III pay tribute for 7 years, during which Moscow stopped paying it. Goes on a campaign to Moscow. Ivan III sets out with an army to meet the khan.
We end the history of Russian-Horde relations formally in 1481 as the date of death of the last khan of the Horde - Akhmat, who was killed a year after the Great Standing on the Ugra, since the Horde really ceased to exist as a state organism and administration, and even as a certain territory to which jurisdiction and real the power of this once unified administration.
Formally and in fact, on the former territory of the Golden Horde, new Tatar states were formed, much smaller, but controlled and relatively consolidated. Of course, the practically disappearance of a huge empire could not be accomplished overnight and it could not "evaporate" completely without a trace.
People, peoples, the population of the Horde continued to live their former life and, sensing that catastrophic changes had taken place, nevertheless did not realize them as a complete collapse, as an absolute disappearance from the face of the earth of their former state.
In fact, the process of the collapse of the Horde, especially at the lowest social level, continued for another three to four decades during the first quarter of the 16th century.
But the international consequences of the collapse and disappearance of the Horde, on the contrary, manifested themselves quite quickly and quite clearly, distinctly. The elimination of the gigantic empire that controlled and influenced events from Siberia to Balakan and from Egypt to the Middle Urals for two and a half centuries, led to a complete change in the international situation not only in this space, but also radically changed the general international position of the Russian state and its military-political plans and actions in relations with the East as a whole.
Moscow was able to quickly, within one decade, radically restructure the strategy and tactics of its eastern foreign policy.
The statement seems to me too categorical: it should be borne in mind that the process of crushing the Golden Horde was not a one-time act, but took place throughout the 15th century. The policy of the Russian state also changed accordingly. An example is the relationship between Moscow and the Kazan Khanate, which separated from the Horde in 1438 and tried to pursue the same policy. After two successful campaigns to Moscow (1439, 1444-1445) Kazan began to experience more and more stubborn and powerful pressure from the Russian state, which was formally still in vassal dependence on the Great Horde (in the period under review, these were the campaigns of 1461, 1467-1469, 1478. ).
First, an active, offensive line was chosen against both the rudiments and the quite viable heirs of the Horde. The Russian tsars decided not to let them come to their senses, to finish off the already half-defeated enemy, and not at all to rest on the laurels of the victors.
Secondly, inciting one Tatar grouping against another was used as a new tactical technique that gives the most useful military-political effect. Significant Tatar formations began to be included in the Russian armed forces to deliver joint strikes against other Tatar military formations, and primarily against the remnants of the Horde.
So, in 1485, 1487 and 1491. Ivan III sent military detachments to strike at the troops of the Great Horde, who attacked Moscow's ally at that time - the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey.
Particularly indicative in the military-political sense was the so-called. spring campaign in 1491 in the "Wild Field" in converging directions.
1491 Hike to the "Wild Field" - 1. The Horde khans Seid-Akhmet and Shig-Akhmet in May 1491 laid siege to Crimea. Ivan III dispatched a huge army of 60 thousand people to help his ally Mengli-Girey. under the leadership of the following generals:
a) Prince Peter Nikitich Obolensky;
b) Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Repni-Obolensky;
c) Kasimov prince Satilgan Merdzhulatovich.
2. These independent detachments went to the Crimea so that they had to approach from three sides in converging directions to the rear of the Horde troops in order to pinch them in pincers, while the troops of Mengli-Girey would attack them from the front.
3. In addition, on June 3 and 8, 1491, the Allies were mobilized to strike from the flanks. These were again both Russian and Tatar troops:
a) Kazan Khan Mohammed-Emin and his governors Abash-Ulan and Burash-Seid;
b) Brothers of Ivan III, appanage princes Andrei Vasilievich Bolshoi and Boris Vasilievich with their detachments.
Another new tactical technique introduced since the 90s of the 15th century. Ivan III, in his military policy regarding the Tatar attacks, is a systematic organization of the pursuit of the Tatar raids that have invaded Russia, which has never been done before.
