Officially business style history of origin. The history of the development of the business style of the document

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which allows one to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to single out the peculiarities of word use and the organization of speech, which belong to the characteristic features of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with compositional conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, the most widely used are constructions with a conditional clause (with the conjunction even - if):

Russian Pravda already uses terms that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Rus: head (murdered), golovnik (murderer), obscene (witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), glaring vein (ransom for a bride ), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from this time an obligatory element (requisite) of ancient Russian letters: "Se az, the great prince Vsevolod gave to Saint George (Yuryev Monastery) Terpugsky pogost Lyakhovichi with earth, and with people, and with horses, and a forest, and a board, and a catch on Lovati ... "(from" The letter of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery of 1125-1137 ").

The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who sealed the letter with his signature.

In the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation norms was given. "Master Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms of naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

Since 1811, after the adoption of the General Institution of Ministries, the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases) , standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for document execution), a need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s. XX century. work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, stencil texts appeared.

ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS OF PRINCIPLES AND FACTORS DETERMINING THEIR CHOICE IN A SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION

Organizational forms of preschool educational institutions

Practice has developed three forms of organizing work with documents in any management apparatus - centralized, decentralized and mixed.

The centralized form assumes the concentration of all technological operations for working with documents under the jurisdiction of one specialized structural unit (office, general department) or one employee (secretary of the institution). In this department (or by this employee), a full cycle of technological operations for processing documents is carried out from the moment of their receipt or creation to the transfer to the archive: reception and processing of incoming documents, their registration, control over execution, reference and information work, systematization and storage of documents, sending documents, processing documents for their transfer to the archive. Centralization of individual operations for processing documents is the most rational form of organizing office work, since it allows to reduce the cost of processing documents, improve the organization of labor of service workers through the specialization and interchangeability of individual workers, effectively use office equipment, and achieve unity of organizational and methodological guidance with documentation support. However, complete centralization of work with documents is possible only in small institutions with a workflow volume of up to 10 thousand documents per year.

A decentralized form of organizing documentation services is the exact opposite of a centralized service. Each structural unit of one organization creates its own service for working with documents, in which the entire cycle of operations for the creation, storage, and systematization of documents of a given structural unit is performed autonomously. This form is typical for organizations and institutions whose apparatus is geographically dispersed, as well as for those in which the documentation of activities has specific features (for example, based on considerations of information protection or the independence of the activities of structural units).

The mixed form of organizing work with documents is the most common. At the same time, part of the operations (most often the reception and processing of incoming and outgoing documents, their registration, control over the deadlines, production, replication, archival storage) is concentrated in the central office work, and in each structural unit (in departments, offices, departments) operations for the creation (printing) of documents, their systematization, storage of cases, their pre-archive processing.

A variant of the mixed form is such an organization of work with documents in which the same technological operation (for example, registration of documents or control over their execution) is carried out for some arrays of documents centrally (in the office), and for others - decentralized (in structural divisions) ... The division of arrays of documents in the case of using traditional (manual) methods of work is carried out according to the criterion of addressing - if the document is addressed to the management of the organization, it is registered in the office, if to the management of the structural unit, then in this unit. Most often, internal documents are registered in structural divisions - at the place of their creation. For example, in the accounting department - accounting documents, in the personnel department - documents on personnel, etc.

The use of the latest computer technologies, the availability of facsimile machines, fax-modem computers allow organizing the reception and registration of incoming documents, control over their execution, information and reference work in structural divisions.

In the creation and organization of a clerical service, the issue of choosing an organizational form is one of the most difficult. The current state regulatory and methodological documents do not regulate the form of working with documents.

In each case, the choice of the organizational form of work with documents remains the prerogative of the office itself and the management of the institution. The solution to this issue is related to the initial organization of the office work. Depending on the changes that occur in connection with the transformations of the organization (firm) itself, from the modernization of document processing technology, the degree of centralization and decentralization of work with documents also changes.

The regulation of the chosen form of work with documents is fixed in the instructions for office work.

