Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin - the name of Russia, the name of the enlightenment. The biography of Derzhavinus briefly the most important development of the laudatory ODD in the work of Derzhavin
G. R. Derzhavin (1743 - 1816)
Derzhavin began to be printed in 1773, however, it was not the beginning of his literary activities. The young poet began to write poetry on the soldier's service. Two notebooks of the early period of creativity were preserved, when he "acquired" to "warriors" of regulatory stations. In his early disconciliation experiments, the influence of not only generally accepted poets of that time, but also such innovators, like stockings, Barkov, to which we can later be able to attribute and Derzhavin himself.
Improving the poet was preceded by the formation of him as a theorist of literature.
In 1811, he summed up the theoretical part of his work near the works, one of which was "reasoning about lyrical poetry or about ODE," where it essentially departs from the generally accepted norms of the literary-critical essay of that time not only in form, but also in content.
The criticism of Russian classicism had the focus on the advantage of grammatical and linguistic, which did not prevent the conclusions about genres and other features of the work disassembled. The critic must be extremely strict with each individual shade interfering with the purity of the style. Such a pedanticity is characteristic of the criticism of Trediakovsky and Lomonosov.
The rationalism of aesthetics of classicism was ordered in the educational and pedagogical understanding of the goal facing the normative genre criticism.
The task was to the limit simple and at the same time incredibly difficult: the education of readers and writers, the formation of the correct (and only!) Slut, proper thought and feelings. G. N. Teplov in the article "On the qualities of the poems of the reasoning" writes: "... a poem that does not know below the grammatical rules below rhetorical, yes, when it is still insufficient in knowledge ... Authors ... who from the ancient centuries the sample poem They were considered, ... the physics, not knowing mathematics, chemistry and hydraulics, is likened. " Such a poet "Never before the knowledge of the direct poem can make it possible." So, not the flight of inspiration, and the actual philological erudition, not flight feelings, but the reason for the creative process is that the critic classicist is in the writer first.
Derzhanin departs from the above-mentioned norms of classic criticism. In the already mentioned article "reasoning about lyrical poetry or about ORD" the poet, for example, explains the meaning of the word "ODA": "... in the newest times ... it is the same as Cantata, Oratoria, Romance, Ballad, Stanse or Even simple song. " There is a violation of not only the genre hierarchy, but also other canons of literature established by the twin priests of classicism. Further, Derzhavin clarifies such concepts as "inspiration", "Highness", "Lyric mess". The poet writes about Ode: "... The enthusiastic mind does not have time for excessively fast thoughts to arrange logically, so I do not tolerate the plan." Derzhavin talks about the "unity of passion" and about "diversity" at the same time, refracting through its understanding, the rule of unity of place, time, actions.
Further, Derzhavin tires for the brevity of ODA and for its plausibility, noting that "the fiction is only decorated." The poet sings the anthem to inspiration, repeating that only it is capable of "... on the stormy impulses of feelings, high divine thoughts, ... Live supports, brave transportes and other ritious decorations, about which was already speaking." However, a lot of the fact that Derzhavin applied in practice, remained unsaluable in this article and received recognition only after the study of the author's poetics as a poetic.
One of the main features of the poetics of Derzhadran is the destruction of the genre hierarchy: the compound "high" and "low". Traditionally, low vocabulary use was possible exclusively in low genres: bass, epigram, comedy. Often, it created a lexical disharmony: "Harking the holiday of this peasant" ("peasant holiday"). There is a confusion of the Church Slavonic and the lower vocabulary.
Metric inaccuracies were often transformed into new dimensions. So, in the poem "Swallow" Derzhavin introduces the first alternation of three-sided drats and three-seat amphibrachia:
I'm not a swallow of sweet-eyed
Domovita from the boas
Oh! My dear, beautiful
Away flew away, - with her joy.
But perhaps the so-called "figurative sound" received the most widespread distribution, i.e. With which the image is created. "The verb of the time of metal ringing" - the battle of the clock ("to the death of the KN. Meshchersky"), "North Thunders in the coffin lie" - the image of the commander Suvorov ("Snegir").
Derzhanin is widely used by inaccurate rhymes: "Create" "feathers", "in the dark" "in a dream", etc.
Picture, plasticity are at a high-level kershaft. A specific lyrical hero appears in his poetry ("invitation to dinner"). The development of the idea (not plot) is associated with the orientation of the poet to the public rhetorical utterance of the text. For example, the spiritual Oda "God" is built (we note that the basic principle of construction is antitrity). The idea in this Ode is developing as follows: 1) A comparison of the greatness of God with the insignificance of man, 2) But in man there is God, and therefore the preceding idea is refuted, 3) a person - the center of the Universe only thanks to God and the only thing man should do - strive To God. A certain opposition is built here: God - the world - I (you) (we).