1492 - The chase of the troops of two governors - Fyodor Koltovsky and Goryain Sidorov - and their battle with the Tatars in the interfluve of Bystraya Sosna and Trudy;
1499 - The chase after the Tatars raid on Kozelsk, which recaptured from the enemy all the "full" and cattle that he had taken away;
1500 (summer) - Army of Khan Shig-Ahmed (Big Horde) of 20 thousand people. got up at the mouth of the Tikhaya Sosna River, but did not dare to go further towards the Moscow border;
1500 (autumn) - A new campaign by an even more numerous army of Shig-Akhmed, but further from the Zaokskaya side, i.e. the territory of the north of the Oryol region, it did not dare to go;
1501 - On August 30, the 20-thousandth army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but further, to the Moscow lands, and this army of the Great Horde did not go.
In 1501, a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde was formed, directed against the alliance of Moscow, Kazan and Crimea. This campaign was part of the war between Muscovy Rus and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the Verkhovsk principalities (1500-1503). It is wrong to talk about the seizure of the Novgorod-Seversk lands by the Tatars, which were part of their ally - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and were captured by Moscow in 1500. By the armistice of 1503, almost all of these lands were transferred to Moscow.
1502 Liquidation of the Great Horde - The Army of the Great Horde remained to spend the winter at the mouth of the Seim River and near Belgorod. Ivan III then agreed with Mengli-Girey that he would send his troops to drive out the troops of Shig-Akhmed from this territory. Mengli-Girey complied with this request, inflicting a strong blow on the Great Horde in February 1502.
In May 1502 Mengli-Girey inflicted a second defeat on the troops of Shig-Akhmed at the mouth of the Sula River, where they migrated to spring pastures. This battle actually put an end to the remnants of the Great Horde.
So Ivan III made short work at the beginning of the 16th century. with the Tatar states by the hands of the Tatars themselves.
Thus, from the beginning of the XVI century. the last remnants of the Golden Horde have disappeared from the historical arena. And the point was not only that this completely removed from the Moscow state any threat of invasion from the East, seriously strengthened its security, - the main, significant result was a sharp change in the formal and actual international legal position of the Russian state, which manifested itself in a change in its international - legal relations with the Tatar states - "heirs" of the Golden Horde.
This was the main historical meaning, the main historical significance of the liberation of Russia from the Horde dependence.
For the Muscovite state, vassal relations ceased, it became a sovereign state, a subject of international relations. This completely changed his position both among the Russian lands and in Europe as a whole.
Until then, for 250 years, the Grand Duke received labels only unilaterally from the Horde khans, i.e. permission to own his own fiefdom (principality), or, in other words, the khan's consent to continue trusting his tenant and vassal, to the fact that he will not be temporarily moved from this post, if he fulfills a number of conditions: pay tribute, conduct a loyal khan politics, send "gifts", participate, if necessary, in military activities of the Horde.
With the collapse of the Horde and with the emergence of new khanates on its ruins - Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean, Siberian - a completely new situation arose: the institution of vassal subordination of Russia disappeared and ceased. This was expressed in the fact that all relations with the new Tatar states began to take place on a bilateral basis. Began the conclusion of bilateral treaties on political issues, at the end of wars and at the conclusion of peace. And this was the main and important change.
Outwardly, especially in the first decades, there were no noticeable changes in relations between Russia and the khanates:
The Moscow princes continued to occasionally pay tribute to the Tatar khans, continued to send them gifts, and the khans of the new Tatar states, in turn, continued to preserve the old forms of relations with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, i.e. sometimes, like the Horde, they organized campaigns against Moscow right up to the walls of the Kremlin, resorted to devastating raids after polonyanniki, stole cattle and plundered the property of the Grand Duke's subjects, demanded that he pay an indemnity, etc. etc.
But after the end of hostilities, the parties began to summarize the legal results - i.e. record their victories and defeats in bilateral documents, conclude peace or truce agreements, sign written commitments. And it was this that significantly changed their true relationship, led to the fact that in fact, the entire relationship of the forces of both sides changed significantly.
That is why it became possible for the Muscovite state to purposefully work on changing this balance of forces in its favor and to achieve in the end the weakening and liquidation of the new khanates that arose on the ruins of the Golden Horde, not within two and a half centuries, but much faster - in less than 75 years old, in the second half of the 16th century.
"From Ancient Rus to the Russian Empire". Shishkin Sergey Petrovich, Ufa.
VVPokhlebkin "Tatars and Russia. 360 years of relations in 1238-1598." (M. "International Relations" 2000).
Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. Publishing house 4th, M. 1987.
