What gases are called greenhouse gases. How to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Back in 1962, the Soviet climatologist and meteorologist Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko was the first to publish considerations that the burning of a huge amount of various fuels by mankind, especially increased in the second half of the 20th century, will inevitably lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. And, as you know, it delays the return of solar and deep heat from the Earth's surface into space, which leads to the effect that we observe in glazed greenhouses. Due to this greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere should gradually increase. The conclusions of M. I. Budyko interested American meteorologists. They checked his calculations, made numerous observations themselves, and by the end of the sixties came to the firm conviction that the greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere exists and is growing.

The main greenhouse gases, in order of their estimated impact on the Earth's heat balance, are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone, and nitrogen oxide.

Rice. 3. Structure of greenhouse gas emissions by countries

Water vapor is the most important natural greenhouse gas and is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect with a strong positive feedback. An increase in air temperature causes an increase in the moisture content of the atmosphere while maintaining approximately the same relative humidity, which causes an increase in the greenhouse effect and thereby contributes to a further increase in air temperature. The influence of water vapor can also manifest itself through an increase in cloudiness and a change in the amount of precipitation. Human economic activity contributes to the emission of water vapor, which is less than 1%.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) . In addition to water vapor, carbon dioxide plays the most important role in creating the greenhouse effect. The planetary carbon cycle is a complex system, its functioning at different characteristic times is determined by different processes, which correspond to different rates of CO2 cycle. Carbon dioxide, like nitrogen and water vapor, has been and is being released into the atmosphere from the deep layers of the planet during the degassing of the upper mantle and the earth's crust. These components of atmospheric air are among the gases emitted into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions, released from deep cracks in the earth's crust and from hot springs.

Rice. 4. Structure of carbon dioxide emissions by regions of the planet in the 1990s

Methane (CH4). Methane is greenhouse gas. If the degree of carbon dioxide impact on the climate is conditionally taken as one, then the greenhouse activity of methane will be 23 units. The content of methane in the atmosphere has grown very rapidly over the past two centuries. Now the average content of methane CH 4 in the modern atmosphere is estimated at 1.8 ppm ( parts per million, parts per million). Its contribution to the dissipation and retention of heat radiated by the Earth heated by the sun is significantly higher than from CO 2 . In addition, methane absorbs the Earth's radiation in those "windows" of the spectrum that are transparent to other greenhouse gases. Without greenhouse gases - CO 2 , water vapor, methane and some other impurities, the average temperature on the Earth's surface would be only -23°C, and now it is about +15°C. Methane seeps out at the bottom of the ocean through cracks in the earth's crust, and is released in considerable quantities during mining and when forests are burned. Recently, a new, completely unexpected source of methane has been discovered - higher plants, but the mechanisms of formation and the significance of this process for the plants themselves have not yet been elucidated.

Nitric oxide (N2O) is the third most important greenhouse gas of the Kyoto Protocol. It is emitted during the production and use of mineral fertilizers, in the chemical industry, in agriculture, etc. It accounts for about 6% of global warming.

Tropospheric ozone, I As a greenhouse gas, tropospheric ozone (trop. O 3) has both a direct impact on the climate through the absorption of long-wave radiation from the Earth and short-wave radiation from the Sun, and through chemical reactions that change the concentrations of other greenhouse gases, such as methane (trop. O 3 is necessary for the formation of an important greenhouse gas oxidizing agent - the radical - OH). Increasing the concentration of trails. Since the middle of the 18th century, O 3 has been the third largest positive radiative effect on the Earth's atmosphere after CO 2 and CH 4 . In general, the content of the trails. O 3 in the troposphere is determined by the processes of its formation and destruction during chemical reactions involving ozone precursors, both natural and anthropogenic, as well as by the processes of ozone transfer from the stratosphere (where its content is much higher) and the absorption of ozone by the earth's surface. Lifetime of trails. O 3 - up to several months, which is much less than other greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O). Path concentration. O 3 varies significantly in time, space and height, and its monitoring is a much more difficult task than monitoring well-mixed greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Scientists have made an unequivocal conclusion that emissions into the atmosphere caused by human activity lead to a significant increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Based on calculations using computer models, it was shown that if the current rate of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere continues, then in just 30 years the temperature on average around the globe will increase by approximately 1°. This is an unusually large increase in temperature, based on paleoclimate data. It should be noted that the estimates of experts, apparently, are somewhat underestimated. Warming is likely to increase as a result of a number of natural processes. More than predicted warming may be due to the inability of the warming ocean to absorb the estimated amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

From the results of numerical simulations it also follows that the average global temperature in the next century will increase at a rate of 0.3°C per 10 years. As a result, by 2050 it may increase (compared to pre-industrial times) by 2°C, and by 2100 by 4°C. Global warming should be accompanied by an increase in precipitation (by several percent by 2030), as well as an increase in the level of the World Ocean (by 20 cm by 2030, and by 65 cm by the end of the century).