However, the poet does not preach pessimism: life acquires a special value: life is heaven instant gift. For Derzhavin, God initially, which is not existing separately from nature. Thus, the poet adopts deism, developed by the Herodot and Kant. The existence of God is evidenced by: "Natural Chin", that is, order, harmony, the desire of a person to the subjective creative beginning: "You have a soul, perhaps, ties ...". Images here are extremely emblematic and symbolic. The poem "Waterfall" (1791) is a sample of this style. Here, the symbol of the shortness of the glory of heroes becomes an image of a molding mountain: "Album is rushed mountains." The waterfall itself (Kivach is a waterfall in Karelia) the personification of the abyss, eternity in which everything is sinking. The image of the watch echoes in a similar way in the poem "to the death of the KN. Meshchersky. "
A special role in the literature of the XVIII century has to appeal to historical persons who are an example for generation. According to classicists, history is a closed circle of recurring events, and therefore the story hides in itself the abyss of parallels with a present time. For Derzhavina, the versery is a slander commander, comparing with a "some kind of husband gray", that is, most likely, with Rumyantsev, vainly removed from the service.
Deservedly draws attention to the landscape. In the 1960s of the XVIII century, "Songsian songs", composed by the Scottish poet McPherson, were published.
Their main character was King Fengal and his son Ossian. The main topics were war and love. Against the background of the narrative, a grim colorful landscape was highlighted. Subsequently, such a landscape began to be called "Osianansky". Derzhanin borrows the gloom of descriptions and significance of the allegory:
Under inclined cedar down
With the terrible selection of nature,
On the stream pnene who sweats
From the rock on the water tary,
I see a kind of husband gray
Bowed to the head of the head.
Spear and sword and shield of the Great
Wall of the fatherland total
And helmet, wooing,
Lying in MCU at his feet: ....
Sits and look forward to the waters.
In the deep Duma argues:
"Is there no people life to us
This waterfall is depicting?
He is also the good jet of his
Sweet arrogant, meek, evil. etc.
So, God for Derzhavin - the "Source of Life", the life is not only spiritual, but also in the state, to which the poet has repeatedly turned in his verses and Odach not only as a citizen, but also as a "singer", but a similar combination for classicism It is impossible.
As already mentioned, the end of the XVIII century does not tolerate and style mixture. However, we turn to the comparative analysis of the vocabulary and style of the works of the classics of the genre, M. V. Lomonosov, and G. R. Derzhavin. In his "Ode at the Advisor ..." Lomonosov uses predominantly sublime vocabulary: "Beads", "Porfire", "Marshmallow", "Soul", "Zrak", "Paradise" and a patestical style:
When she joined the throne
How Vyshny give her a crown,
You returned to Russia
War put an end;
We took a taking:
I am full of those victories, said
For blood flows current.
("For the Day of Edema ..., 1747")
We present the excerpts from the work of the Derzhavin "Felitsa": "God-like", "smoke-tobacco", "drinking coffee", "I am flashing the pen of pieces," I play fool with my wife. "
Both poet give the government award. Lomonosov describes the ideal Queen: "The Divine Titles is attached, a monarchin, this meek voice."
Derzhavin, comparing and describing the author and Murza, uses the antithesis again, showing how the monarch should not be, at the same time asking Felitsa about the instruction: "Feed, Felitsa, a mentor how magnificently and truthfully live." Lomonosov feels the superiority of the sovereign over himself and poetry:
Silent, fiery sounds, and scroll shut out the light:
Here in the world to expand science loved Elisavet ...
In silence, loose universe ....
Lomonosov - the poet of the state subordinate to Felice, only chasing her dignity. He makes silence even the "fiery sounds of poetry."
Derzhavin, referring to Catherine (Felitsa - Lat. Felix is \u200b\u200bhappy), according to Belinsky, "connects the pathetic element with comic ... that there is nothing but the ability to imagine life in her truth." Not to mention that that all the work is permeated with satirical hints on high-ranking officials.
You read, write before Nalo
Like the cards do not play
Like me, from morning to morning ....
Don't love masquerarad too
And in a knclick you do not step and the foot;
Keeping customs, rituals,
Do not commence yourself;
Horse Parnassk on saddown,
To the spirits in the collected are not entering
Do not go from the throne to the east; ....
The monologue formally utters one person, Murza, but is it like that? The image of Murza is changing. When Felitsa is opposed to Murze, as a rule, there is a satire or a caustic hint of a lot of real facts "encrypted" in this poem. However, in pathetic moments, Murza is as close as possible to the author:
One you just don't be offended
Do not insult anyone,
Fools through your fingers you see
Only evil do not tolerate one.
In satirical places, the image of Murza is a collective way of vicious servants:
Or music and singers,
Organ and hack suddenly
Or fist fighters
And dancing having my spirit;
Or, about all matters
Leaving, I go hunting
And amusing the pen of pieces
Or over Nevsk Brechants
I am swept at night by horns
And rowing rowers ....
Obviously, "I" Lomonosov is extremely generalized in any genre, and at the holder, the value of the lyrical "I" varies on the basis of the subject.
The subjects of classicism almost always assumed the appeal to the Great Personality individually and to society as a whole, but even in this Derzhaftin cannot be considered a direct follower of Clavician Claviers; Being devoid of service, he dramatically stands out from the general range in many ways similar poets of this era.
