Around the world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky: description, expedition route. The first trip around the world

28.02.2017

When Russia went to sea, found its own fleet and overseas colonies - Russian America - she could only go forward. It was hard to believe that until recently, the Russian fleet, created by the will of Peter I, did not exist at all. And so the idea arises of a round-the-world trip that would have been completed under the Russian naval flag.

Predecessors

Under the phrase of the famous diplomat and traveler N. P. Rezanov “May the fate of Russia be sail!” Many people would sign - commanders, ordinary sailors, and those who, without going out to sea, did everything possible to ensure that to carry out such expeditions. The great Transformer himself also dreamed of long sea voyages; Peter's plans included a trip to the West Indies, crossing the equator and establishing trade relations with the "great moguls."

These plans were not destined to materialize. Nevertheless, in 1725-1726, the Russian Ocean Expedition to Spain took place under the command of Captain I. Koshelev, who later proposed the idea of \u200b\u200ba round-the-world expedition from St. Petersburg.

In 1776, Catherine II signed a decree on sending ships from the Baltic Sea to the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The captain G.I. Mulovsky, an experienced and skilled sailor, was to lead the campaign. The expedition was supposed to solve several problems at once: to deliver serf weapons to the Peter and Paul Harbor, establish trade relations with Japan, transport livestock and sowing grain, as well as other necessary goods to settlers in Russian America, and in addition to discover new lands and strengthen the prestige of Russia.

Preparations for a large-scale expedition unfolded in full swing, cast-iron emblems and medals with images of Catherine, which were to be installed in newly discovered territories, were already cast in the factories. But the Russo-Turkish war began, and all supplies were ordered to be distributed on ships leaving for the Mediterranean Sea. Mulovsky himself died in a naval battle. In the reign of Catherine, Russian circumnavigation of the world never took place, but the idea had already taken hold of the minds.

The first Russian round-the-world expedition

Sometimes life is so strange that in any book a similar plot would look like a stretch. On the ship "Mstislav" was a very young midshipman, yesterday's midshipman. Ivan Kruzenshtern was only 17 years old when he entered under the command of Captain Mulovsky. It is difficult to say whether they talked about the failed expedition, but it was Kruzenshtern who had to accomplish what fate had denied his brave predecessor.

I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his brother in the Marine Corps, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, as young sailors who showed significant success, were sent for an internship in the English fleet. Kruzenshtern was extremely interested in trade with China, visited Chinese ports - and upon returning to Russia in detail, with figures and calculations, he expressed his opinion that the organization of maritime communication of the Russian colonies with China is an extremely beneficial and useful business for Russia. Of course, the opinion of the young lieutenant was neglected - the proposal was too bold. But suddenly Kruzenshtern was supported by prominent and reputable nobles - State Chancellor Rumyantsev and Admiral Mordvinov, and soon the Russian-American Company (RAC) made a similar proposal - and so the fate of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was decided.

The generous sponsorship of the RAC made it possible not to wait for the construction of vessels capable of withstanding the hardships of the way. Two suitable vessels were purchased in England, improved, named "Hope" and "Neva". The RAC was an influential and rich organization that the expedition was equipped with all the best in record time.

On a long and dangerous journey, only volunteers were recruited - nevertheless, there were so many of them that it would fit just to complete three expeditions. The team included scientists, artists (to sketch landscapes, plants and animals unknown to science), an astronomer. The goal was to deliver the necessary goods to our Russian settlements in America, to pick up furs from them, to sell or exchange goods in Chinese ports, to prove the benefits of the sea route to Russian America compared to land via Siberia. And besides - deliver to the coast of Japan the embassy under the leadership of chamberlain N.P. Rezanov.

Despite the "commercial" nature of the expedition, the ships went under the naval flag. Kamerger Rezanov was far from the last person in the RAC, after all, the son-in-law of the head and founder of the company, G. Shelikhov, the heir to the capital of the “Russian Columbus”. It was assumed that he was responsible for the scientific and economic part, and Kruzenshtern - for the marine. In August 1803, the Neva and the Hope sailed from Kronstadt. After the Hawaiian Islands, the ships, as agreed, parted. The Neva, led by Lisyansky, traveled north to the Kodiak and Sitka Islands in the Gulf of Alaska, with a load of goods for the RAC to meet with Nadezhda in Macau in September 1805. "Hope" went to Kamchatka - and then - to Japan to fulfill the diplomatic mission of Rezanov. On the way, "Nadezhda" fell into a fierce storm - and, as it turned out, into the tsunami zone.

Alas, the mission was a failure - after almost six months of waiting in Nagasaki, the Russians were refused. The Japanese emperor returned the gifts (huge mirrors in frames), refused to accept the embassy and ordered to leave Japan immediately, however, he supplied the ship with water, food and firewood. In Macau, the captains met, profitably exchanged furs for tea, porcelain and other rare and liquid goods in Europe and went to Russia. After the storm, having lost sight of each other, Nadezhda and Neva safely returned to Russia, first Neva, then, after a couple of weeks, Nadezhda.

Swimming was not as serene as we would like. Problems began almost immediately after sailing. Chamberlain Rezanov had a rescript signed by Alexander I, according to which he, Rezanov, was appointed head of the expedition, but with the reservation that all decisions should be taken jointly with captain Kruzenshtern.

For the sake of placing Rezanov’s retinue on a relatively small Nadezhda, a number of people really needed swimming were refused. In addition, Rezanov’s retinue included, for example, Count Fedor Tolstoy, later nicknamed the American, a completely uncontrollable person, a cruel manipulator and a schemer. He managed to quarrel the whole team, repeatedly annoying Krusenstern personally with his tricks - and in the end he was forcibly landed on the island of Sitka.

N.P. Rezanov

On a warship, according to the charter, there could be only one leader, whose orders are carried out implicitly. Rezanov, as a non-military man, completely did not accept discipline, and gradually the relationship between him and Kruzenshtern became extremely heated. Forced to share one tiny cabin for a couple of years, Rezanov and Kruzenshtern communicated through notes.

Rezanov tried to force Kruzenshtern to change the route of the expedition in order to immediately go to Kamchatka - in fact, interrupting the trip around the world. Finally, Rezanov allowed himself to be rude to the captain in the presence of the team - and this, from the point of view of the charter, was completely unforgivable. After a scandal, making sure that there was no one on his side, the offended Rezanov practically did not leave the cabin until the Nadezhda reached Petropavlovsk.

Fortunately, the experienced and cold-blooded commandant P. Koshelev dismantled the case, regardless of the person, trying to ensure that the quarrel of two private individuals could not interfere with the performance of public debt. Kruzenshtern completely agreed with this, and Rezanov had to back down. At the end of the Japanese mission, Rezanov left the “Hope” - and they and Kruzenshtern did not meet again, to mutual pleasure.

The subsequent story of N.P. Rezanov, who went to California and met the 14-year-old beauty Maria Conception Arguello, daughter of the commandant of San Francisco, is known as one of the most romantic pages of not only Russian, but also, probably, world history. In the famous rock opera "Juno and Avos" the story is about their tragic love, but this is another, albeit very interesting, story.