The greenhouse provides plants with warmth, due to the fact that the glass transmits sunlight in the visible, high-frequency part of the spectrum, while delaying the low-frequency, infrared radiation coming from the plants. Thus, the glass serves as a trap for heated air. As already mentioned in Chap. 5, the surface of Venus, Earth and Mars is heated due to the atmosphere acting in this case like the glass of a greenhouse.

On fig. 1.5 shows the interaction of radiation with the earth's surface. Visible light from the Sun (1) mostly passes through the Earth's atmosphere, and only a small amount is reflected by clouds. Solar energy is partly absorbed by the earth's surface (2) and reflected from it (3). Then the molecules of the earth's surface emit energy in the low-frequency infrared range (4). gases

Rice. 1.5. Interaction of radiation with the Earth

in the Earth's atmosphere reflect a significant part of the infrared radiation back to the surface (5), while only a small fraction returns to space (6). As a result, the earth's surface heats up like the air inside a greenhouse.

The Earth's atmosphere is predominantly nitrogen and oxygen, which do not reflect infrared radiation back to the planet's surface. This is done by other atmospheric gases, which are therefore called greenhouse gases. Formed naturally in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Industry contributes significantly to their number, also creating non-naturally occurring greenhouse gases.

Carbon dioxide accounts for 76% of greenhouse gases.

Natural sources of carbon dioxide are volcanic eruptions, rotting plants and decomposing animal carcasses, marine fumes and animal breath. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere through seawater and through photosynthesis of both oceanic plankton and biomass on land, including forests and grasslands (referred to as sinks - sink). Human activities (referred to as anthropogenic) that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere include the burning of solid waste, fossil fuels, wood and wood products.

Methane, which makes up 13% of greenhouse gases, is also called swamp gas. Methane is released when plants rot, especially in rice fields, by bacteria that decompose organic matter in moist soil and in the intestines of many animals (think of cow burps). Methane is generated by human activities in the mining and transportation of fossil fuels, the decomposition of solid waste in landfills, and the rearing of livestock.

Nitrous oxide makes up 6% of greenhouse gases and is released naturally by the ocean and soil bacteria. Man contributes nitrous oxide through nitrogen fertilizers, sewage treatment plants, and car and truck exhausts.

Approximately 5% of greenhouse gases are supplied by sources of human activity. These include hydrogen fluoride carbon (HFC), perfluorinated carbon (PFC), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) [†††††††††††] used in various industrial applications.

Recent predictions of global warming have sparked interest in greenhouse gases. As in the case of any universal human problem, there are scientific, technical, economic and ethical components. Since consideration of most of them is beyond the scope of our book, we will focus only on some scientific aspects related to the discussion of the topic of weather in Chap. 5.

Let's first look at Fig. 1.6, which shows the temperature readings for previous years.

The graph shows that the average temperature at the Earth's surface has risen by about 1°F over the past 100 years.

Changes in temperature near the Earth's surface

Rice. 1.6. Average temperature at the Earth's surface

The retreat of glaciers, the melting of ice sheets at the North and South Poles, increases in evaporation and precipitation, and rising ocean levels provide further evidence of widespread warming in the past. Obviously, the Earth is getting warmer.

But is this rise in temperature caused by the recent increase in greenhouse gases? Let's look at fig. 1.7.

Rice. 1.7. The content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

The UN-sponsored and 2,500-scientist Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ICCC) has concluded that greenhouse gases are to blame (see World Wide Web node www.ipcc.ch/). Based on the much larger number of natural sources of greenhouse gases compared to anthropogenic sources, one might think that the growth of the gases themselves is due to something other than human activities. However, climatologists argue that natural sources and sinks roughly balance each other, so that the noted increase is likely due to anthropogenic sources.

In addition to the supply of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels and wood, another type of human activity, deforestation, has a great influence on the composition of the atmosphere. Logging and clearing land for arable land and pasture in the tropical zone results in the loss of 3,500 acres of forest land every hour. Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere when trees are burned, while deforestation reduces the number of carbon dioxide sinks available on Earth.