The word in his works loses that plane, which was characterized by the poetry of the XVIII century, it acquires new tangible forms, becomes weighty.
List of references
- 1) The texts of Derzhavina were quoted by the book: G. R. Derzhavin favorites poems; S. -Petherburg. ; Edited by P. Bloddda; 1913.
- 2) Russian literary criticism of the XVIII century. Collection of texts., Sov. Russia, 1978.
- 3) V. A. Nedzvetsky. Russian literary criticism of the XVIII-XIX centuries course lectures. M., Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1994
- 4) West A. V., Derzhavin, M., 1958
- 5) Brief literary encyclopedia, M., owls. Encyclopedia, 1964.
Poet Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich was born on July 3 (July 14) of 1743 in the Kazan province in the family of impoverished nobles. His childhood passed in the family estate in the village of Sokura. Since 1759, Derzhavin has studied in the Kazan gymnasium.
In 1762, the future poet came from the ordinary guards to the service in the Transfiguration Regiment. In 1772, he was made to ensign, having received the first officer rank. In 1773 - 1775, Derzhavin as part of the regiment participated in the suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.
Public service
Since 1777, Derzhavin enters the public service to the Governmental Senate in the rank of Stat advisor. In 1784 - 1788, there is a post of ruler of Olonetsky, and then Tambov's vicarity. Even in a brief biography of Derzhavin, it is worth mentioning that he was actively engaged in improving the regional economy, contributed to the formation of provincial administrative, judicial and financial institutions.
In 1791, Derzhavina appoint Caterina II Cabinet. From 1793 the poet serves as a secret adviser to the empress. In 1795, Derzhavin receives the position of president of the Commerce College. From 1802 to 1803 serves as Minister of Justice.
last years of life
In 1803, Derzhavin resigns and settled in his estate in the Novgorod province. The last years of life the poet devotes literary activities. In 1813, Derzhavin, whose biography even during this period was saturated with rides, go to Ukraine with a visit to V. V. Kapnist. In 1815, there is at the exam in the Tsarskoyelsky Lyceum, listening to the works of young Alexander Pushkin.
On July 8 (July 20), 1816 Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin died in his estate. Buried the poet in the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery near Veliky Novgorod.
Creation
Creativity of Gabriel Derzhavin is considered the top of Russian classicism. The first works of the poet appeared during his military service. In 1773, Derzhavin made his debut in the magazine "Starina and Novelty" with the translation of the joke "Iroja, or Wivlida to Kavna" from the works of Ovid. In 1774, the light saw the works of "Ode on the Greatness" and "Oda for Knowiness."
In 1776, the first compilation of poems of the poet "ODD, translated and composed with Mount-Mount, was released.
Since 1779, Derzhavin departs from the traditions laid down by Sumarokov and Lomonosov, works on the philosophical lyrics. In 1782, the Oda Felitsa was published, dedicated to Empress Catherine II, which brought a broad literary fame to the poet. Soon other famous works of Derzhavin - "Wellex", "Eugene. Zvanskaya's life, "" To the death of Prince Meshchersky, "" God "," Dobrynya "," Waterfall "," Herod and Marimna ", etc.
In 1808, a collection of writings of Derzhavin in four volumes was released.
Chronological table
Other biography options
- The genus of Dervicians originates from the son of Tatar Murza Bagrim, who worn the name of the Power.
- The first wife of G. R. Derzhavina was Catherine Bastidon - the daughter of the Bastidone's Portuguese, the former Chainoner Peter III.
- Derzhavin from seven years studied German, read in the original Klopshtock, Gellert, Clayst, Galler, Gagedorn, which significantly affected his literary creativity.
- The poem of Derzhavin "Thunder Victory, distribute!", Created in 1791, became the first informal anthem of Russia.
- For differences in the civil service, Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich was awarded the Order
Gabril Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) - an outstanding Russian poet of the 18th - early 19th century. The work of Derzhavin was in many innovative and left a significant trace in the history of the literature of our country, affecting its further development.
Life and creativity Derzhavin
Reading the biography of Derzhavin, it can be noted that the young years of the writer did not indicate that he was destined to become a great man and a brilliant innovator.
Gavril Romanovich was born in 1743 in the Kazan province. The family of the future writer was very hard, but belonged to the noble class.
Young years
As a child, Drozhavin had to survive the death of the Father, which still worsened the financial situation of the family. Mother had to go to everything to provide her two sons and give them at least some kind of education and education. Good teachers in the province where the family lived was not so much, had to put up with those who managed to hire. Despite the difficult situation, poor health, unskilled teachers, Derzhavin, thanks to their abilities and persistence, was still able to receive a decent education.
Military service
As a student of the Kazan gymnasium, the poet wrote his first poems. However, it never succeeded in gymnasium. The fact is that the stationery mistake made by some employee led to the fact that the young man for a year was previously sent to the military service to St. Petersburg, in the position of an ordinary soldier. Only ten years later he managed to achieve the rank of officer.