Travels to Kotzebue

Among the volunteers who went with Kruzenshtern on the Nadezhda was a 15-year-old young man, German Otto Kotzebue. The boy's stepmother was the sister of the captain-lieutenant - Christina Kruzenshtern. When the Nadezhda returned to the port, Kotzebue was promoted to midshipman, and a year later - to lieutenant, and although he was not a graduate of the naval school, Otto Evstafievich received the best of the maritime schools - the circumnavigation school, and since then He thought of life without the sea and service to the Fatherland.

Brig "Rurik" on the stamp of the Marshall Islands

At the end of the voyage around the world, Kruzenshtern worked tirelessly on the results of the expedition, prepared reports, issued and commented on maps and the Atlas of the South Seas, and in particular, together with Count Rumyantsev, developed a new round-the-world expedition. Her task was set: to find the Northeast sea passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was supposed to set off on the Rurik brig. The brig command, on the recommendation of Kruzenshtern, was proposed to Kotzebue.

This expedition returned after 3 years, having lost only one person and enriching geography with a mass of discoveries. Little-known or even unknown islands, archipelagos, and Pacific coasts were mapped and described in detail. Meteorological observations, studies of sea currents, depths of the ocean, temperature, salinity and transparency of water, terrestrial magnetism and various living organisms were an invaluable contribution to science - and had considerable practical benefits.

By the way, the German scientist and romantic poet A. von Chamisso, Pushkin’s translator into German, took part in the voyage on the Rurik. His novel "Traveling Around the World" in Germany became a classic of adventure literature, he was published in Russia.

O. E. Kotzebue made the third round-the-world trip in 1823–1826. Before that, he guarded the shores of Russian America from pirates and smugglers for a year with his 24-gun sloop Enterprise. The scientific results of the expedition to the "Enterprise" were almost more significant than the results of sailing on the "Rurik". The physicist E. Lentz, the future academician who traveled with Kotzebue, constructed with his colleague, Professor Parrot, a device called a bathometer for taking water samples from various depths, and a device for measuring depths. Lenz studied the vertical distribution of salinity, scrupulously noted the temperature of the Pacific waters and daily changes in air temperature at various latitudes.

By the 20s of the XIX century, round-the-world travels ceased to be something unimaginable and out of the ordinary. A number of glorious Russian captains circled the globe, leaving Kronstadt and heading towards the horizon.

Vasily Golovnin - unstoppable and undaunted

Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, captain and excellent writer, marine painter, even among his fellow captains, was considered a man who had seen. Adventure fell to him more than enough. At the age of fourteen, as a midshipman, he participated in naval battles - and was awarded a medal, and then returned to graduate, as he was still too small to become an officer.

He made his first independent circumnavigation of the world, being only a lieutenant. The Admiralty changed its own rules and handed the sloop "Diana" under the command of the lieutenant, because everyone understood what kind of person it was - Lieutenant Golovnin. And indeed, their expectations were met - an excellent captain, Golovnin fully possessed calmness, courage, and an unbending character. When, due to the outbreak of war, the Russian sailors were detained by the British in South Africa, Golovnin managed to escape from captivity and nevertheless fulfilled the mission assigned to the expedition. Travel around the world on the sloop "Diana" in 1808-1809 completed successfully.

The "gentlemanly" captivity of the British was not too painful for our sailors, but the conclusion during the second trip was not at all comic. This time, Golovnin and a number of his comrades ended up in a real prison - to the Japanese. Those did not like the fact that the Russian ship conducted a cartographic survey of the Kuril Islands - in 1811 Golovnin was instructed to describe the Kuril, Shantar Islands and the coast of the Tatar Strait. Japan decided that impudent cartographers violate the principle of isolation of their state - and if so, then the place of criminals in prison. The captivity lasted two years, because of this incident, Russia and Japan were balancing on a dangerous verge - a war between them was quite possible.

Japanese scroll depicting the capture of Golovnin

Titanic efforts were made to save Golovnin and his people. But only thanks to the actions of the friend Golovnin, officer P.I. Rikord and the help of the influential Japanese merchant Mr. Takata Kakhei, with whom Rikord managed to establish purely human contact, it was possible to accomplish almost unbelievable - to return the Russian sailors from the Japanese prison. On the territory of the Nalychevo Natural Park in Kamchatka there are so-called “peaks of Russian-Japanese friendship” - the Kakhey rock, Mount Rikorda and Mount Golovnina. Now the “Golovnin incident” is one of the textbook cases from the history of world diplomacy.

Golovnin's notes on his adventures were translated into many languages, and in Russia became a bestseller. Upon returning home, Vasily Golovnin continued to work tirelessly for the benefit of Russian navigation, his knowledge, experience, energy were invaluable, and many young men read out Golovnin's books on distant wanderings, who later chose the career of a naval officer.

Baron Wrangell - Head of Alaska

In 1816, Midshipman Ferdinand Wrangel, who served in Revel, filed a petition for Captain Golovnin’s expedition to the Kamchatka’s sloop to participate in the expedition. The youth was denied. Then, speaking to his superiors before the boss, he got to Petersburg and practically fell at the feet of Golovnin, asking him to take him with him. He strictly noted that unauthorized flight from the ship is desertion and is worthy of trial. Midshipman agreed, but asked to be brought to trial after sailing, on which he was ready to become even a simple sailor. Golovnin waved his hand and surrendered.

This was the first round-the-world trip of Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, in honor of which he later named the now-famous reserve - Wrangel Island. On board the Kamchatka Peninsula, a desperate young man passed not only a naval school, but also diligently filled up the gaps in his education, and also made loyal friends — future explorers and tireless travelers Fedor Litke and yesterday’s lyceum student, Pushkin’s friend Fedor Matyushkin.

Traveling in Kamchatka proved to be an invaluable forge of personnel for the Russian fleet. Wrangel returned from swimming as an excellent sailor - and a learned researcher. It was Wrangel and Matyushkin who were ordered to go on an expedition to explore the north-eastern coast of Siberia.

Map showing Wrangel's travel routes

Few gave so much strength and energy to the study of Alaska and Kamchatka, as Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. He explored Northeast Siberia from the sea and from land, traveled around the world, commanding the military transport Krotkiy, was awarded orders, and in 1829 he was appointed chief manager of Russian America, and, among other things, built a magnetic meteorological observatory in Alaska . Under his command, Russian America flourished, new settlements were created. The island is named after him, his works for the benefit of Russia were highly appreciated by the state and history. Less than fifty years have passed since the end of the first round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and the Russian fleet has flourished and developed - so many enthusiasts who are truly dedicated to their work were in their ranks.

Unknown land

“I went around the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes and did so in such a way that I undeniably rejected the possibility of the continent, which, if it can be detected, is only near the pole, in places inaccessible to swimming ... The risk associated with swimming in these unexplored and ice-covered seas in search of the southern mainland, is so great that I can safely say that no one will ever dare to penetrate south further than I managed ”- These words of James Cook, an 18th-century shipping star, have closed Antarctic research for nearly 50 years. There simply were no people willing to finance projects that were obviously doomed to failure, and if successful, they were still commercially unsuccessful.

It was the Russians who went against common sense and worldly logic. Kruzenshtern, Kotzebue, and polar captain G. Sarychev developed an expedition and introduced it to Emperor Alexander. He unexpectedly agreed.