It is also necessary to study the long-term circulation of atmospheric gases in order to answer the question of whether the current fluctuations are of a more prolonged nature. Based on the study of sedimentary rocks, large cyclic changes in the content of carbon dioxide in the distant past are revealed, but these data are scarce and the reasons for such changes are still unclear.

If the warming trend continues, it will lead to many undesirable consequences. In addition to the apparent rise in ocean levels, which will make some coastal areas uninhabitable, as well as increase the salinity of freshwater lakes and rivers, the climate will become more severe, leading to human and material losses. All this will affect people's health: tropical insects and diseases will move to the temperate zone; significantly increase the risk of diabetes, malaria, heat stroke, heat prostration and shortness of breath.

As already mentioned in Chap. 5, computer climate models contain a lot of uncertainty, which is due to the difficulties of modeling; change in solar activity; changeable nature of cloudiness; the complexity of the mathematical apparatus, due to the interconnected nonlinear variables characterizing the climate, feedback; too large cells [covering the synoptic area of ​​the grid] and very little data. As in the case of the weather, the conclusion of the IPCC intergovernmental commission was based on a composite forecast. Adverse impacts on human health, natural ecosystems, and agricultural and coastal populations were predicted, but with a caveat due to the large number of factors not taken into account.

The opposite, well-reasoned point of view is that the current global warming is only part of a longer cycle that is not yet clear to us, and any human activity has very little effect on it.

Long-term actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are still being explored, but scientific obscurities paint a bleak picture for decision makers - at least today.

See the American Geophysical Society node

www.agu.org/eos_elec/991483.html For the latest news, search the Internet for "greenhouse gases" or "global warming".

In the future, if developed countries reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and turn to renewable energy sources such as water, wind and solar, the severity of the warming problem can be reduced. Nuclear energy is used in Europe, but its production and consumption is associated with safety and waste management issues. Next, Third World countries need to lower their birth rates. Before implementing any plan, all ethical, economic and political factors should be taken into account.

A greenhouse gas is a gas that is transparent, which makes it invisible, and has a high degree of absorption in the infrared. The release of such substances into the environment causes the greenhouse effect.

Where do greenhouse gases come from?

Greenhouse gases are present in the atmospheres of all planets in the solar system. A high concentration of these substances causes the occurrence of the phenomenon of the same name. It's about the greenhouse effect. First, let's talk about its positive side. It is thanks to this phenomenon that the optimum temperature is maintained on Earth for the emergence and maintenance of various forms of life. However, when the concentration of greenhouse gases is too high, we can talk about a serious environmental problem.

Greenhouse gases were originally caused by natural processes. So, the first of them were formed as a result of the heating of the Earth by the sun's rays. Thus, part of the thermal energy did not go into outer space, but was reflected by gases. The result was a heating effect similar to that which occurs in greenhouses.

At that moment, when the Earth's climate was just being formed, a significant proportion of greenhouse gases were produced by volcanoes. At that time, water vapor and carbon dioxide in large quantities entered the atmosphere and concentrated in it. Then the greenhouse effect was so strong that the oceans literally boiled. And only with the advent of the green biosphere (plants) on the planet, the situation stabilized.

Today, the problem of the greenhouse effect is particularly relevant. It is largely due to the development of industry, as well as an irresponsible attitude to natural resources. Oddly enough, not only industrial production causes environmental degradation. Even such a seemingly harmless industry as agriculture is also a danger. The most destructive is animal husbandry (namely, the waste products of large livestock), as well as the use of chemical fertilizers. Rice cultivation also adversely affects the atmosphere.

water vapor

Water vapor is a naturally occurring greenhouse gas. Despite the fact that it looks harmless, it is responsible for 60% of the greenhouse effect, which is the cause of global warming. Considering that the air temperature is constantly rising, the value of the concentration of water vapor in the air is getting higher, and therefore there is reason to talk about a closed circuit.

The positive side of water evaporation can be considered the so-called anti-greenhouse effect. This phenomenon consists in the formation of a significant mass of clouds. They, in turn, to some extent protect the atmosphere from overheating through sunlight. Some balance is maintained.

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is one of the most abundant greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Its source can be volcanic emissions, as well as the life process of the biosphere (and especially man). Of course, some of the carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants. Nevertheless, due to the process of decay, they release a similar amount of this substance. Scientists argue that a subsequent increase in the concentration of gas in the atmosphere can lead to catastrophic consequences, and therefore research is constantly being carried out on ways to purify the air.