THE MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The history of the formation of the official business style.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which allows one to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to single out the peculiarities of word use and organization of speech, which belong to the characteristic features of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with compositional conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause are most widely used (with the union if - if): In "Russian Truth", terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), allegation ( witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), vein glaring (ransom for the bride), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from this time an obligatory element (requisite) of ancient Russian letters: "Se az, the great prince Vsevolod gave to Saint George (Yuryev Monastery) Terpugsky pogost Lyakhovichi with earth, and with people, and with horses, and a forest, and a board, and a catch for catching ... "(" z "Diplomas of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuryev Monastery of 1125-1137"). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who signs the letter with his signature.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "Master Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms of naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were received in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterheads and included a certain set of requisites. Since 1811, after the adoption of the General Institution of Ministries, the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (the rules for document execution), it became necessary to reform the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, stencil texts appeared

A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work. The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant from several possible ones is economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, a uniform arrangement of the material when drawing up a document is typical for standard and stencil letters, questionnaires, tables, analogous texts, etc., allows you to encode information, fixing certain linguistic means for a typical situation. For example, the need to take part in an exhibition of goods involves filling out an application prepared by the exhibition organization in a typographic way in the form of a questionnaire. The so-called analogous texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil looks like a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.

5. DOCUMENT IN ELECTRONIC FORM: LEGAL REGIME, FEATURES OF AGREEMENT AND SIGNING

An electronic document is a set of data recorded on a tangible medium and / or transmitted via electronic communication channels with details that allow identifying this information and its author. An electronic document can be created on the basis of a paper document, on the basis of another electronic document, or generated in the process of information interaction between the Parties without any prototypes.

The share of electronic documents in the total volume of materials with which organizations and citizens work is steadily growing. In this regard, the most acute issue is ensuring their legal significance (legal force). The legal significance of a document, both paper and electronic, is its evidentiary force, for example, in arbitration courts.

In order for an electronic document to have legal force, certain rules must be observed when creating, transferring, processing and storing it. According to GOST R 51141-98 “Office work and archiving. Terms and definitions "the legal force of a document is" a property of an official document communicated to it by the current legislation, the competence of the issuing authority and the established procedure for registration. "

What gives a document - both paper and electronic - legal force? First, the presence of the required details in it and the observance of the rules for displaying these details. Secondly, the competence of the source, that is, the author's right to create and sign documents of this kind. Third, a guarantee of integrity and authenticity.

The requirement for the design and composition of mandatory details depends on the specific type of document and is established by a number of regulatory and legal acts and regulations. These are federal laws (for example, No. 149-FZ "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" dated July 27, 2006; No. 1-FZ "On Electronic Digital Signatures" dated January 10, 2002), including "profile" (for example such as No. 129-FZ "On accounting"), and various decrees (say, Goskomstat of Russia dated January 5, 2004 No. 1 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for labor accounting and remuneration").

Requirements for the execution of certain types of documents can be found in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and in various GOSTs (for example, GOST R 6.30-2003 "Unified documentation systems. Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for paperwork").

In addition, the requirements for the requisite composition and the rules for its presentation may be regulated by the internal documents of organizations, while they should not contradict the current legislation of the country.

For electronic documents, there is currently GOST 6.10.4-84 “Unified documentation systems. Giving legal force to documents on a machine medium and a machine-graded machine, created by means of computer technology. Basic Provisions ”. This standard establishes requirements for the composition and content of the details that give an electronic document legal force, as well as establish the procedure for making changes to them.

According to this GOST, an electronic document must contain the following mandatory details:

registration number;
registration date;
signature (code) of the person responsible for the correct preparation of the document or who approved the document;
the content of the document;
name of the organization - the creator of the document;
location of the organization - the creator of the document or postal address.

It is allowed to enter additional details that reflect the specifics of the creation or use of the document. In this case, the mandatory details of the electronic document should be placed in a way that allows them to be uniquely identified.

It is important to remember that even a properly executed document, but issued by an incompetent body (that is, not having the right to issue documents of this kind), as well as anonymous or signed by an unauthorized person, is not accepted in court and cannot serve as confirmation of the information contained in it, to certify the facts , confirm the rights or obligations arising on its basis.