Today we will talk about a very "slippery" from the point of view of modern history and science, but also an equally interesting topic.
This is the question that ihoraksjuta raised on the order table in May “Now let's go further, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don't remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these are all the consequences of the baptism of Rus, the bearer of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want, well, as usual, with sword and blood, remember the cross hikes, can you tell us more about this period? "Disputes about the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably will never disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including supporters of Gumilyov, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongol yoke that I would like to develop. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:
In the first half of the XIII century, Russia was exposed to the invasion of the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular, China and Central Asia, which they had already conquered by that time. Our historians of Russia know exactly the dates: 1223 - the Battle of Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the united forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kiev. Tatar-Mongol troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their domination continued for two and a half centuries - until "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.
For 250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde in money and blood. In 1380, Russia, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, gathered strength and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated Temnik Mamai, but this defeat did not happen to all Tatar-Mongols, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history says that there was practically no Tatar-Mongol in the army of Mamai, only local nomads and mercenaries from the Don Genoese. By the way, the participation of the Genoese suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to fit in, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to the already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions about the number of nomadic Tatar-Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.
Let's evaluate the versions that exist at the moment:
I propose to start with a very interesting fact. Such a nation as the Mongolo-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. The Mongols and Tatars are related only by the fact that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is large enough to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect on the same territory at all.
The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. Whereas other nomadic Türkic tribes, called Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria) from the Pokonese centuries in Russia, settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days in Europe they were called Tatars, or Tat Aryans (the strongest of the nomadic tribes, unbending and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of Lake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tatars-tutukulyut, Tatars-alchi, Tatars-chagan, Tatars-Kuin, Tatars-terat, Tatars-barkui. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. There is not a single word among them that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more consonant with Mongolian names.
Two kindred peoples - the Tatars and the Mongols - fought for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan seized power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was a foregone conclusion. Since the Tatars were the murderers of Genghis Khan's father, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general beating of the Tatars and not to leave one alive to the limit determined by the law (Yasak); to kill women and small children, and to cut the wombs of pregnant women in order to completely destroy them. … ”.
That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, "sinned" to name all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, Tat Aryans, or simply TatArie in Latin.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and TarTaria Ortelius.
One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years the so-called "Monglo-Tatar yoke" existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly, in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion under the leadership of the legendary Khan Batu.
The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".
First of all, even the canonical version does not directly confirm the fact of the conquest of the northeastern Old Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders - allegedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde (a state formation that occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded Mongolian prince Batu). They say that the army of Khan Batu made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go "arm in arm" of Batu and his Golden Horde.
However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Khan Batu consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.
There is indirect evidence of the existence of Batu's letter to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the omnipotent khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take up his son and make him a real warrior and commander.
Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their naughty children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.
As a result of all these discrepancies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future "(" Olma-Press ") puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and middle of the XIII century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.
According to this version, when the Mongols, at the head of the nomadic tribes (later called the Tatars) came to the northeastern ancient Russian principalities, they really entered into rather bloody military clashes with them. But only Batu Khan did not succeed in a crushing victory, most likely, the case ended in a kind of "combat draw". And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and with the name of Alexander Nevsky, Tatar mothers frightened their children.
All these terrible stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were written much later, when the Moscow tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).
Even in the modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army of nomadic peoples, and subjecting them to strict discipline, he decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Russia. In the winter of 1237, the Mongol-Tatars army invaded the territory of Russia, and after defeating the Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task turns back. From this period the So-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke"Over Russia.
But wait, they were going to conquer the whole world ... so why not move on? Historians replied that they were afraid of an attack from the back, broken and plundered, but still strong Russia. But this is just ridiculous. Plundered state, will run to defend other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops, so that they can fight back fully armed.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the House of Romanov, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the “times of the Horde” disappear. For example, "The Lay of the Death of the Russian Land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything was carefully removed, which would testify to the Yoke. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "misfortune" that befell Russia. But there is not a word about the "Mongol invasion".
There are many more oddities. In the story "about the evil Tatars" the khan from the Golden Horde orders the execution of the Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to worship the "pagan god of the Slavs!" And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, such as: "Well, with God!" - said the khan and, crossing himself, galloped to the enemy.
So what really happened?