Methane

Methane is a greenhouse gas that lives in the atmosphere for about 10 years. Given that this period is relatively short, this substance has the greatest potential to reverse the effects of global warming. Despite this, the greenhouse potential of methane is more than 25 times more dangerous than carbon dioxide.

The source of greenhouse gases (if we are talking about methane) is the waste products of livestock, rice cultivation, and the combustion process. The highest concentration of this substance was observed in the first millennium, when agriculture and pastoralism were the main activities. By 1700, this figure had dropped significantly. Over the past few centuries, the concentration of methane began to increase again, which is associated with a large amount of fuel burned, as well as the development of coal deposits. At the moment, there is a record amount of methane in the atmosphere. However, over the past decade, the growth rate of this indicator has slowed down slightly.

Ozone

Without such a gas as ozone, life on Earth would be impossible, because it acts as a barrier against aggressive sunlight. But only stratospheric gas performs a protective function. If we talk about the tropospheric, then it is toxic. If we take into account this greenhouse gas in terms of carbon dioxide, then it accounts for 25% of the global warming effect.

The lifetime of harmful ozone is about 22 days. It is removed from the atmosphere by being bound in the soil and then degraded by ultraviolet light. It is noted that the ozone content can vary significantly geographically.

Nitrous oxide

About 40% of nitrous oxide enters the atmosphere due to the use of fertilizers and the development of the chemical industry. The greatest amount of this gas is produced in tropical regions. Up to 70% of the substance is emitted here.

New gas?

Canadian scientists recently announced that they have discovered a new greenhouse gas. Its name is perfluorotributylamine. Since the middle of the twentieth century, it has been used in the field of electrical engineering. This substance does not occur in nature. Scientists have found that PFTBA warms the atmosphere 7,000 times more than carbon dioxide. However, at the moment the concentration of this substance is negligible and does not pose a threat to the environment.

At the moment, the task of researchers is to control the amount of this gas in the atmosphere. If an increase in the indicator is noted, this can lead to a significant change in climatic conditions and radiation background. At the moment, there is no reason to take any measures to reorganize the production process.

A little about the greenhouse effect

In order to fully appreciate the destructive power of the greenhouse effect, it is worth paying attention to the planet Venus. Due to the fact that its atmosphere is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide, the air temperature at the surface reaches 500 degrees. Given the emissions of greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, scientists do not exclude a similar development of events in the future. at the same time, the planet is largely saved by the oceans, which contribute to the partial purification of the air.

Greenhouse gases form a kind of barrier that disrupts the circulation of heat in the atmosphere. This is what causes the greenhouse effect. This phenomenon is accompanied by a significant increase in the average annual air temperature, as well as an increase in natural disasters (especially in coastal zones). This is fraught with the extinction of many species of animals and plants. At the moment, the situation is so serious that it is no longer possible to completely solve the problem of the greenhouse effect. However, it is still possible to control this process and mitigate its consequences.

Possible consequences

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are the main cause of climate change towards warming. The consequences may be as follows:

• An increase in climate humidity due to an increase in precipitation. However, this is true only for those regions that are already constantly suffering from abnormal downpours and snowfalls. And in arid regions, the situation will become even more deplorable, leading to a shortage of drinking water.
• Rising sea level. This can lead to the flooding of part of the territories of island and coastal states.
• Disappearance of up to 40% of plant and animal species. This is a direct consequence of habitat change and growth.
• Reducing the area of ​​glaciers, as well as melting snow on mountain peaks. This is dangerous not only in terms of the disappearance of species of flora and fauna, but also in terms of avalanches, mudflows and landslides.
• Decreased agricultural productivity in arid countries. Where conditions can be considered moderate, there is a possibility of increasing crop yields, but this will not save the population from starvation.
• Lack of drinking water, which is associated with the drying up of underground sources. This phenomenon can be associated not only with the overheating of the Earth, but also with the melting of glaciers.
• Deterioration of human health. This is due not only to deteriorating air quality and increased radiation, but also to a reduction in the amount of food.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

It is no secret that the state of the Earth's ecology is deteriorating every year. The calculation of greenhouse gases leads to disappointing conclusions, and therefore the adoption of measures to reduce the amount of emissions becomes relevant. This can be achieved in the following way:

• increasing the efficiency of production in order to reduce the amount of energy resources used;
• protection and increase in the number of plants that act as sinks of greenhouse gases (rationalization of forest management);
• encouraging and supporting the development of forms of agriculture that do not harm the environment;
• development of financial incentives, as well as tax cuts for enterprises that operate in accordance with the concept of environmental responsibility;
• taking measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles;
• increase in penalties for environmental pollution.