The main task of the expedition was defined as purely scientific: "Discoveries in the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" with the aim of "The acquisition of complete knowledge of our globe". The expedition was charged with duties and was instructed to note and study everything that deserves attention, “Not only relating to marine art, but also generally serving to disseminate human knowledge in all parts”.

V. Volkov. Discovery of Antarctica by Vostok and Mirny sloops, 2008

In the summer of the same year, the sloop “Mirny” and the transport converted into a sloop “Vostok” went to the South Pole. They were led by two captains, who were considered one of the best in the Russian fleet, expedition commander Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen, a participant in the round-the-world travel of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, a young but very promising captain. Subsequently, Lazarev will make three circumnavigations, but these exploits will not overshadow his fame as a polar explorer.

Swimming lasted 751 days, of which 535 days in the Southern Hemisphere, with 100 days in ice. Six times, sailors crossed the Antarctic Circle. No one came to the mysterious Antarctica so close and so long. In February 1820, Bellingshausen wrote: “Here, behind the ice fields of fine ice and islands, a continent of ice is visible, whose edges are broken off perpendicularly, and which continued as we saw it, rising to the south, like a coast. The flat ice islands located near this mainland clearly show that they are fragments of this mainland, for they have edges and an upper surface similar to the mainland ”. For the first time in human history, people have seen Antarctica. And these people were ours, Russian sailors.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were fighting Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The swimming of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation

Expedition purpose

Route and map of the world expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

Take the first circumnavigation in the history of the Russian fleet. Delivery-pick up goods from Russian America. Establish diplomatic contacts with Japan. Show the profitability of direct sale of furs from Russian America to China. Prove the benefits of the sea route from Russian America to St. Petersburg in comparison with the land. Carry out various geographical observations and scientific research along the expedition route.

Expedition Composition

The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. under the leadership of 32 years old. The expedition included:

Three-mast sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Acquired in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but endured all the difficulties of circumnavigation. The total number of teams is 65 people. The commander is Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.
Three-mast sloop "Neva", displacement of 370 tons. Purchased there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigation, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807. The total crew of the ship is 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

Emperor Alexander I personally examined both sloops and allowed them to raise the military flags of the Russian Empire. The emperor accepted the maintenance of one of the ships at his own expense, and the expenses of the operation of the other were borne by the Russian-American company and Count N.P. Rumyantsev, one of the main inspirers of the expedition.

The sailors were all Russian to one - that was Kruzenshtern’s condition

Expedition Results

And in July 1806, with a two-week difference, Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt raid, having completed the entire trip in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailboats, as well as their captains, became famous throughout the world. The first Russian round-the-world expedition was of great scientific importance on a global scale.Research conducted by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, had no analogues.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after the famous captains.

Left - Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Right - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

The expedition's description was printed under the heading “Traveling around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships“ Nadezhda ”and“ Neva, under the command of Captain Lieutenant Kruzenshtern, ”in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.

But the further fate of the sailing ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” was not very successful. The only thing that is known about the Neva is that the ship visited Australia in 1807. “Hope” died in 1808 off the coast of Denmark. In honor of the Nadezhda sloop, the Russian training sailing vessel, the frigate Nadezhda, was named. And her name in the truth of the great captain is the legendary barque Kruzenshtern.

The film is about the first round-the-world trip of Russians

The film "Neva" and "Hope." The first Russian voyage around the world. " Channel "Russia"

Filming took place in places associated with the expedition. These are 16 geographical points - from Alaska to Cape Horn. The viewer will get a visual opportunity to assess the magnitude of the accomplishment of Russian sailors. The shooting took place on the sailing ship Kruzenshtern. Devices, household items, maritime traditions - everyone will be able to imagine himself as a participant in the campaign, feel the hardships that have befallen them.
For the first time, engravings made by expedition members and animated using computer graphics will be shown. Some scenes were shot in specially constructed pavilions and stylized as a movie of the early twentieth century. For the first time, diaries of sailing participants will also be heard: they are read in the film by peers of heroes - famous actors.
The narrative of the journey is not limited to the historical film genre. The description of the voyage is interspersed with a story about the most important stopping points of the expedition.

The first Russian circumnavigation 1803-1806 Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky

Expedition purpose

Expedition Composition

Ships:

Three-mast sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Acquired in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but endured all the difficulties of circumnavigation.

Three-mast sloop "Neva", displacement of 370 tons. Purchased there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigation, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807.

Personnel

The head of the expedition Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich.

Age at the time of launch - 32 years.

He is the captain of the flagship of the expedition sloop "Hope".

On board the "Hope" were:

midshipmen Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Otto Kotzebue, who later glorified the Russian fleet with their expeditions

ambassador Rezanov Nikolay Petrovich (to establish diplomatic relations with Japan) and his retinue

scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, painter Kurlybans

mysteriously, the famous brawler and duelist Count Fedor Tolstoy, who went down in history as Tolstoy-American, also got on an expedition

The sailors were all Russian to one - that was Kruzenshtern's condition.

The total number of teams is 65 people.

Sloop "Neva":

Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

Age at the time of launch - 30 years.

The total crew of the ship is 54 people.

In the holds of both ships were iron products, alcohol, weapons, gunpowder, and many other things for delivery to Russian America and Kamchatka.

Start of the first Russian round-the-world expedition

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. On the way we went to Copenhagen, then to the small English port of Falmouth, where the ships were pierced again.

Canary Islands

The expedition approached the archipelago on October 19, 1803. They stood in the harbor of Santa Cruz for a week and on 26 October headed south.

Equator

On November 26, 1803, ships under the Russian flag Nadezhda and Neva crossed the equator for the first time and ended up in the Southern Hemisphere. According to maritime tradition, a festival of Neptune was arranged.

South America

The shores of Brazil appeared on December 18, 1803. They stopped at the harbor of the city of Destro, where they stood for a month and a half to repair the main mast of the Neva. It was not until 4 February 1804 that both ships moved further south along the South American shores.

Cape Horn

Before rounding Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed on a meeting place, as both understood that the weather was easily swept by the ships in this place. The first version of the meeting was Easter Island, the backup was Nukagiva Island. "Hope" safely rounded Cape Horn and March 3, 1804 entered the Pacific Ocean.

Nukagiva

Easter Island slipped by in strong winds, so Kruzenshtern went straight to the alternate meeting place on Nukagiva Island, where he arrived on May 7, 1804. On the way, the islands of Fetuga and Ouaguga from the Marquesas group were mapped. On May 10, the Neva came up to Nukagiva. A week later, both ships sailed in the direction of the Hawaiian Islands.

Equator

Hawaiian Islands

The ships approached them on June 7, 1804. Here they had to leave. "Neva" with a cargo of goods for the Russian-American company went towards Alaska, to the island of Kodiak. Nadezhda headed for Kamchatka, from where it was necessary to go with the embassy to Japan and explore the island of Sakhalin. The meeting of both ships was now only in Macau in September 1805, where "Nadezhda" would be suitable at the end of the diplomatic mission, and "Neva" - with a load of furs from Russian America.