With the arrival of military service and the work of Derzhavin has changed much. The debt of the service left a little time for literary activities, but despite this, in the war years Derzhavin composed quite a lot of comic poems, and also studied the works of various authors, including Lomonosov, whom he especially read and considered a role model. Germany's poetry also attracted Derzhavin. He knew German perfectly and was engaged in translations into Russian German poets and often relied on them in his own poems.
However, at that time, Gavril Romanovich had not yet seen his main vocation in poetry. He sought to the career of the military, to the ministry of the Motherland and the improvement of the material situation of the family.
In 1773-1774 Derzhanin participated in the suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev, however, the increase and recognition of his merit did not achieve. Having received only three hundred souls as a remuneration, he was demobilized. For some time, circumstances forced him to make a living not quite honest way - playing cards.
Disclosure of talent
It is worth noting that it is at this time, to the seventies, his talent for the first time revealed to truly. "ChatAgia O'De" (1776) caused the interest of readers, although in creative terms it and other works of the seventies were not quite independent. The creativity of Derzhavina was somewhat intended, in particular, Sumarokov, Lomonosov and others. Strict the rules of the storm, which, following the classic tradition, was subordinate to his poems, were not allowed to fully disclose the author's unique talent.
In 1778, the writer had a joyful event in the personal life of the writer - he was passionately fell in love and married Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, who became his poetic muse for many years (under the name of the Plenyra).
Own way in literature
From 1779, the writer elects his own path in the literature. Until 1791, he works in the genre of OD, who brought him the greatest fame. However, the poet does not just follow the classic samples of this strict genre. He reforms it, completely changing the language, which becomes an extraordinary sonorous, emotional, not at all as it was in a measured, rational classicism. Completely changed the Derzhanin and the ideological content of OD. If earlier the state interests were above all, now personal, intimate revelations are also introduced into the work of Derzhavin. In this regard, he foreshadowed sentimentalism with his emphasis on emotionality, sensuality.
Last years
In recent decades, Derzhavin ceases to write OD, a love lyrics, friendly messages, comic poems begins to prevail in his work.
Creativity Derzhavin Briefly
The poet himself his main merit considered the introduction into the fiction "funny Russian syllable", in which elements of high and spacious style were mixed, lyrics and satire combined. The innovation of Derzhavina was that he expanded the list of topics of Russian poetry, including plots and motives from everyday life.
Solemn OD
The creativity of Derzhavinus briefly characterize the most famous ODDs. They often neighbor household and heroic, civil and personal start. The creativity of Derzhavin, thus combines previously incompatible elements. For example, "Birth poems in the north of the porphyrymary period" can no longer be called the solemn about the classic sense of the word. The birth of Alexander Pavlovich in 1779 was described as a great event, all the geniuses bring him various gifts - the mind, wealth, beauty, etc. However, the wishes of the last of them ("be on the throne man") indicates that both the king is man, that for classicism was not characteristic. An innovation in the work of Derzhavin manifested here in the mixing of civil and personal status of man.
"Felitsa"
In this Oda, Daughne dared to turn to the Empress itself and half alarming with her. Felitsa is Catherine II. Gabril Romanovich presents a reigning person as violating the strict classic tradition existing at that time. The poet admires Catherine II not as a civilian person, but as a wise man who knows his way in life and next to him. Then the poet describes his life. Selfaronia when describing the passions that owned the poet, to emphasize the advantages of Felitsa.
"To take Izmail"
This OD is depicts the majestic image of the Russian people who conquers the Turkish fortress. Its strength is likened to the forces of nature: earthquake, sea bora, the eruption of the volcano. However, it is not a spontaneous, but obeys the will of the Russian sovereign, moving a sense of devotion to his homeland. The extraordinary power of the Russian warrior and in general the Russian people, his power and greatness were depicted in this work.
"Waterfall"
In this ORD, written in 1791, the image of a flow, symbolizing the bezdom, earthly glory and human greatness becomes mainly becoming a stream. The prototype of the waterfall served Kivach, located in Karelia. The color palette of the work is rich in various shades and paints. It was originally a description of the waterfall, but after the death of Prince Potemkin (unexpectedly deceased on the road home, returning to the victory in the Russian-Turkish war) Gabril Romanovich supplemented the picture with the semantic content, and the waterfall began to personify the beaches of life and direct the philosophical reflections on various values. Derzhavin was personally familiar with the prince of Potemkin and could not but respond to his sudden death.
However, Gabril Romanovich was far from admiration for Potemkin. In Ode, he is opposed by Rumyantsev - this is who, according to the author, a true hero. Rumyantsev was a real patriot taking care of the total benefit, not personal glory and well-being. This hero in ODE figuratively corresponds to a quiet crossing. The nipple beauty of the Suna River with its majestic and calm flow, full of clarity, is opposed to noisy waterfall. People like Rumyantsev, calmly, without fussing and boiling passion people living their lives, can reflect all the beauty of the sky.