Requirements for the requisite composition and rules for the submission of legally significant electronic documents may be regulated by the internal documents of organizations, while they should not contradict the current legislation of the country.

Legislation requires reliable evidence of the integrity and authenticity of a document from the moment it was formed in its final form.

When assessing the evidentiary force of an electronic document, the reliability of the method by which it was formed, stored or transmitted is taken into account; the way by which the integrity of the information was ensured; the method by which its initiator was identified; and any other relevant factors.

It should not be forgotten that the degree of reliability is assessed taking into account the purpose for which the electronic document was generated. In other words, a trusted environment for processing an electronic document must be provided, and trusted not only for the direct participants in the workflow, but also for a third party.

A trusted environment can be implemented in the following ways:

use of EDS technology, recognized (according to the law) as equivalent to a handwritten signature;
creation of a trusted system for processing electronic documents / trusted storage.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which allows one to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to single out the features of word use and the organization of speech, which belong to the characteristic features of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with compositional conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, the most widely used are constructions with a conditional clause (with the union even - if): The Russian Truth already uses terms that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Rus: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), posture ( witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), vein glaring (ransom for the bride), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") has become from this time an obligatory element (requisite) of ancient Russian letters: "Se az, the great prince Vsevolod gave to Saint George (Yuryev Monastery) Terpugsky pogost Lyakhovichi with earth, and with people, and with horses, and forest, and grappling, and fishing for catching ... "(" from the "Diplomas of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery of 1125-1137"). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Colleges, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms of naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were received in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterheads and included a certain set of requisites. Since 1811, after the adoption of the "General Institution of Ministries", the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (the rules for document execution), it became necessary to reform the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, stencil texts appeared.

LITERATURE

1. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. The culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities / L.K. Graudin (et al.), M., 2009.

2. Ivanova A., Panova M. Culture of written speech of a civil servant. // Bulletin of the Civil Registry Office. 2010. No. 12.

3. Kokhtev N.N. Fundamentals of public speaking. / N.N. Kokhtev, M., 2009.

4. Pleschenko TP, Fedotova NV, Chechet RG .. Stylistics and culture of speech - TP Pleschenko (and others) / M., 2011.

Exercise 1.

Note the signs of an official business style in the above articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Write out the vocabulary, phrases typical for this style from them. Analyze the sentence structure. The form of expression of the predicates in all cases and draw a conclusion.

Chapter 1. BASES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER.

- The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federal rule of law with a republican form of government.

- The names "Russian Federation" and "Russia" are equivalent.

- Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value in the Russian Federation. Recognition, observance and protection of inalienable human and civil rights and freedoms is the duty of the state.

- The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people.

- The people of the Russian Federation exercise their power directly, as well as through state and local government bodies.

- The highest expression of the direct power of the people is the referendum and free elections.

- Nobody can appropriate power in the Russian Federation. The usurpation of state power is a particularly serious crime.

Exercise 2.

Currently, many new words appear in the official business sphere of communication. Make 2-3 phrases with the following words: - Mayor, city hall, department, merchant, manager, broker, share, dividend, sponsor, philanthropist.

Exercise 3.

From newspapers, radio and television programs, pick up another 10-12 words reflecting new phenomena in the official business sphere: write them down and give a short explanation using dictionaries.

Exercise 4.

Distribute the following words, phrases and expressions into groups:

a) having an official business coloration;

b) included in the vocabulary of all book styles, including official and business;

c) not used in the official business style. Have a place, incapacity for work, termination of the contract, condition, alone, state, tower, factory, plaintiff, travel certificate, application for participation, daily routine, in the vicinity of the city, take note, melancholy, office work. Grand opening, short memory, hash, get away with (phrases.), New appointment, marriage registration, certification, laboratory tests, current

(in the meaning of "present"), youth, namesake, without delay, judge and judge, notice, the following act must be carried out. Complaint, forfeit, cassation appeal, haunt, bewitching, petition, in a planned manner, good fellow, idol of the crowd, keep your tongue, shipment of goods, calculate your capabilities, hut, race, called, morpheme, inhalation, milling cutter, notify.