The Journey of Hope

Kamchatka

“Hope” entered Avacha Bay on July 14, 1804. The population of Petropavlovsk at that time was about 200 people. The governor General Koshelev arrived here from Nizhnekamchatsk (the then capital of the peninsula), who helped in every way to repair the ship and prepare for a visit to Japan. The expedition was left by a doctor and an artist, and they forcedly “wrote off to the shore” the brawler Tolstoy. On August 30, 1804, Nadezhda headed for Japan.

Japan

From the history of Japan, it is known that any foreign ships were prohibited from entering Japanese ports. And the inhabitants of the islands of the rising sun were strictly forbidden to contact foreigners. Such forced self-isolation saved Japan from possible colonization and commercial expansion on the part of the Europeans, and also contributed to the preservation of its identity. Only merchants of the Dutch East India Company were allowed to trade in the port of Nagasaki - the southernmost point of the country. The Dutch monopolized trade with Japan and did not let competitors into their possession, hid sea charts with coordinates, etc. .. Therefore, Kruzenshtern had to conduct the “Hope” to Nagasaki almost at random, while surveying the Japanese coast.

In Nagasaki

The ship of Kruzenshtern with Ambassador Rezanov entered the harbor of Nagasaki on October 8, 1804. On board the Russians there were several Japanese who had once fallen to the Russians as a result of the crash, and whom the expedition carried with them as translators.

The Japanese representative entered the ship, asked huh huhsupposedly from where and why they arrived. Then the Japanese pilot helped Nadezhda enter the harbor, where they anchored. Only Japanese, Chinese, and Dutch ships stood in the harbor.

Negotiations with the Japanese

This topic deserves a separate story and a separate article. We will only say that the Japanese "clipped" the Russian "diplomatic mission" in the port of Nagasaki until April 18, 1805 - five and a half months! And Kruzenshtern and Rezanov had to leave home without a sip of slurping.

The Japanese emperor “paused” for a long time, then answered through his officials that there would be no agreements with the Russians, and he could not accept the gifts of the Russian emperor — several huge mirrors in an expensive frame. Say, Japan is not able to equally thank the Russian emperor because of his poverty. Laughter, and more! Either the Dutch did a good job here, or the Japanese themselves did not want any contacts with Russia.

True, the Japanese administration all the time the ship was in port supplied it with food. And she loaded the road with food, water and plenty of salt for free. At the same time, Kruzenshtern was strictly forbidden to return along the western coast of Japan.

Return of “Hope” to Kamchatka

Coming out of the Japanese "captivity", Kruzenshtern decided to give a damn about the Japanese ban and went exactly along the west bank, putting it on the map. At sea, he was his own master and was not afraid of anyone - past military experience gave him every reason to do so. He moored several times on the beach and as much as he could get acquainted with this mysterious country. It was possible to establish contacts with Ainu - residents of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.

Sakhalin

“Nadezhda” entered the Aniva Bay in southern Sakhalin on May 14, 1805. The Ainu also lived here and commanded by the Japanese administration. Kruzenshtern was determined to explore Sakhalin in more detail, but Rezanov insisted on returning to Kamchatka as soon as possible in order to report to St. Petersburg on the results of his "embassy."

Kamchatka

On June 5, Nadezhda returned to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Rezanov went ashore, sent a report to the capital, and on a merchant ship he sailed to Russian America in Alaska. On July 5, 1805, Nadezhda set sail again and headed for Sakhalin. But Kruzenshtern could not get around Sakhalin and determine whether it is an island or a peninsula. On August 30, the Nadezhda team entered the Avachinsky Bay of Petropavlovsk for the third time. Kruzenshtern began to prepare for a campaign in Macau.

Macau

This is the name of the Portuguese colony-fortress-port on the Chinese coast. Leaving Petropavlovsk on October 9, 1805, “Hope” was in Macau on November 20. The Neva was not visible anywhere.

Travels of the Neva

Russian America

The sloop "Neva" under the leadership of Captain Lieutenant Lisyansky July 10, 1804 approached the island of Kodiak on the southern coast of Alaska. The island ball is one of the first places in Russia to thoroughly substantiate America. Lisyansky led the ship into the harbor of St. Paul - a kind of administrative center of this Russian province. Here he learned that an armed attack was made by the Indians there on the second center of the Russians — the Arkhangelsk fortress in Sitka Bay, much south and east of Kodiak. The fortress was burned, residents were killed. The conflict flared up not without the help and incitement of the Americans, by then they had begun to actively penetrate these places.

Alexander Andreevich Baranov - the legendary ruler of Russian America left for the war to recapture the Arkhangelsk fortress with the help of Russian-friendly Indians and Aleuts. Baranov left a message to Lisyansky, in which he asked to urgently arrive in Sitka to provide armed assistance. However, it took almost a month for the Neva team to unload the ship's holds and repair equipment. On August 15, the Neva headed towards Sitka.

Novoarkhangelsk - Sitka

On August 20, Lisyansky was already in Sitka Bay. Here he met with Alexander Baranov, who made a strong impression on him. Together they worked out a plan for a military operation. The guns and sailors of the Neva played a decisive role in restoring the status quo in relations with the Tinklit Indians. Not far from the burnt old fortress, a new settlement Novoarkhangelsk was laid. On November 10, the Neva left Sitka and headed for Kodiak.

Again in Kodiak

"Neva" was already five days later. As winter approached, it was decided to winter here, repair, rest and fill the holds with precious junk - furs of the Russian-American company. At the beginning of the next summer, June 13, 1805, Lisyansky’s ship left St. Paul’s harbor and headed for Sitka to pick up the furs prepared by Baranov, and then go to Macau.

Again in Sitka - Novoarkhangelsk

The Neva turned out to be June 22, 1805. During the winter, Baranov managed to rebuild the settlement, restore peace with the local Indians, and prepare a large number of furs. Having loaded soft gold into the holds, Lisyansky headed for Macau on September 2, 1805.

In Macau

Kruzenshtern arrived in Macau on November 20, 1805. Lisyansky reached the Chinese coast only on December 3rd. Here I had to stay for more than two months, “getting accustomed” to local conditions, the economic and political situation, maneuvering, and bargaining. In this, both naval officers Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky showed remarkable abilities. And they came out victorious in a trade war with local merchants. Instead of furs, the ship’s holds were clogged with tea, porcelain and other liquid goods in Europe. On February 9, 1806, Nadezhda and Neva left the Chinese coast and headed for their homeland.

Across two oceans

Ships scattered on the way to Cape of Good Hope. The captains tentatively agreed to meet at the island of St. Helena. Kruzenshtern arrived at St. Helena on May 3, 1806. Here he learned that Russia was at war with Napoleon and France. Without waiting for the Neva, Nadezhda went north to their native lands, for safety deciding to go around England from the north so as not to collide with the French in the English Channel.

In the meantime, Lisyansky decided to set a kind of record - to pass from China to Europe without calling at intermediate ports. The ship no longer had heavy loads, took enough supplies of food and water, and went on full sail. Therefore, Lisyansky did not appear on the island of St. Helena and, accordingly, did not know about the war with France. He calmly entered the English Channel, and there he decided to call at the British port of Portsmouth. Having rested in Portsmouth for a couple of weeks, on July 13, 1806, the Neva went to sea again and on August 5, 1806 was already at home. And on August 19, 1806, the sails of "Hope" appeared due to their native shores.

Thus ended the first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors, an unparalleled voyage filled with dangers and adventures, interesting and significant events for history.