Philosophical ODD
The topics of the Creativity of Derzhavin continue philosophical "to the death of Prince Meshchersky" (1779) was written after the death of Paul's heir, and death is depicted figuratively, she "sharpens braza blades" and "groves teeth." Reading this ODU, at first it even seems that this is a kind of "anthem" of death. However, it ends with the opposite conclusion - Derzhavin calls us to appreciate the life as "Heaven instant gift" and live it so to die with a clean heart.
Anacreontic lyrics
Imitating the ancient authors, creating translations of their poems, Derzhavin created his miniatures, in which the National Russian flavor is felt, the Russian nature is described. Classicism in the work of Derzhavin and has undergone its transformation.
The translation of Anacreon for Gavrila Romanovich is the opportunity to go into the kingdom of nature, a person and life that there was no place in strict classic poetry. The image of this ancient poet, despising the light and loving life, was very attracted by Derzhavin.
In 1804, they published an individual "Anacreontic songs". In the preface, he clarifies why he decided to write "light poetry": the poet wrote such poems in his youth, and now printed because he left the service, became a private person and now Waves to publish everything he wants.
Later Lyrics
To the features of the creativity of Derzhavin at a late period, the fact that at this time he practically ceases to write ODA and creates mainly lyrical works. The poem "Eugene. Zvanskaya Life", written in 1807, describes the daily homemade life of the old Velmazb, who lives in a luxurious rural boring estate. Researchers note that this work was written in response to the Elegality of Zhukovsky "Evening" and was a polemical nascent romanticism.
To the late lyrics of Derzhavin include the work of the "Monument", filled with faith in the virtue of a person, contrary to adversity, life peripeties and historical changes.
The value of Derzhavin's creativity was very large. The transformation of classic forms started by Gavrilila Sergeyevich, and in the future other Russian poets.
The great Russian poet Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was born in the Kazan province, in 1743. After the initial home graduation, Typhyra and the German language, under the leadership of the Church, the reference German, Rosa, Lebedev and Poletheev, Derzhavina gave the Kazan gymnasium to those operating in 1759. Here Derzhavin in particular addicted to drawing and loved engineering art. When the director of the Gymnasium M. I. Verevkin presented the work of the best students and including Gabriel Derzhavin Kurator Shuvalov, Derzhavin was declared an engineering corps conductor. At the beginning of 1762, the requirement came to keep Derzhavin to serve in the Transfiguration Regiment. Shuvalov, apparently, forgot about the fact that he himself intended herd to the engineering body. Subsequently, Gabriel Romanovich did not have to replenish his education, and his absence affects his entire poetry. He himself understood this; Later he wrote: "My face confessing is that I was brought up at that time and in the outside of the Empire, when and where I did not penetrate yet fully enlightening sciences not only on the minds of the people, but also to the state to which it belongs "
Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin
12 years of military service are the most dark and irreparable period in the biography of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. At first, he had to live in the barracks, along with the soldiers. There was nothing about literary creativity and science and thinking: only at night it was possible to read something and writing poetry. Since Derzhavin did not have "protectors", then in service he was extremely slow. After the advantage of the throne of Catherine II, Derzhavin asked by Alexey Orlov himself about the increase and only thanks to this he received Chin Capral. After a year-old vacation, Gabriel Romanovich returned to Petersburg and began to live in a barracks with nobles in the barracks. If material conditions have improved somewhat, then new inconveniences appeared. Derzhavin began to indulge in kits and maps. After secondary vacation in Kazan (1767), Derzhavin stopped in Moscow and spent about 2 years here. Here, a rampant life almost led Derzhalin to death: he became a shoeler and started at all sorts of tricks because of the money. Finally, in 1770 he decided to leave Moscow and change the lifestyle.
In 1772 Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin received the first officer rank. From that time, he begins to resolve from a bad society, and if he plays a card, "on the need for a shipment". In 1773. A. I. Bibikovpugachev rebellion was charged. For the production of investigative cases, Bibikov took with me, by the way, and Derzhavin, at his personal request. Gabriel Romanovich developed energetic activities during Pugachevshchina. At first, he drew Bibikov's attention to his consequence in the case of Samara. Being in Kazan, Derzhavin on behalf of the nobles composed in response to the rescript of Catherine II speech, then printed in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti. In his actions, Derzhavin always differed in the well-known independence, which put it high in the eyes of some of his bosses, but at the same time endowed his enemies among the local authorities. Derzhavin had little to be considered with the position and connections of the persons he dealt with. In the end, the war with Pugachev did not bring Gabriel to Romanovich external differences and he almost underwent a military court.
Portrait of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. Artist V. Borovikovsky, 1811
In 1776 through A. A. Bezborodko He filed an empress letter with the calculus of his merit and asking for remuneration. By decree on February 15, 1777, Gabriel Romanovich was granted to college advisors and at the same time received 300 souls in Belarus. On this occasion, Derzhavin wrote "the exhort to the grateful heart by Empress Catherine II." Six months after his resignation of Derzhavin, thanks to acquaintance with the prosecutor General A. A. Vyazemsky, received a place for an executor in the Senate. In 1778, Derzhavin married Katerina Yakovlevna Bastidone. Marriage was successful; The aesthetic sense of his wife was left without influencing the work of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. In 1780, Derzhavin was transferred to the post of advisor to the just established expedition of state revenues and expenses. According to Vyazemsky's orders, Derzhavin wrote an exhibition for this institution printed in a complete collection of Zap. (XXI, 15 - 120). Deparagus with Vyazemsky forced the Derzhadina to leave the service in the Senate and exit (1784) to resign with the rank of a valid Stat adviser.