Exercise 5.

The expressive means of language enliven our speech, make it more emotional. Is this opinion true in relation to the style of business speech? Read and determine if the statement below qualifies as a business document. Determine your speaking style. Name the genre. From what person is the storytelling?

Find violations of generally accepted language norms:

a) in the selection of words (their relevance, accuracy, compliance with the given style);

b) in a combination of words;

c) in the formation of word forms;

d) in the construction of a sentence.

Indicate elements of the official business style that clearly do not correspond to the depicted situation, creating a comic effect.

Statement

Being in the office entrusted to you, I inform you that, returning yesterday after a hard day, I was stopped by some socially dangerous criminal, who, coming closer, ordered me to take off my winter coat with a fleece collar. Surprised by the insolent demand, I looked in surprise, stating that I had no government money, and even if I had it, I didn’t give it back.

death would be better. Then, enraged by the failure, the criminal again ordered him to take off his only coat. Without being perplexed and taking off my coat, I remained in one light jacket, risking every minute of catching a cold and thereby skimping on service in the future. Taking off my galoshes of the state rubber factory–and, so to speak, the national property,–the criminal fled. After screaming for help half an hour later, I was picked up by a passer-by and taken home. Remaining at the present time completely undressed with my elderly mother and not relying on God as a religious prejudice, I turn with the most humble request for a subsidy from the state funds for the purchase of a winter coat, at least without a collar. Const. Pechenkin.

1. Did you recognize the "hero" of M. Zoshchenko's story "Three Documents"? Read this story to find out the rest of the story.

3. Try to rearrange the given sentences, harmonizing them with the literary norm, and analyze them from the point of view of the features of vocabulary, syntax, morphology.

Exercise 6.

Read the texts of the three laws. Compare their language; identify the differences:

a) in the used vocabulary;

b) in stable phrases;

c) in the manner, style of presenting thoughts.

What caused these differences? What moral norms of society are seen behind the articles of laws in the first, second and third cases? What changes in them, and what remains eternal, generally recognized?

I. If a person pours out his bread for storage in a person's house, and there is a shortage in the grain pantry, or the owner of the house, opening the granary, takes bread, or completely uncovers that the bread is poured in his house, then the owner of the bread must oath to show his bread, and the owner of the house must give the owner of the bread the double bread he took. If a person gives a person for safekeeping silver, gold or whatever, then he must show to witnesses everything he gives, conclude an agreement and can give it up for safekeeping. If the person who brought the marriage gift to his father-in-law's house paid a ransom, turned his gaze to another woman and said to his father-in-law: “I will not take your daughter,” then the girl's father can take everything that was brought to him. If a man brings a marriage gift to his father-in-law's house and gives the ransom, and then the girl's father says: "I will not give you my daughter," then he must return doubly everything that was brought to him.

Laws of Hammurabi, king of Babylon (Laws, legalist) of Hammurabi, who ruled Babylon in the 18th century. BC e., have come down to us almost entirely)

Chapter 2 .

Article 1. ... Legislative power is exercised by two assemblies: the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies is appointed by universal suffrage, in accordance with the conditions determined by the electoral law. The composition, the method of appointment and the powers of the Senate are determined by a special law.

Article 2. The President of the Republic is elected by an absolute majority of votes by the Senate and the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies is appointed by universal suffrage, in accordance with the conditions determined by the electoral law. The composition, method of appointment and powers of the Senate are determined by a special law.

Article 2. The President of the Republic is elected by an absolute majority of votes by the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, united in the National Assembly. He is elected for 7 years. He can be re-elected.

From the Constitutional Law on the Organization of State Authorities on February 25, 1875 (France)

III.Title IX On paternal authority

Article 371. Children, at all ages, should show respect and respect to their father and mother.

Article 372. Children remain under the authority of their parents until they reach adulthood or until they are released from authority.

Article 373. The father alone exercises this authority during the existence of the marriage.