It should be said that from the point of view of profit, the expedition fully justified itself, bringing considerable profit to merchants, glory to the Fatherland and forever writing the names of Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky the history of navigation.

Emperor Alexander I royally awarded I.F. Kruzenshtern and all members of the expedition.

all officers received the following ranks,

commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3 degrees and 3000 rubles each.

1000 lieutenants

midshipmen for 800 rubles of a life pension

lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension from 50 to 75 rubles.

By the highest command, a special medal was knocked out for all participants in this first round-the-world trip

“Traveling around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Captain Lieutenant Kruzenshtern” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings. That was the name of the work written personally by Kruzenshtern and published at the expense of the imperial cabinet., St. Petersburg, 1809. Subsequently, it was translated into many European languages.

Russian travelers and pioneers

Again travelers of the era of great geographical discoveries

Back to the topic of travel. We already have a story about the steamboat “Kruzenshtern”, we turn to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern himself, the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. A stamp in honor of Ivan Fedorovich and his voyage was released in Russia in 1994 in a series dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet

The first Russian round-the-world trip

The first Russian round-the-world trip was planned back in the era of Catherine II in 1787. Five ships were equipped for the expedition under the command of Captain 1st Rank Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky. But the expedition at the very last moment was canceled due to the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war. Then the war with Sweden began and it was not at all long trips. Mulovsky himself was killed in a battle near the island of Eland.

They returned to the idea of \u200b\u200btraveling around the world only at the beginning of the nineteenth century thanks to the energy of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and the money of the Russian-American company.

Ivan Fedorovich (at birth Adam Johann) Kruzenshtern was a descendant of a Russified German family. Born on November 8 (19), 1770, he lived and studied in Reval (formerly Tallinn), then in the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1788 he was prematurely promoted to midshipman and assigned to the ship Mstislav, the captain of which was just the failed leader of the circumnavigation Mulovsky. Naturally, the talk about the preparation of the expedition, the discussion of its plans, could not but leave a deep mark in the soul of an inquisitive and brave young man. After the war ended, Kruzenshtern served as a volunteer in the English fleet for two years, and his visits to India and China further convinced the young sailor of the need to develop long-range lines by the Russian fleet, which could bring considerable benefit to commercial matters. While serving in the English fleet, Kruzenshtern began to develop his plan for circumnavigation, which he presented upon his return to St. Petersburg. His ideas were accepted coldly and only the ardent support of then-Minister Admiral Mordvinov and State Chancellor Count Rumyantsev allowed to move things off the ground.

Portrait of Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern
Unknown artist. XIX century (from the collections of the State Hermitage)

Just at that time, the Russian-American Company (RAC), which received new rights and privileges under Alexander I, thought about establishing maritime communications with its colonies in the Far East and America. The land route was very long, roads, goods often disappeared or came spoiled. For these purposes, it was decided to use the Kruzenshtern plan. For the expedition, they purchased in England two small sloops called "Hope" and "Neva". Kruzenshtern was appointed captain of "Nadezhda" and the leader of the entire expedition; captain-lieutenant Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, a classmate and friend of Kruzenshtern, became captain of the Neva.

The purpose of the expedition was to deliver the goods they needed to our American colonies, to accept the cargo of furs there, which was to be sold or exchanged at Chinese ports for local goods and the delivery of the latter to Kronstadt. This main goal was also joined by the production of hydrographic surveys at designated places and the embassy to Japan to establish trade relations with this country. Chamberlain Rezanov, one of the main shareholders of the RAC, was appointed envoy to Japan. Both ships were allowed to have military flags.

Having left Kronstadt at the end of June 1803, the expedition safely returned at the end of the summer of 1806, having fulfilled all that was entrusted to it. The expedition in the colony went past Cape Horn, and on the way back - past Cape of Good Hope. On their journey from the Cape Verde to the shores of South America, on November 14, 1803, Russian ships crossed the equator for the first time. In honor of this, a volley of 11 guns was fired, toasts were raised for the health of the emperor, and one of the sailors, wearing a beard, made a welcoming speech on behalf of the sea god Neptune.

The route of the first Russian circumnavigation of 1803-1806

After his return, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern wrote a detailed report, which was published in three volumes. Books are now digitized and available to all interested persons on the website of the Russian State Library (links are given at the end of the post).

I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky. Artist P. Pavlinov

Sloops "Hope" and "Neva"

The sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were purchased in 1801 in England, and Yu.F. Lisyansky. Initially, their names were “Leander” (Leander) and “Thames” (Thames). The purchase of both ships cost the Russian treasury £ 17,000, plus £ 5,000 for repair materials. The ships arrived in Kronstadt on June 5, 1803.

"Hope" (aka "Leander") was launched in 1800. According to the classification of ships of England at that time sloop. The greatest length along the hull is 34.2 meters, the length along the waterline is 29.2 meters. The largest width is 8.84 meters. Displacement - 450 tons, draft - 3.86 meters, crew of 58 people. The sloop was built for the merchant T. Huggins for trade between England and Africa. After returning from a trip, in the autumn of 1808, Nadezhda was chartered by the merchant of the Russian-American company D. Martin for transporting goods from Kronstadt to New York, and on the very first voyage, in December 1808, a ship jammed with ice off the coast of Denmark was lost.

The Neva (in the past the Thames, however strange it may sound) was launched in 1802. Like the Leander, it was a three-masted sloop armed with 14 small carronades. Displacement - 370 tons, the longest with a bowsprit - 61 m, a team of 43 people.

The journey for the Neva was not at all calm. Neva played a key role in the battle on Fr. Sitka in 1804, when the Russians recaptured the fort of St. Michael the Archangel from the Tlingits who captured it in 1802. In 1804, Alexander Baranov, general manager of the Russian-American company, failed in his attempts to return the fort. Baranov had at his disposal only 120 soldiers on four small ships and 800 Aleuts for 300 canoes (this is the question of how much strength we had in Alaska, whether it was worth selling it or not, and Russia could have kept it if there was a band from a key fort Indians could not knock out 2 years). At the end of September 1804, the Neva and three still small sailing ships launched another siege of the fort with the support of 150 armed fur traders, as well as 400-500 Aleuts for 250 canoes. The attack was successful, the region returned to Russian control.

The sloop "Neva". Drawing from the engraving by I.F. Lisyansky

In June 1807, the Neva sloop was the first Russian ship to visit Australia.

In August 1812, the Neva with a load of furs sailed from Okhotsk. The transition turned out to be difficult, the ship was badly damaged by storms, part of the crew died from scurvy. The crew decided to sail to Novo-Arkhangelsk, however, not reaching the destination just a few kilometers, the sloop in stormy weather on the night of January 9, 1813 flies on the rocks and crashes near the island of Kruzova. The crew left 28 people who managed to swim to the shore and wait out the winter of 1813.

About Brand

As I said, the stamp was released in November 1994 in a series devoted to Russian geographic expeditions. In total, the series consists of 4 brands with a face value of 250 rubles. each one. Three other brands are dedicated to the journey of V.M. Golovnin 1811 on the study of the Kuril Islands, expedition F.P. Wrangel to North America and the expedition of F.P. Litke during the study of the islands of Novaya Zemlya in 1821-1824.