Greenhouse Gas Calculation

All business entities are required to regularly calculate the damage caused to the environment and submit reporting documentation to the relevant authorities. Thus, the quantitative determination of greenhouse gas emissions is carried out as follows:

• identifying the amount of fuel that is burned during the year;
• multiplying the obtained indicator by the emission factor for each type of gas;
• the amount of emissions of each substance is converted into carbon dioxide equivalent.

Emission sources associated with fuel combustion

The development of scientific and technological progress, of course, makes life easier for a person, but causes irreparable harm to the environment. Much of this has to do with fuel consumption. In this regard, sources of greenhouse gases can be the following:

• Energy industry. This includes power plants that supply industrial enterprises and residential facilities with resources.
• Industry and construction. This category includes enterprises of all industries. Accounting is carried out for the fuel used in the production process, as well as for auxiliary needs.
• Transport. Harmful substances are released into the atmosphere not only by cars, but also by air vehicles, trains, water transport and pipelines. Only the fuel used for the direct movement of goods or passengers is taken into account. Energy costs for domestic economic transportation are not included here.
• Communal sector. This is the service sector and housing and communal services. What matters is the amount of fuel that was spent to ensure the final energy consumption.

The problem of greenhouse gases in Russia

The mass of greenhouse gas emissions in Russia is increasing every year. If we consider the structure of pollution by sectors, the picture will be as follows:

• energy industry - 71%;
• fuel extraction - 16%;
• industrial production and construction - 13%.

Thus, the priority direction in the work to reduce emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere is precisely the energy sector. The indicator of resource use by domestic consumers is more than 2 times higher than the world indicator and 3 times higher than the European one. The potential for reducing energy consumption is up to 47%.

Conclusion

Greenhouse gas pollution is a global problem and is dealt with at the highest international level. However, it applies to every single person. Thus, there must be a sense of personal responsibility for the state of the environment. The minimum contribution of each person is the planting of green spaces, compliance with fire safety rules in forests, as well as the use of safe products and goods in everyday life. If we talk about the future, we can talk about the transition to electric vehicles and safe heating of residential buildings. Propaganda and educational activities are called upon to make a huge contribution to the preservation of the environment.

Greenhouse gases are gases that have high transparency in the visible range and high absorption in the far infrared range. The presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the main cause of the greenhouse effect, which, in turn, leads to significant climate change on the planet. Recently, on our planet, the greenhouse effect has been felt quite acutely, since every year the climate is changing towards warming. The phenomenon of the greenhouse effect on the planet is similar to the principle of an ordinary garden greenhouse, in which the sun's rays pass through a transparent wall and roof, thereby heating the soil and increasing the air temperature in the greenhouse. Thanks to the design of the greenhouse, the high air temperature is maintained in it. The same thing happens on Earth. Emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere lead to the fact that a certain shell is formed above the planet, consisting of substances capable of transmitting the sun's rays. Thus, this shell is able to retain heat on the planet, as in a greenhouse.

For growing plants, the effect of keeping warm is favorable conditions, but for the planet it can cause irreparable harm.

Greenhouse gases emitted into the earth's atmosphere include the following:

• carbon dioxide;
• water vapor;
• methane;
• ozone;
• freons;
• other gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride and many others. There are about 30 types of such gases that also take part in the formation of the greenhouse effect).

All greenhouse gases are classified into two types according to the form of their formation:

1. natural gases;
2. anthropogenic substances.

The first type speaks for itself. The formation of such gases occurs as a result of natural processes that occur on earth. These include, for example, water vapor, when water from rivers and reservoirs evaporates under the influence of sunlight. Since these processes are natural, it is impossible to influence their course. In addition, they do not cause visible harm to the ecology of the Earth.

Anthropogenic substances, unlike natural gases, are produced in the course of human activity. In this case, greenhouse gas emissions cause irreparable damage to the atmosphere and, as a result, to the ecology on the planet. Since the formation of anthropogenic substances is a consequence of human activities, in this case, the volume of greenhouse gas emissions can be controlled by carrying out certain activities aimed at improving the ecology on Earth.