At that time, a "new faith" was flourishing in Europe, namely, the Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything from the way of life and order, to the state system and legislation. At that time, the crusades against the infidels were still relevant, but along with military methods, "tactical tricks" were often used, akin to bribery of powerful persons and persuading them to their faith. And after gaining power through the purchased person, the conversion of all his "subordinates". It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out to Russia. By means of bribery and other promises, the ministers of the church were able to seize power over Kiev and the surrounding regions. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:
« And Vorogi came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to plant an alien faith to us, Sprinkle gold and silver on the Russian princes, bribe their will, and lead them astray. They promised them an idle life, full of riches and happiness, and forgiveness of any sins, for their dashing deeds.
And then Ros broke up, into different states. The Russian clan retreated to the north to the Great Asgard, And they named their state after the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister Light-wise. (They named it the Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria, too, did not bow before the enemies, and did not begin to accept their faith as her own.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with TarTaria. They began to conquer the Russians with the fire and sword of the earth and impose their alien faith. And then the army of war rose to the fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to Ratniki in order to restore order to the Russian Lands. "
And so the war began, in which the Russian army, the lands of Great Aria (Tat'Aria), defeated the enemy, and drove him from the lands of the primordial Slavic. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.
By the way, the word Horde is translated by drop caps Old Slavic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned on the ground, planted with the approval of the commander-in-chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN (our defender).
It means that there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity for Great Aria or Tartaria. By the way, modern history also confirms this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely reverse, and very intent:
The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the early 60s of the 13th century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the 13th-15th centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in non-ravaged lands. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)
Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and bravery in battle. (Wikipedia)
Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the midst of the invasion of the "Mongolo-Tatars" to Russia? Blazing in fires and plundered by the Mongols, Russia is attacked by the Swedish army, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the Rusichi, who defeated the strong Swedish army, lose to the Mongols? In my opinion, this is just nonsense. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.
Since 1237 Rat Great TarTaria began to recapture their ancestral lands back, and when the war came to an end, the representatives of the church who were losing the lay asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were sent into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army of the Horde (that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) faced in battle with the army of the Crusaders, which had come to the rescue of its henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of Nevsky prince and remained to reign Novgorod, and the Horde army went on to expel the foe from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted "the church and the alien faith" until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again went not north. By setting 300 years of the world.
Again, this is confirmed by the so-called end of the Iga " Battle of Kulikovo»Before which two knights Peresvet and Chelubey took part in the match. Two Russian knights, Andrey Peresvet (transcending the light) and Chelubey (beating with his forehead, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was the loss of Chelubey that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, rebuilt with the money of the same "Tserkovniki" who nevertheless penetrated from under the counter into Russia, albeit more than 150 years later. This is only later, when all of Russia plunges into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the Romanov family came to power, many documents will acquire the form we know.
By the way, it is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands, and expels the infidels from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which passed half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by the army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could have been.This is exactly our territory, which originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day, the remains of the EtRuss civilization are found ...
The Macedonian army was supplanted by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer “half of the globe”.
So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. Trembling with fear and horror, the Europeans never ceased to be afraid of the Rusichi, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Russia would rise and again shine with its former strength.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Peter the Great. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academic historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russian (including MV Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. It so happens that the history of Ancient Russia was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Russia, and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that Lomonosov's works on the history of Russia published by Miller were falsifications. Little remains of Lomonosov's works.
This concept can be found on the website of Omsk State University:
We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.
Let's pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
facts. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and instilled in us from childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.
One of the highlights in the history of ancient Russia is this
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Russia, swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.
But if Russia had been conquered in the XIII century with any
there was a side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the west, as Morozov believed, should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they should have passed
conquerors.
Of course, in the school courses of Russian history, we are strenuously
convince that the Cossack troops appeared as if only in the XVII century,
allegedly due to the fact that the slaves fled from the power of the landlords to
Don. However, it is known - although it is not usually mentioned in textbooks,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed STILL
XVI century, had its own laws and history.
Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks belongs
to the XII-XIII centuries. See, for example, the work of Sukhorukov<>in the DON magazine, 1989.
Thus,<>, - wherever it comes from, -
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably have to come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.
What's the matter?
A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THE CONQUEST OF RUSSIA WAS NOT. BECAUSE THE HORDE WAS NOT ATTENDING WITH THE COSSACKS, THAT
The Cossacks were part of the horde. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly justified,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.