Also, stamps were issued in small sheets.

Image from the website of Marka JSC (www.rusmarka.ru)

Circulation of stamps - 800 000 pcs., Small sheet - 130 000 pcs. Coated paper, deep printing plus metallography, perforation - frame 12 x 11½.

"Neva" and "Hope" on other brands

Travel stamps were issued by our neighbors, formerly fraternal republics, Estonia and Ukraine. Philately is not at all alien to politics, and as in the case of the Dane, Ukraine and Estonia with the help of stamps remind the whole world that Kruzenshtern was actually born in Tallinn, and Lisyansky in the Chernigov province.

Estonia, 2003

Ukraine, 1998

AND

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were fighting Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes; sent in 1793 by volunteers to England to serve in the English fleet, they fought with the French off the coast of North America. Both had experience swimming in tropical waters; on English ships for several years they went to the Antilles and to India, and Kruzenshtern reached southern China.

Returning to Russia, I. Kruzenshtern in 1799 and 1802. presented projects of circumnavigation of the world as the most profitable direct commercial communication between the Russian ports of the Baltic Sea and Russian America. At Paul I the project failed, with a young Alexandre I he was accepted with the support of the Russian-American company, which took half of the costs. In early August 1802, I. Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Yu. Lisyansky in 1800 returned from India through England to his homeland. In 1802, after his appointment to a round-the-world expedition, he traveled to England to buy two sloops: tsarist officials believed that Russian ships could not withstand circumnavigation. With great difficulty, Kruzenshtern managed to ensure that the crew on both ships was exclusively staffed by domestic sailors: Russian noble Anglomans argued that "the enterprise would never succeed with the Russian sailors." The sloop "Hope" (430 tons) was commanded by I. Kruzenshtern, the ship "Neva" (370 tons) - Yu. Lisyansky. On board the "Hope" was Nikolai Petrovich Rezanovson-in-law G.I.Shelikhova, one of the founding directors of the Russian-American company. He was heading to Japan with his retinue as an envoy for a trade agreement. At the end of July 1803, the ships left Kronstadt, and three months later south of the Cape Verde (near 14 ° N) I. Kruzenshtern established that both sloops are carried to the east by a strong current - this is how the Passat countercurrent was discovered A warm sea current directed from west to east in the low latitudes of the Atlantic. Atlantic ocean. In mid-November, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, ships crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804 they rounded Cape Horn. In the Pacific, they parted. Yu. Lisyansky, by agreement, went to Fr. Easter, made an inventory of the coast and got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants. At Nukuhiva (one of the Marquesas Islands) he caught up with “Hope”, and together they went to the Hawaiian Islands, and then the ships followed different routes: I. Kruzenshtern - to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; Yu. Lisyansky - to Russian America, to Fr. Kodiak.

Receiving from A. A. Baranova a letter testifying to his difficult situation. Yu. Lisyansky arrived at Alexander's archipelago and rendered military assistance to A. Baranov against the Tlingit Indians: these "ears" (as they were called by the Russians), instigated by the dressed-up agents of the American pirate, destroyed the Russian fortification on Fr. Sitka (about. Baranova). In 1802, Baranov built a new fortress there - Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where he soon moved the center of Russian America. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Y. Lisyansky together with the navigator of the Neva Daniil Vasilievich Kalinin described in the Gulf of Alaska about. Kodiak, as well as part of the archipelago of Alexander. Moreover, west of about. Sitka D. Kalinin discovered about. Kruzova, previously considered a peninsula. A large island north of about. Sitki Yu. Lisyansky named V. Ya. Chichagova. In the fall of 1805, the Neva with a load of furs moved from Sitka to Macau (Southern China), where it connected with the Nadezhda. On the way uninhabited Fr. Lisyansky and the Neva reef, attributed to the Hawaiian archipelago, and to the southwest of them - the Kruzenshtern reef. From Canton, where he managed to profitably sell furs, Y. Lisyansky made an unparalleled non-stop transition in 140 days around the Cape of Good Hope to Portsmouth (England), but at the same time separated from Hope in foggy weather off the southeastern coast of Africa. On August 5, 1806, he arrived in Kronstadt, completing a voyage around the world, the first in the annals of the Russian fleet.

Petersburg authorities reacted to Yu. Lisyansky coldly. He was assigned another rank (captain of the 2nd rank), but this was the end of his naval career. Description of his voyage “Traveling around the world in 1803–1806. on the ship "Neva" (St. Petersburg, 1812), he published at his own expense.

“Hope” anchored at Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then, I. Kruzenshtern delivered N. Rezanov to Nagasaki, and after negotiations that ended in complete failure, he returned with his envoy to Petropavlovsk in the spring of 1805, where he broke up with him. On the way to Kamchatka, I. Kruzenshtern followed the Eastern Passage to the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan and photographed the western shore of Fr. Hokkaido Then he went through the Laperouse Strait to Aniva Bay and carried out a number of definitions of the geographical location of significant points there. Intending to chart the still poorly studied eastern coast of Sakhalin, on May 16 he circled around Cape Aniva, with a survey he moved north along the coast. I. Kruzenshtern discovered a small Gulf of Mordvinov, described the rocky eastern and northern lowlands of the Gulf of Terpeniya. The names of the capes assigned to them were preserved on the maps of our time (for example, the capes of Senyavin and Soymonov).

Powerful ice floes prevented reaching Cape Patience and continuing to shoot to the north (end of May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to postpone the described work and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril ridge and the strait, now bearing his name, went into the Pacific Ocean. Suddenly, four islands (Lovushki Islands) opened in the west. The approaching storm forced "Hope" to return to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. When the storm calmed down, the ship proceeded to the Pacific Strait by the Severgin Strait and on June 5 arrived at the Peter and Paul Harbor.

To continue research on the eastern coast of Sakhalin, I. Kruzenshtern in July crossed the Nadezhda Strait into the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk to the Sakhalin Cape Terpeniya. After weathering the storm, on July 19, he began filming to the north. The coast up to 51 ° 30 "N did not have large bends - only insignificant indentations (mouths of small rivers); in the depths of the island, several rows of low mountains were visible (the southern end of the Eastern Range), stretching parallel to the coast and noticeably rising to the north. After four days a storm accompanied by dense fog (end of July), "Nadezhda" was again able to approach the coast, which became low-lying and sandy. At 52 ° N, the sailors saw a small gulf (the other two, located south, missed). far f to the north, until August 8, at 54 ° N, I. Kruzenshtern discovered a high shore with a large cape named after the lieutenant Hermolaus Levenstern. The next day, when the weather was cloudy and foggy, Nadezhda circled the northern end of Sakhalin and entered a small bay (Severny), with the names of Elizabeth and Mary entering and leaving the cape.

After a short stay, during which a meeting with the ghilyaks took place, I. Kruzenshtern examined the eastern shore of the Sakhalin Gulf: he wanted to check if Sakhalin Island was, as it was on Russian maps of the 18th century. or peninsula, as claimed J. F. Laperouz. The depths at the northern entrance to the Amursky estuary turned out to be insignificant, and I. Kruzenshtern, having come to the "conclusion that leaves no doubt," that Sakhalin is a peninsula, returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result of the voyage, he first mapped and described over 900 km of the eastern, northern and north-western coast of Sakhalin.