It should be noted that there are many sources of harmful greenhouse gases. However, according to experts who control their emissions, the largest amount of anthropogenic substances in the atmosphere is emitted as a result of the processing and consumption of fossil fuels. This category accounts for about 82-88% of the formation of all greenhouse gases. Fuel processing is carried out at many enterprises, for the production cycle of which it is necessary to heat any type of raw material. This category also includes vehicles running on internal combustion engines that emit exhaust gases into the atmosphere.

The second place in terms of the amount of formation of harmful gases emitted into the atmosphere belongs to the processes of burning biomass, which is formed as a result of deforestation, especially tropical ones. The fact is that this process is inextricably linked with the formation of carbon dioxide in large quantities. As a result of this activity, the atmosphere is replenished by 10-12% with greenhouse gases.

The remaining few percent of anthropogenic substances are formed as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises engaged in the production of metal, cement, polymeric and other materials. These industries account for about 2% of all other pollution.

Thus, human evolution leads to a significant deterioration of the ecology on the planet and significant harm to the environment. Currently, there are more and more legislative acts and technologies aimed at preserving the environment and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, in 1997, Japan adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which obliges all signatory countries to stabilize or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The provisions of the protocol are valid until 2020. In accordance with this document, all EU countries must reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by at least 8%, the United States by 7%, Japan by 6%, Russia and Ukraine - to stabilize industrial production and prevent their increase. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions will significantly improve the environmental situation on the planet and prevent premature global warming.

So, there are certain measures, the implementation of which will allow you to do this. These activities are also spelled out in the Kyoto Protocol. These include:

1. Improving industrial enterprises, as well as increasing their efficiency. This item is the main one on the way to combat the growth of greenhouse gases emitted.
2. Greening the planet. The countries that signed the document are obliged to increase the volume of forestry on their territory, as well as to stimulate reforestation;
3. Stimulation of any research in the field of renewable energy sources and carbon dioxide absorption technologies;
4. Providing incentives and relief to industrial taxpayers who actively switch to environmentally friendly technologies, as well as stimulate reforestation and carry out other activities aimed at improving the environmental situation on the planet;
5. Limitation of emissions of vehicle exhaust gases, which consists in stimulating the production of electric vehicles, as well as the transition to more environmentally friendly fuels.

In addition, additional measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and improve the environmental situation are:

1. Exclusion of inefficient use of electricity;
2. Increasing the efficiency of natural resources;
3. Timely prevention of forest fires;
4. Introducing the use of renewable or non-hydrocarbon energy sources;
5. Reduction of irrational use of water resources;

Greenhouse gases are a natural component of the atmosphere and the main reason for the rich biological diversity on the planet. Due to their molecular structure, they absorb infrared solar radiation (heat) and retain it, like glass in a greenhouse. Without this natural effect, the average temperature on Earth would be 35°C lower. During the existence of the planet, the level of greenhouse gases has fluctuated, but in recent centuries it has begun to rise rapidly. Today, scientific evidence confirms that much of this growth is due to human activities.

Human contribution. The increase in the greenhouse effect indicates the contribution of man to global warming. Greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere through human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels.
As the amount of greenhouse gases increases, more heat is trapped in the atmosphere. This accelerates the natural greenhouse effect and raises the temperature on Earth.
Increasing concentration. The main greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Compared to pre-industrial levels, the amount of carbon dioxide has risen by about a third. The content of methane has increased at least twice.
Reliable storage. Forests hold a huge amount of carbon. When they die, carbon enters the atmosphere in the form of CO2. This means that deforestation affects the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Methane. Global warming is 10% caused by methane contained in the atmosphere. Much of this potent greenhouse gas is the result of plant and animal life. It is also released when rotting garbage.
Wood eaters. Termites produce about 18 million tons of methane every year. It is produced by bacteria that break down cellulose in their intestines.
This environmental situation forces people to stay at home, as going outside in greenhouse gas emission zones is fraught with bad consequences. Staying at home, the inhabitants of the Earth do not get bored, they have fun with the help of modern technologies. In addition, the gravity guy game has recently appeared, which at first glance may seem like an ordinary walker. But in fact, the application is very different from standard simulators. The main character is in danger, but thanks to his skills, he always stays alive. Many gamers call this game an improved Chip and Dale for the dandy.

Livestock. During belching, cattle, sheep and goats emit about 90 million tons of methane into the atmosphere every year.
Flood fields. Methane in large quantities enters the atmosphere from flooded rice fields. This is a by-product of bacteria in stagnant water.