Article 375. A father who has very serious reasons for dissatisfaction with the child's behavior can use the following corrective measures.

Article 376. If the child has not reached the age of 16, the father may deprive him of his liberty for a period that cannot exceed a month; to this end, the president of the district tribunal must, at the father's request, issue an arrest warrant.

From the Civil Code of 1804 (Code of Napoleon). Name the main style features, their common features in the vocabulary, morphology, syntax of these laws.

Exercise 7.

Using the template below, write your own explanatory text for a missed gym class.

The teacher of the discipline "English language" Sergeeva Marina Gennadievna, 1st year student of group 12 Fedorova S.I.

Explanatory

I, Fedorov S.I., was absent from the lesson on 20.11.2014. for health.

20.11.1 S.I. Fedorov

Exercise 8.

Come up with sentences with the following adverbial phrases:

1. Going on a business trip, ...

2. Counting on our own strength ...

3. Taking into account your opinion on this matter, ...

4. Coming to the consideration of the next question, ...

5. Noting certain shortcomings, ...

6. Emphasizing the importance of the project, ...

7. In response to your request dated 17.07.14, ...

8. Having considered your proposal to shorten the delivery time, ...

Topic No. 4.1 "Publicistic style of speech"

"Genres of journalistic style"

"Types of communication with the audience and their speech characteristics"

The word publicistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means "public, state".

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transmission of socially significant information with simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, prompting him to certain actions, actions. The sphere of using the journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, court speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report. For journalistic style of speech characteristic: consistency, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal, and the linguistic means corresponding to them. It widely uses social and political vocabulary, various types of syntactic constructions. Publicistic text is often is built as scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways of its solution are analyzed and evaluated, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style. Publicistic speeches differ in reliability, accuracy of facts, concreteness, strict validity... It also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, for publicistic speech passion, appeal... The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: it is intended for a wide audience and should be understood by everyone. The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others. figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that reinforce emotional impact of speech.

Publicistic articles by V.G.Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by prominent Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Plevako. The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) refers to the speech of a defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory, the ability to master the word.

The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life: foreign relations, the consolidation of private property and trade. The need for written confirmation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus “Russkaya Pravda” appears - an original monument to writing, which allows one to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to single out the features of word use and the organization of speech, which are characteristic of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with compositional conjunctions "a", "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the union more often - if):

"If a free man will be killed 10 hryvnias of silver per head." “If a merchant gives a merchant to buy kunas, then the merchant does not have kuns before the rumor, he needs the rumors. But he should go to the company himself, if he starts to lock it up ”.

Translation: "If a free person is killed, the pay is 10 hryvnia per head." "If the merchant gives the merchant money for trading, then he does not need witnesses to conclude the deal to return the debt, and to receive the debt, if the debtor begins to open up, it is enough to take an oath."

Russian Pravda already uses terms that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Rus: head(killed), golovnik(murderer), rumor(witness), vira(fine), mining(property), veno votskoe(bride price) kuna(money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

"Se az the great prince Vsevolod gave seven to St. George (Yuryev Monastery) Terpugsky Pogost Lyakhovichi with land, and people, and horses, and a forest, and grappling, and catch for catching ..."(from the "Charter of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery 1125-1137"). The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature:

“I have attached a seal to this dana. And the hearing (witness) was given by my spiritual archpriest of the bright Archangel Fyodor Fomin. And my man Ignat Moseev wrote this "(This letter from S.D.Syuzov to the Nizhny Novgorod Annunciation Monastery).

Since the XV century. information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 17th - 18th centuries. obligatory requisite of a business letter.

Typically, a document began with a title, date, or designation of the author and addressee of the document. So, for example, the royal decree letters began with the indication of the author and the addressee (from whom - to whom): “ From the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, the autocrat of all Great and Small and White Russia, to our boyar and governors, Prince Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky ...”; "... to Prince Ivan Alekseevich with his comrades ...". Complaints and unsubscriptions began with an appeal: “ The Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, the autocrat of all Great and Small and White Russia, is beaten by your orphan Ivashko Mikhailov ...”;

"Your servant is beating the Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia with his forehead ..."... When addressing the Grand Duke, servicemen signed slaves, townspeople and peasants - orphans; clergy - pilgrims... In the final part of the decree, the date of its compilation and the place where it was written were indicated. " Written in the reigning city of Moscow in our royal chambers. Summer 1166, March 16 ”.