By this time, Derzhavin has already acquired a glorious literary name in society. Picks out Gabriel Romanovich back in the gymnasium; In the barracks he read Kleist, Gagedorn, Klopshtoka, Haller, Gellert and translated by poems "Messiad". The first original work that appeared in the press in 1773 was the ode on the first marriage of the Grand Duke Paul Petrovich. Upon returning from the Volga region, Derzhavin was published "ODD translated and studied with Mount readcript." Here were except for the translations of OD to the death of Bibikov, on noble, on the birthday of Her Majesty, etc. The first works of Derzhavin were the imitation of Lomonosov. But the policeman and unnatural manner distinguished by Lomonosov poetry in his work did not succeed. Thanks to the councils P. A. Lvova, V. V. Kapnica and I. I. Chemnisser, Gabriel Romanovich refused to imitate Lomonosov and took the Horace for a sample. "From 1779," writes Derzhavin, "I chose a completely special way, guided by the instructions and advice of my friends." His Derzhavin placed her own in the St. Petersburg Bulletin without signature: "Peter Great Songs" (1778), Epistole Shuvalov, "On the death of Prince Meshchersky", "Key", "on the birth of a porphyurged event" (1779), " The lack of a public journalism in Belarus "," to the first neighbor "," rulers and judges "(1780).
All these works by their sublime tone, brilliant, alive paintings turned to Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin the attention of literature lovers, but not society. In the last fame of Derzhavin created the famous "Felice" (see full text, a summary and analysis), printed in the first book of the "Interlocutor of Lovers of the Russian Word" (1783). Derzhavin received a tobackerka for her, mowed with diamonds, with 50 Chervonians. Felitsa put the Derzhavin highly in the opinion of Catherine II, the yard and the public. In the "interlocutor", Derzhavin printed "Felice's gratitude", "Vision of Murza", "Racelyn" and, finally, "God" (see. Short content and full text). The last poem of Derzhanin reached the apogee of his glory. Under the institution of the Russian Academy, Derzhavin was elected her member and participated in the dictionary of the Russian language.
In 1784, Derzhavin was appointed by the ruler of the Olonets vicarity, but the Derzhavin immediately began the turmoil with the Governor of the Tullimine and after a year and a half the poet was transferred to the same position in Tambov governance. Place of Tambov Governor Gabriel Romanovich occupied about 3 years. His energetic activities of Derzhanin brought the benefit of the province, introduced a better in the departure of the recruitment of the recruitment of the recruitment, improved the device with prisons, corrected roads and bridges. But here, an independent image of action, the hot temper of the Derzhavin caused barriers with the governor. In 1788, Derzhavin was given to the trial and obliged to subscribe to the unprotence from Moscow, where it was necessary to deal. In 1789 Moscow Senate, considered the case of Derzhavin, found that he was not guilty of any abuse of office. Seeing the gracious attitude of the Empress, who approved the decision of the Senate, Derzhavin wrote an OED "Image of Felitsa", and, by contacting the patronage of the new favorite Platon, dedicated to him "on moderation" and "to Lira". Written at the same time, the ODA "For the capture of Izmail" had a great success. Gabriel Romanovich received a tobackerka in 200 rubles. When Potemkin arrived in St. Petersburg, the dodger had to be lavailed between the two favorites. The death of Potemkin on the shores of the rod caused one of the most original and majestic poems in the work of Derzhavin - "Waterfall". By this time, the rapprochement of Dmitry with Dmitriev and Karamzin relates; The latter attracted him to participate in his "Moscow magazine". Here Derzhavin placed the "Song of the House, Loving to Science" (gr. Stroganov), "On the death of the Countess Rumyantsevaya", "Majesty of God", "Monument to Hero".
In 1796, Derzhavina was commanded to be under the Empress when making things. Gabriel Romanovich failed to please her: in his life he could not be so thin, as in poetic creativity, was irritable and did not know how to stop unpleasant Catherine II reports. In 1793, Derzhavin was appointed senator by the Meeting Department, and after a few months it was also entrusted with the post of president of the Commerce-College. In his senatorial activity, Derzhavin differed extremely disadvantage to the opinions that he considered wrong. And since his beloved was always expressed in a sharp and coarse form, then the Derzhadran had a lot of service grievances. In 1794, the wife of Gabriel Romanovich died; Her memory he devoted the Elegy poem "Swallows". Six months later, Derzhavin joined the new marriage with D. A. Dyakova. In 1794, Derzhavin wrote OED "for nobleness" dedicated to the praise of Rumyantsev, and "to take Izmail." In his last letters in the life of Catherine II were: "At the birth of the Tsaritsa Gremslava" (Message of Naryshkin), the "Athenian Knight" (Alexey Orlov), "Ode on the conquest of Derbent" (in honor of Valerian Zubov), "On the death of a benefactor" ( I. I. Bezzky). Finally, Derzhavin raced Catherine II, a handwritten collection of his writings, predicted to him the "Provision of the monarchine". Even before the death of Empress, Derzhavin wrote a "monument" (see summary and full text), which summed up the significance of his poetic creativity. On the era of Catherine II, the talent of the talent holder and its main importance in the poems of this era. Poetry Derzhavin - Monument to the reign of Catherine II. "In this heroic age of the Russian history of the event and people with their own gigantic sizes, it is the courage of this original fantasy, the swing of this wide and the wayward brushes." In the work of Gabriel, Romanovich Derzhavin lives a whole epic era.