In the fall of 1805, Nadezhda visited Macau and Canton. In 1806, she went non-stop to Fr. St. Helena, where she waited in vain for the Neva (see above), then circled the UK from the north and on August 19, 1806 returned to Kronstadt, without losing a single sailor from illnesses. This expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and specifying the geographical location of many points. The participants of the first round-the-world voyage made various oceanological observations: they discovered the Passat countercurrents in the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean; measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the cause of the glow of the sea; collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in several areas of the oceans.

The sailing of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation.

In 1809–1812 I. Kruzenshtern published three volumes of his “Travel Around the World in 1803–1806. on the ships "Hope" and "Neva". This work, translated in many European countries, immediately won general recognition. In 1813, the Atlas for Traveling Around the World by Captain Kruzenshtern was published; most of the cards (including the general one) were drawn up by the lieutenant Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen. In the 20s. Kruzenshtern published the Atlas of the South Sea with an extensive text, which is now a valuable literary source for historians of the discovery of Oceania and is widely used by Soviet and foreign experts.

Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, like its predecessors, a naval sailor, sailed as a volunteer in British warships to the Antilles. Then he showed himself as an innovator: he developed new marine signals. At the end of July 1807, commanding the sloop “Diana”, V. Golovnin set off from Kronstadt to the shores of Kamchatka. His senior officer was Peter Ivanovich Ricord (subsequently one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society). Reaching Cape Horn. Due to nasty winds, V. Golovnin turned towards the Cape of Good Hope in early March 1808 and arrived in Simonstown in April, where the British detained the sloop for more than a year due to the outbreak of the Anglo-Russian war. In May 1809, on a dark night, taking advantage of a fair storm wind, V. Golovnin, despite the fact that there was a large English squadron on the roadstead, led the ship out of the harbor into the sea. He rounded Tasmania from the south and made a non-stop transition to Fr. Tanna (New Hebrides), and in the autumn of 1809 arrived in Petropavlovsk. In 1810, he sailed in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean from Kamchatka to Fr. Baranova (Sitke) and back.

In May 1811, "Diana" went to sea to the Kuril Islands, to the Strait of Hope (48 ° N). From there, V. Golovnin began a new inventory of the central and southern groups of the Kuril Islands - the old ones were unsatisfactory. Between 48 and 47 ° C. w. new names of precisely inflicted straits appeared on the map: Sredny, in honor of the sub-navigator "Diana" Vasily Sredny (the islands at this strait are also named after him), Rikorda, Diana, and in the southern chain - the Catherine Strait. This strait was discovered by the commander of the Russian transport Ekaterina, navigator Grigory Lovtsov in 1792, when he delivered to Japan the first Russian ambassador Adam Kirillovich Laksman. So "Diana" reached Fr. Kunashir. There V. Golovnin landed to replenish supplies of water and provisions, and was captured by the Japanese along with two officers and four sailors. They spent two years and three months in Hokkaido. In 1813, after the victory of Russia over Napoleon I, all Russian sailors were released. On "Diana" V. Golovnin returned to Petropavlovsk. His true "Notes of Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin held captive by the Japanese" (1816) were read and are read with exciting interest as an adventure novel; this work is the first (after E. KempferEngelbert Kempfer, a German doctor in the Dutch service, lived in Nagasaki from 1690–1692. His book The History of Japan and Siam was published in London in 1727.) a book about Japan, for two centuries artificially isolated from the outside world. The fame of V. Golovnin as a wonderful sailor and writer increased after the publication of his "Journey of the sloop" Diana "from Kronstadt to Kamchatka ..." (1819).

In the years 1817-1819. V. Golovnin made the second round-the-world voyage, which he described in the book “Traveling around the world on the Kamchatka sloop” (1812), during which he specified the position of a number of islands from the Aleutian ridge.

the command gave confidence to a well-proven twenty-five-year-old lieutenant Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, appointing him the commander of the ship "Suvorov", departing in October 1813 from Kronstadt to Russian America. Passing the Cape of Good Hope and Cape South about. Tasmania, he went to Port Jackson (Sydney), and from there led the ship to the Hawaiian Islands. At the end of September 1814, at 13 ° 10 "S and 163 ° 10" W D. He discovered five uninhabited atolls and named them Suvorov Islands. In November, M. Lazarev arrived in Russian America and spent the winter in Novoarkhangelsk. In the summer of 1815, he went from Novoarkhangelsk to Cape Horn and, having rounded it, completed the circumnavigation in Kronstadt in mid-July 1816.

Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue once already circled the globe (on the sloop "Hope"), when the count N.P. Rumyantsev in 1815, invited him to become the commander of the Rurik brig and the head of the scientific expedition around the world. Its main task was to find the Northeast sea passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. Senior officer invited Gleb Semenovich Shishmarev. In Copenhagen, O. Kotzebue took an outstanding naturalist and poet, a Frenchman of origin, aboard the Rurik Adalberta Chamisso. On the Rurik brig, a very small vessel (180 tons in total), the tightness was extreme, there were no conditions for scientific work.

O. Kotzebue left Kronstadt in the middle of July 1815, circled Cape Horn, and after stopping at Concepcion Bay (Chile) for some time he searched in vain for 27 ° S. w. the fantastic "Davis Land". In April - May 1816, in the northern part of the Tuamotu archipelago, he discovered about. Rumyantsev (Tikei), atolls of Spiridov (Takopoto), Rurik (Arutua), Kruzenshtern (Tikehau) and in the chain of Ratak Marshall Islands - atolls of Kutuzov (Utirik) and Suvorov (Taka); some of the discoveries were secondary. Then he headed to the Chukchi Sea to the American coast. At the end of July, at the exit from the Bering Strait, O. Kotzebue discovered and explored Shishmarev Bay. With a fair wind in fine weather, the ship advanced near the low coast to the northeast, and on August 1, sailors saw a wide passage to the east, and in the north a high ridge (southern spurs of the Byrd mountains, up to 1554 m). At the first moment, Kotzebue decided - before him began the passage to the Atlantic Ocean, but after a two-week inspection of the coast he was convinced that it was a vast bay named after him. The opening of Shishmarev Bay and Kotzebue Bay was helped by the drawing of Chukotka, compiled in 1779 by Cossack centurion Ivan Kobelev. In this drawing, he also showed part of the American coast with two bays - small and large. In the southeastern part of the bay, sailors discovered the Eshsholtz Bay (in honor of the ship's doctor, then a student, Ivan Ivanovich Eshsholtswho proved himself an outstanding naturalist). On the shore of Kotzebue Bay, scientists from Rurik discovered and described fossil ice - for the first time in America - and found a mammoth tusk in it. Turning south, "Rurik" went to about. Hulk, from there to San Francisco Bay and to the Hawaiian Islands.

In January - March 1817, the expedition members again explored the Marshall Islands, and in the Ratak chain they discovered, examined and put on a precise map a number of inhabited atolls: in January - the New Year (Medzhit) and Rumyantsev (Votye), in February - Chichagova (Erikub), Maloelap and Traverse (Aur), in March - Kruzenshtern (Ailuk) and Bikar. Together with A. Chamisso and I. Eshsholtz, O. Kotzebue completed the first scientific description of the entire archipelago, having spent several months on the Rumyantsev Atoll. They first expressed the correct idea of \u200b\u200bthe origin of coral islands, later developed by C. Darwin. Then Kotzebue again moved to the northern part of the Bering Sea, but because of the trauma received during the storm, he decided to return to his homeland.