State-ordered language of the XV -XVII centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than lively spoken language. He introduces a number of clerical formulas into use, which become stamps and bureaucrats. (bail, this ... is given in that, to give a confrontation, to be in disgrace, to prosecute, to inflict reprisals etc.).

There were more and more documents. Extensive office work in pre-Petrine Russia required the development of uniform approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unification of the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "General forms", that is, the forms of documents, provided for the rules of registration, etiquette standards for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform standards for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words and terms penetrate into it (province, act, run, appeal administrator, actuary, assessor, auditor, accountant, governor, inspector, broker, minister etc.). There are also new names for the documents: bills, bonds, reports, memorials, reports, magazines, protocols, correspondence, instructions and etc.

The adoption in 1811 of the "General Institution of Ministries" consolidates the process of unification of the language of business papers as a state form. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively being formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization.

As a result of the reform of office work (rules for document execution), a need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s. work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, stencil texts appear.

A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.

The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant from several possible ones are economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and stencil letters, questionnaires, tables, analogous texts, etc., allows you to encode information, fixing certain linguistic means for a typical situation. For example, the need to take part in an exhibition of goods involves filling out an application prepared by the exhibition organization in a typographic way in the form of a questionnaire.

The so-called analogous texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil represents the form of a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.

Economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical cliches and clichés of the language of business letters, and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.

The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the formal business style. Along with regulated letters, unregulated business letters are becoming increasingly common in business communication, along with official ones - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes in one direction or the other.

Undoubtedly, the official business style, like the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, first of all, because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need for the allocation of a special functional variety of the literary language.

Krasivova A. Business Russian

Business Russian is a discipline that studies the norms of the modern business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax and stylistics.
Business speech is a normative literary speech, the features of its manifestation are associated with the official business style.
Word official(from lat. officialis- "official" has the following meanings:
1) "established by the government, administration, official, emanating from them";
2) "in compliance with all the rules, formalities."
In the field of science, office work and law-making, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of social life has its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all linguistic levels: lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These traits form a speech system in which each element is associated with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.
The official business style is fixed, as already mentioned, for the sphere of social and legal relations, which are realized in lawmaking, in the economy, in management and diplomatic activity. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech. Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types of legislative speech, the ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.
A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement of accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretation, imposed on the text of documents. Only written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement.
A high degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of termination of vocabulary, consistency, emotionlessness, information load of each text element, attention to detail are characteristic of the document language.

The purpose of this manual is to show the lexico-phraseological and grammatical features of the official business style; to acquaint with the norms of the business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, stylistics; help to master the specific language means of the official business style; develop a stylistic flair; to develop the skills and abilities of editing the texts of business papers; to acquaint with samples of documents, options for their compositional structure; teach the design and drafting of some types of documents.