BUT WE MAKE SOMETHING BIGGER.
One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossack
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the Horde - IT WAS
SIMPLY REGULAR RUSSIAN TROOPS.
According to our hypothesis, the modern terms VOYSKO and WARRIOR,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan.
Then the terminology changed. By the way, back in the 19th century in
Russian folk proverbs words<>and<>were
are interchangeable. This can be seen from the numerous examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>etc.
There is still the famous city of Semikarakorum on the Don, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF CHINGIZ KHAN. Moreover, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still persistently searching for the Karakorum, no
For some reason, there is no Karakorum.
Desperate, they hypothesized that<>... This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded by
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital Karakorum was entirely located on
territory later occupied by this monastery.
According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Russia from the outside, but there is simply an Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part of the Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is as follows.
1) <>WAS JUST A PERIOD OF THE WAR
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS RUSSIA
CONQUERED.
2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE GOVERNOR-KHAN = TSAR, A B
CITIES ARE SITTED BY CIVIL REGENERANTS - PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED TO
WE WERE COLLECTING Tribute FOR THE BENEFIT OF THIS RUSSIAN ARMY, ON HIS
CONTENT.
3) IN THIS WAY, THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE IS REPRESENTED
ONE EMPIRE, IN WHICH WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT HAVING
ITS REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS ALREADY INCLUDED IN
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.
4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDAN EMPIRE EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. HER STORY ENDED WITH A FAMOUS GREAT
CONFUSION IN RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE KINGS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, - HAVE BEEN PHYSICALLY EXPIRED. BEFORE RUSSIAN
THE ARMY HORDE ACTUALLY HAS BEEN DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>... AS A RESULT, THE POWER IN RUSSIA COME IN PRINCIPAL
NEW PRO-WESTERN DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOVS. SHE TOOK THE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).
5) A NEW DYNASTY NEEDED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN-ORDYN HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. SO
ROMANOV WANTED IN THE ROOT TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. SHOULD GIVE THEM THE DUE - IT WAS DONE
IT IS GOOD. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN ESSENCE, THEY COULD BEFORE
UNRECognizability to distort the entire RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDE WITH ITS CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL AND MILITARY
CONDITION - HORDE, THEY DECLARED THE ERA<>... WITH THIS OWN OWN RUSSIAN ORDA-VOYSKO
TURNED - UNDER THE PEN OF THE ROMANIAN HISTORIANS - IN THE MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.
The notorious<>familiar to us from Romanovsky
telling the story was just a STATE TAX inside
Rus for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. Famous<>, - every tenth person taken to the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like a call to the army, but only
from childhood - and for life.
Further, the so-called<>in our opinion
were just punitive expeditions to those Russian regions,
who for some reason refused to pay tribute =
state filing. Then the regular troops were punished
civil rioters.
These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and substantiation, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the basic facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".
1. Genghis Khan
Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or "military prince" took over the reins of control during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.
Chinggis Khan is not a name, but the title of "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is about him that is usually talked about when they talk about Chinggis Khan.
In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (LN Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe.").
In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, which would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in antiquity, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Chinggis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide ").
2. Mongolia
The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their "compatriot" had created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with ... The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (NV Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").
3. The composition of the army of "Tatar-Mongols"
70-80% of the army of "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% fell on other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of St. Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.
4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?
Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed in the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: "The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lygnitz on April 9, 1241" As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. The next image shows "the khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is supposedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, rifle caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, “Russia, which did not exist”).
5. Genetic examination
According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic studies, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences in the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: "The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - these are, as it were, two different worlds ..." (oagb.ru).
6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
During the period of the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has survived. But on the other hand, there are many documents of this time in Russian.
7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many forgeries designed to convince us of the existence of an invention called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke". Here is one of these fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is declared "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":
“Oh, the bright light and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are famous for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, wonderful animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!..»
There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, this "ancient" document contains the following line: "You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!"
More opinions:
The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999 - 2010), Doctor of Political Sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. "Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors."
“In fact, the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Chinggis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as has already been done in China,” continued Mirikhanov. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars once frightened Europe so much that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice. "
Izmailov summed up the result:
“The historical period, which is usually called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is the usual feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: scattered principalities could not afford such construction, but only a de facto confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars. "