The creative activity of Derzhavin was hilarious. In addition to epigrams and bachen, Gabriel Romanovich began writing tragedy. He himself was confident in their dignity, but in fact the dramatic works of Derzhavin below criticism. (Dobrynya, Pozharsky, Herod and Marimna, Atabalibo, etc.). By 1815, the argument of lyrical poetry is chtan in the "conversation". Derzhavin already considered it necessary comments on his writings and made "explanations" to them. Feeling the need to find out the true nature of their biography and official activity, such a rich turning, Derzhavin in 1812 wrote the notes printed in the "Russian conversation", they caused an adverse impression by their subjective assessment of persons and events. In this last period of his life, following the spirit of his time, Derzhavin tried to give a folk language in his work. The awakening of the study of Russian nationality caused Mnimo-folk ballads and romances (King Maiden, Novgorod Wolf Zlogor). The most successful of these poems was "Ataman and the Don". Derzhavin and retired did not stop responding to events committed around it (for the world 1807, Methods, Laroepic anthem on the forefront of the French, etc.). Being retired, Derzhavin lived in the winter in St. Petersburg, and in the summer in his estate of the Novgorod lips. "Zvanke". Gabriel Romanovich described his rustic life in the poetic message Evgeny Bolchovetinov. In the title and died Derzhavin on July 8, 1816.
In the XIX century, the creative style of Derzhavin seemed to be outdated. In aesthetic attitude, the poem of Gabriel Romanovich is amazing amazing chaotic: among the rhetorical pathos, we discover and the brilliance of this poetic talent. Similarly, the tongue of Derzhavin, a rich folk speech, reaches extraordinary smoothness and ease of one poems, in others becomes unrecognizable in their severity. In the historical and literary ratio, the Gabriel of Romanovich Derzhavin is important in that the Lomonosovskaya ODD far from the life has made elements of simplicity, jokes and vitality. His creativity reflected his clear satirical mind, his ardent temper, common sense, alien to any painful sentimentality and cold abstractness.
The views of criticism on Derzhavin changed. After the reverence, which was surrounded by his name, came the period of denial for him any meaning. Only written before the revolution of the works of D. Grota, according to the edition of the works and biographies of the poet, made it possible to an impartial assessment of his work.
G.R. Derzhavin is one of the famous Russian poets, as well as a prominent political figure of his time.
Gabriel was born in 1743 in the Kazan province. His father, nobleman and Major, went away early, so Derzhavin was brought up only by her mother.
The beginning of his training is going to house, then he begins to study in the German guesthouse, after which he enters the Kazan gymnasium. At the end, it is sent to serve in the army. He began his service in the Preobrazhensky regiment, in 1762 he participates in the state coup.
Gabriel begins his writer's activities in the 70s, for the first time his verses were printed in 1773. In the literary sphere, he is the founder of a new direction - philosophical lyrics.
After some time, Derzhavin decides to leave military service to civilian. For a short time worked in the Senate, then on behalf of the Empress becomes the Governor of Olonetsk, and after - Tambov. Derzhavin fought with the bureaucracy, tried to defend the interests of a simple people, because of which she was not happy with the officials and often replaced the place of service. At 60, he decides to resign and devote his life to creativity. He becomes an honorary member of the literary communities and the active poet of that time.
In 1816, G. Pedrojavin dies.
Detailed biography
The fate of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin is amazing: from a conventional ordinary soldier he climbed the career ladder to Minister of the Russian Empire. He served the post of governor of two areas and was a personal adviser to Catherine II.
Born in 1743 under Kazan in the family of poor nobleman Gabriel could not dream of a brilliant education. His father left her life, the boy grew up in the village of Socura in the genital estate.
Sixteen-year-old Youth Derzhanin arrives at training in the Kazan gymnasium, the world of Lomonosov's poetry opens, Sumarov, he is trying to start writing poetry.
In 1762, Derzhavin enters the Transfiguration Regiment by the ordinary guardsman. The first officer rank he received after 10 years of service. Since 1773, for two years, Gabriel Romanovich participated in hostilities against E. Pugachev's uprising. Considering the work at the headquarters, he had the opportunity to touch the original sources of events of that time, therefore his notes became an invaluable contribution to the study of the history and movement of the events of the peasant war. In the same period, the first poetic works of Derzhavin appeared in the world.