The only officer on the "Rurik" - G. Shishmarev withstood the double load. He is with the help of a young assistant navigator Vasily Stepanovich Khromchenko, from which a first-class sailor emerged, who later circled the globe two more times - already as a ship commander. On the way to the Philippines, the expedition explored the Marshall Islands for the third time and in November 1817, in particular, plotted on the map in the center of the archipelago the inhabited atoll Heiden (Lyciep), completing mainly the discovery of the Ratak chain, which apparently began in 1527 by the Spaniard A. Saavedroy.

July 23, 1818 "Rurik" entered the Neva. Only one person died from his team. The participants of this round-the-world voyage collected huge scientific material - geographical, especially oceanographic, and ethnographic. It was processed by O. Kotzebue and his collaborators for a three-volume collective work “Journey to the Southern Ocean and the Bering Strait to find the Northeast Sea Pass, undertaken in 1815–1818. ... on the Rurik ship ... ”(1821–1823), the bulk of which was written by O. Kotzebue himself. A. Chamisso gave a highly artistic description of swimming in the book "Travel around the world ... on the brig" Rurik "(1830) - a classic work of this genre in German literature of the XIX century.

the task to open the Northern Sea Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic was set by the government and before the Arctic expedition sent in early July 1819 around the Cape of Good Hope on two sloops - “Discovery”, under the command of a military officer Mikhail Nikolaevich Vasiliev, he is the head of the expedition, and well-meaning, captain G. Shishmarev. In the middle of May 1820, in the Pacific Ocean (at 29 ° N), the sloops were separated by order of M. Vasiliev. He went to Petropavlovsk, G. Shishmarev - to Fr. Loser. They joined in Kotzebue Bay in mid-July. They left together, but the slow-moving “Well-intentioned” lagged behind and reached only 69 ° 01 "N, and M. Vasiliev at the" Discovery "- 71 ° 06" N. sh., 22 minutes north of Cook: solid ice prevented further advance to the north. On the way back they went through Unalashka to Petropavlovsk, and by November arrived in San Francisco, where they made the first accurate inventory of the bay.

In the spring of 1821, sloops through the Hawaiian Islands at various times crossed to Fr. Loser. Then M. Vasiliev moved to the northeast, to Cape Newsonham (Bering Sea), and on July 11, 1821, opened at 60 ° C. w. about. Nunivak (4.5 thousand km²). M. Vasiliev named it in honor of his ship - about. Opening. Discovery officers described the south coast of the island (two capes got their names). Two days later, about. Independently of M. Vasiliev, Nunivak was discovered by the commanders of two vessels of the Russian-American company - V. Khromchenko and a free sailor Adolf Karlovich Etolin, subsequently the chief ruler of Russian America. His name is called the Etolin Strait, between the mainland and Fr. Nunivak. After passing into the Chukchi Sea, M. Vasiliev described the American coast between Cape Lisburne and Icey Cape (at 70 ° 20 "N), but turned back because of ice. In September, the sloop anchored in the Peter and Paul Harbor.

Meanwhile, G. Shishmarev, according to the assignment, penetrated the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea, but by the end of July was able to reach only 70 ° 13 "with the greatest efforts. W: nasty winds and heavy ice forced him to retreat. He arrived in Petropavlovsk ten days after M. Vasiliev Both ships returned through the Hawaiian Islands and around Cape Horn in early August 1822 to Kronstadt, completing the voyage around the world.

1823-1826 O. Kotzebue on the sloop “Enterprise” made his second round-the-world voyage (as the commander of a ship). His companion was a student Emiliy Khristianovich Lentz, later an academician, an outstanding physicist: he studied the vertical distribution of salinity, the temperature of Pacific waters and the daily changes in air temperature at various latitudes. Using the barometer and depth gauge he designed, he performed many measurements of water temperature at depths of up to 2 thousand meters, laying the foundation for precise oceanological research. Lenz was the first in 1845 to justify the scheme of vertical circulation of the waters of the oceans. The results of his research, he set out in the monograph "Physical observations made during the trip around the world" (Selected Works. M., 1950).i. Eshsholtz went on a toric trip with O. Kotzebue - then a professor. On the way from Chile to Kamchatka, in March 1824, O. Kotzebue discovered the inhabited atoll Enterprise (Fakahina) in the Tuamotu archipelago, and Bellingshausen atoll in the western group of the Society Islands. In the low southern latitudes, the ship fell into a calm strip and moved very slowly to the north. May 19 at 9 ° S w. showers and squalls began. O. Kotzebue noted a strong current, daily attributing the “Enterprise” to the west for 37–55 km. The picture changed dramatically at 3 ° S. w. and 180 ° C. d.: the direction of the current became directly opposite, but the speed remained the same. He could not explain the cause of this phenomenon. Now we know that O. Kotzebue faced the South Equatorial Countercurrent. He made another discovery in October 1825: on the way from the Hawaiian Islands to the Philippines, he discovered the atolls of Rimsky-Korsakov (Rongelan) and Eshsholts (Bikini) in the Ralik Marshall Islands chain.

In 1826, at the end of August, two military sloops came out from Kronstadt under the general command Mikhail Nikolaevich Stanyukovich; commanded a second ship Fedor Petrovich Litke. The main task - the study of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the inventory of the opposite coasts of America and Asia - M. Stanyukovich divided between the two ships, and each subsequently acted mainly independently.

M. Stanyukovich, commanding the sloop "Moller", in February 1828 found in the western part of the Hawaiian archipelago about. Lason, and in the extreme northwest, the Kure Atoll, and basically completed the opening of the Hawaiian chain, proving that it extends for more than 2800 km, counting from the eastern tip of Fr. Hawaii - Cape Kumukahi. Then M. Stanyukovich explored the Aleutian Islands and surveyed the northern coast of the Alaska Peninsula, with the navigational assistant Andrey Khudobin opened a group of small islands of Khudobin.

F. Litke, commanding the Senyavin sloop, explored the waters of Northeast Asia, and in the winter of 1827–1828. went to the Caroline Islands. He examined a number of atolls there and in January 1828 in the eastern part of this archipelago, visited by Europeans for about three centuries, he unexpectedly discovered the inhabited Senyavin Islands, including Ponape, the largest in the entire Carolina chain, and two atolls - Pakin and Ant ( perhaps this was a second discovery, after A. Saavedra). F. Litke described in detail the warm Pacific Interpassional countercurrent flowing in the eastern direction at the lower latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (I. Kruzenshtern first drew attention to it). In the summer of 1828, F. Litke astronomically determined the most important points on the eastern coast of Kamchatka. an officer Ivan Alekseevich Ratmanov and navigator Vasily Egorovich Semenov first described about. Karaginsky and the Litke Strait separating it from Kamchatka. Then, the southern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula from the Mechigmen Bay to the Gulf of Cross was put on the map, the Senyavin Strait was opened, separating Arakamchechen and Yttigran from the mainland of the island.