The history of the formation of a business style

Since business written speech represents an official business style of speech, it is absolutely necessary to consider a number of its specific features.
The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life:
foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need for written confirmation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.
Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which allows one to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130".
The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.
Since the XV century. information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the HUP – XVI centuries. - an obligatory requisite of a business letter. State-ordered language of the ХУ – ХУП centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than lively spoken language. He introduces into use a number of clerical formulas that become cliches and bureaucrats (to bail, this is given in that, to give a confrontation, to prosecute, to inflict reprisals, etc.).
There were more and more documents. Extensive office work in pre-Petrine Russia required the development of uniform approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unification of the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.
And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Colleges, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms of naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.
In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were received in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterheads, included a certain set of requisites,
The adoption in 1811 of the "General Institution of Ministries" consolidates the process of unification of the language of business papers as a state form. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal character of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization.
As a result of the reform of office work (the rules for document execution), it became necessary to reform the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.
In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, and stencil texts appeared.
A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.
The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant from several possible ones is economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and stencil letters, questionnaires, tables, analogous texts, etc., allows you to encode information, fixing certain linguistic means for a typical situation. The so-called analogous texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil looks like a formalized text, are subject to special standardization.
The process of creating stencil texts consists in allocating constant parts for a group of similar texts containing previously known information, and spaces for entering changing information.
“The blank is a kind of ideal basis for business paper, in its completed form it is the standard to which it aspires and which it achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form reduces to zero all the possibilities of several interpretations, ”P.V. rightly notes. Veselov, one of the leading specialists in the field of documentary linguistics.
Standardization of the document language has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.
The questionnaire is a collapsed text in the form of nominations for generic compliance. The table represents an even more capacious organization of the document: permanent information is located in the headings of the columns and the sidebar (row headings), and the variable in the cells of the table.
These types of text organization can be used in various genres of business documentary: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel profiles, orders, reports, explanatory notes; the following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing table, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Contracts and business letters are often stenciled. Thus, stencilization determines a high degree of informational capacity of the text due to the folding of the utterance and the possibility of decryption (using machine processing, among other things), its deployment into a complete structure.
The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, textual organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of statement of an affirmative ascertaining or prescriptive-ascertaining character. Hence the syntactic monotone, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.
Document typing allows you to model text of any kind according to the situation. In this case, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of contracts, this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the contract, the procedure for calculation, obligations and rights of the parties, the term of the contract.
These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on the lease, on the purchase and sale). The text of the initial module of the contract itself practically does not change (variation of the members of the proposal, synonymous substitutions are allowed), the legal terms that determine the social roles of the contracting parties change.
All the features of the official business style, its symbolic nature are due to the action of the dominant and the function of duty, which ensures the legal and socially regulating significance of business texts.
Economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical cliches and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.
The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the formal business style. Along with regulated letters today, the practice of business communication is increasingly included, unregulated business letters, along with official ones - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes one way or the other.
Undoubtedly, the official business style, as well as the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need for the allocation of a special functional variety of the literary language.
The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style were gradually crystallized:
a) a high degree of vocabulary termination:
- legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, privatization, ownership, redemption, personal business, etc.);
- economic terms (subsidy, costs, purchase and sale, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget expenditure, etc.);
- economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, term of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);
b) the nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:
- repayment of the loan deferred payment in the high frequency of canceled prepositions and prepositional combinations: to the address, in relation to, by virtue, in connection, in accordance, at the expense, in the course, for the purposes, as far as, along the line, after expiration, for a reason , subject to, in relation to, in accordance with, respectively (what) and the like;
c) the development of proper clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles in the class of adjectives and pronouns:
- real rules - these rules
- this agreement - this agreement (cf .: a real guy, a real terror) in the prescribed manner - in a legal manner;
d) standardization of lexical collocation: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical collocation of words, the appearance of the so-called regulated collocation:
- control is usually assigned, the transaction is concluded, the price is set
Positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - urgent; discounts - significant disagreements - significant / insignificant, etc .;
e) standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but how the formula is reproduced in the text of the document, securing the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:
according to established order; in accordance with the accepted agreement; in case of default on debt obligations;
The agreement comes into force from the date of signing;
f) the formal logical principle of textual organization, expressed in splitting the main topic into subtopics, considered in paragraphs and subparagraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:
I. Subject of the contract
1.1. The contractor assumes the responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating, water supply and sewage disposal.
1.2. The customer pays for the provided services on time;

g) lack of manifestation of an idiolect, lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression.
Vinokur T.G. believes that in the business style "the speech action of one person has a quasi-individual linguistic content" due to the attitude "speak (write) like everyone else" out of necessity;
h) the maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).
The official business style is characterized by the functions of expression of will, obligation, presented in texts by a wide range of imperativeness from genres of orders, resolutions, orders to requests, wishes, suggestions expressed in petitions and business correspondence; the function of fixing legal relations (agreement, contract); information transfer function (newsletters, reports, inquiries).