Leading in 1777, Gabriel Romanovich went to work by the State Counselor of the Government Senate. A year later, he married sixteen-year-old Catherine Batidon, with which she lived for 17 years, before the suspicious death of his wife.
From 1784, over the age of one and a half years, Gabriel Romanovich occupied in the Olonets province post of the governor. For its short-term board, he made a great contribution to the development of the province: the first city hospital was built and opened, a system of urban judicial, financial and administrative institutions was introduced. The period of life was reflected in the creations of the poet "Storm", "Waterfall", "Swan".
From 1786, for another two years, Derzhavin holds the post of governor of the Tambov province, where, according to his initiative, printing house, theater, educational institutions were opened.
The active life position of the poet helped in promotion through the career ladder. Since 1791, Gabriel Romanovich serves as secretary of the Empress, after two years he becomes its secret adviser, after two years he is appointed Catherine II by the President of the Community, since 1802, by the moment of his care, it becomes Minister of Justice. All these years, the poet did not stop creating. In 1791, they were written by the first anthem of Russia. During the lifetime of Derzhavin, the four-letter of his works is published.
After graduating from the civil service, Derzhavin moves with the second wife of Darya in his arix of the Zvanki in the Novgorod province. There were no children from the family and since 1800 they took on the upbringing of children of the died friend of the poet P. Lazarev. Some of the sons of Mikhail will later be the discoverer of Antarctica.
The remaining period of the life of Derzhavin dedicated literature, they were founded by a literary circle "Conversations of lovers of the Russian word". A great writer died in 1816.
Option 3.
Gabriel Derzhavin - Great Literary Worker, Russian Politician
Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin appeared on July 14, 1743 Family of the untenable noble family. His ancestors were the Tatars who left the Horde lands in the 14th century. As a result, they served as Russian princes. Back in childhood, his father died. Mother could not pull out a seven of a heavy financial situation. Brought up the boy priests who taught him to count and write. At the age of 7, he becomes a student of the Orenburg Pension. Gabriel's academic performance was satisfactory. But he was not equal in knowledge of foreign languages. He spoke especially well in German. As a result, the family moves to Kazan, where Derzhavin enters the local gymnasium.
The moment of learning in the gymnasium is a turning point in the life of the future poet. It was there that he was addicted to the literature. He read the works of Lomonosov, Sumarokov and Tremakovsky. In addition, he liked the visual art. The first attempts to write for him were unsuccessful. As a result, he was encouraged to serve in the Transfiguration Regiment. Army years were painful for Gabriel. A palace coup was added to constant teachings, in which Derzhavina had to participate. It is with him that Catherine 2 climbed into the Russian throne. Time to literature and own creativity catastrophically lacked. Nevertheless, the young man found a minute to edema his own poems. In parallel with this, he is fond of gambling, for which he was deprived of the title and were excluded from the regiment.
Derzhavin decides to start a new life and in 1770 it goes to the capital. Subsequently, it is sent to suppressing the uprising of Emelyan Pugacheva. During this time, he writes ODU "Felitsa" and the poem "Waterfall", "God" and "Vision of Murza". After the victory over dissidents, Gabriel took the post of college adviser. Because of his straightness, the Empress translated him to the Senate. He had a whole sea of \u200b\u200benemies hateing him for liberty. He cried every official and minister. As a result, he is referred to the Olonets and Tambov vicarity. There the writer is engaged in management and management. During his stay in these territories, theaters, schools, shelters and hospitals were built. For merit, he is returned back to the capital. By the end of his life, he already worked at the Ministry of Justice. The first wife of Derzhavin, with whom he lived 18 years old, safely died. After her death, he marries Darya Dyakova. 1803 Gabriel buys the estate near Novgorod and goes there along with his family, where he pays time to his hobbies.
In 1815, Gabriel attended the Tsarskoyel Lyceum, where he performed as an exam. There he got acquainted with Alexander Pushkin, for whom Derzhavin was a real idol. It was according to his verse "Monument", the great figure of Russian literature wrote his work that became reference. On July 20, 1816, Gabriel Derzhavin died in his own estate for an unknown reason.
Grade 7, grade 9.
Date biography and interesting facts. The most important thing.
Other biographies:
- Sasha black
Poet and Prose Sasha Black was born under the name of Alexander Mikhailovich Glyckberg in a fairly large family with five children. Surprise, two boys called the same - Sasha, but one had blonde hair
- Leonardo da Vinci
Born in Vinci, Italy (not far from Florence) in 1452. He was the son of Ser Piero da Vinci, a legal specialist
- Anna Ioannovna
Anna Ioannovna is the Great Russian Empress, which has ruled from 1730 to 1740.
- Georgy Zhukov
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was born in the Kaluga province in 1896 from 1914 to 1916. He served in the royal army. Participated in battles in southwestern and Western Ukraine against Austro-Hungarian troops
- Goncharov Ivan Andreevich
Ivan Goncharov - the famous writer was born in Simbirsk on June 6, 1812. It was a difficult time for Russia, since the war was with French invaders
