What are the roofs of houses in shape? Beautiful roofs of private houses

DIY construction will help to significantly reduce the cost of both a separate stage of work and the entire project as a whole. The roof is a large-scale structure, therefore, a significant part of the development budget is spent on its construction. To reduce costs, you can refuse the services of a construction team and do everything yourself. To have an idea of the upcoming volume of work, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the types of roofing, their purpose and features.

Which roof to build will be easier and more economical

Depending on the installation of the structure, the roof can be flat when the angle of inclination does not exceed 12 degrees, and pitched - the slope exceeds the indicated value. Flat roofs are built with a slope of 1–3 degrees, which will be enough to remove moisture from the surface in a timely manner. In general, the stages of erection of flat structures are similar, the differences are only in their arrangement. Depending on the order of laying the insulation and the waterproofing layer, there are conventional and inverted roofs. The second option differs in that the installation of waterproof insulation is carried out over the waterproofing.

The device of different roofs is in many ways similar, but each type has its own individual characteristics.

The supporting frame of a flat roofing system is assembled from monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles and metal beams or wooden rafters. To save space, flat roofs are successfully used for recreation when they are covered with a special covering or sowed with grass. It is very simple to care for the lawn - the grass is watered like ordinary plants, and the earth is transferred to a warm room for the winter. It will not be difficult to create green lawns, it is only important to remember about the need for a waterproofing polymer membrane, the cost of which is quite high.

Of course, it is interesting to have a flowering meadow over your head, but a pitched structure is considered a more practical roof option. Among the striking advantages of such a roof is the possibility of natural cleaning from snow masses and moisture due to the large slope angle, as well as high reliability compared to a flat surface. Free space appears here, which can serve as an attic or attic. The negative aspects of the construction of a pitched structure are the high cost of materials and the complexity of repairs in the event of defects.

The advantage of a pitched roof is the possibility of constructing attic rooms on the upper floor.

Features of a gable (gable) roof

This form is considered the most common, due to its effectiveness in removing moisture from precipitation. It is equally simple to make a gable and a gable roof, while the building will be durable if equipped with a closed rafter system. The gable roof scheme is available for understanding even by novice craftsmen, and a minimum amount of material is required for it. The placement of window openings in the gables is more expedient than installing them on the slopes, so the equipment of the attic will not cause difficulties.

Pitched roofs can have different shapes, but they all drain water well during precipitation.

The shape of the roof does not have to be symmetrical - if desired, the slope of the slopes can be made different, the layout of the interior will also depend on this. If the plan of the house assumes a shape other than a rectangle, then the roof will be even more complex.

A gable roof can have:

inclined and hanging rafters;
uneven tilt angles;
eaves overhangs of various sizes.

The gable roof is the most popular for rectangular houses.

The gable structure is constructed in two stages:

First, a crate is built on top of the supporting beams.
After that, the installation of the roofing is carried out. For the assembly of the battens and rafters, boards and beams are selected, as well as bolts, nails or special connecting elements as fasteners. The rafters can also be made of metal profiles, suitable for covering large spans without the additional use of struts and props.

There is no need to worry about the complexity of working with metal structures: in industrial enterprises they are made with high precision, so they can be easily assembled even by non-professional builders. The only drawback of such elements is their high weight, which makes it difficult to climb to the roof, and also increases the load on the supporting structure of the house during operation.

The device of trusses for a gable roof depends on the size of the house

Video: gable roof truss system

Mansard roofing system

The mansard roof can be of any shape and type, the main thing is the presence of a broken slope that increases the height of the interior. Thanks to this solution, it is possible to minimize the angle of inclination of the ceiling in future rooms. The presence of a broken rafter contour is typical for a roof of any type: gable, hip and others.

Mansard roof allows you to equip a more spacious room on the second floor

In the attic roof, the upper and lower rafter beams are tied together - this is how a high-strength structure is created with a slight decrease in the cross-section of the frame parts. The construction of the supporting system of such a roof, in contrast to frames with a straight slope, is somewhat more complicated, and a large roof area affects an increase in cost. However, all additional costs are paid off by getting more living space.

Since the attic is arranged immediately above the premises of the lower belt, then at one of the stages of work, the interfloor overlap is laid, replacing the roof screed. If you incorrectly calculate the scheme of the project according to the parameters of the house, then the height of the attic room will be much lower than the rest. To avoid this, when building modern houses, attics are equipped with a roof with a straight line, not a broken one. This option provides the location of the walls of the attic rooms at an acute angle.

In modern houses, the attic is a full-fledged living space with high ceilings.

Video: mansard roof device

Erection of a hip roof

The peculiarity of the hip design is the replacement of the pediments with two slopes in the form of a triangle, then the slopes themselves are called hips. The top of the slopes is equipped with dormer windows. The complexity of the work and the need to accurately follow the requirements of the project exclude the possibility of independent construction. Despite the additional costs of paying for the services of a professional team, you can be sure of the high strength of the system and its resistance to climatic factors.

A hip roof is much more difficult to manufacture than a gable roof

In this case, the costs for the roofing are inevitable, but when choosing economical materials such as slate or ondulin, you can make the roof even more economical than a gable. Thanks to the equipped slopes, several sheds can be made around the entire perimeter of the structure, which would protect the walls from rain and snow. As for the usable area of the attic, the hip structure is inferior to roofs of a different shape.

Hip roofs are presented in various variations:

Another inconvenience during installation can be the installation of windows into ready-made slopes with laid roofing material. Even during their operation, difficulties arise, which cannot be said about the structures equipped in the gables.

Video: how to put the hip roof truss system

Semi-hip roof device

As mentioned earlier, a half-hip roof is similar to a gable and a hip roof. The external distinctive features of the design are the trapezoidal shape of the end gables covered with half-hips. The roof may well be equipped with a window on the pediment, while the half-hips add a unique design to the entire structure.

A semi-hip roof, in which the slope overlaps the lower pediment part, can be interesting in its external design. This arrangement makes it possible to bring the rest of the pediment to a regular triangular shape with the possibility of installing a dormer. In private houses, you can often see unusual half-hip roofs with a very interesting appearance.

The semi-gable roof is very similar to the gable, but it looks much more attractive

Features of hipped roof equipment

The hip-roof structure acts as a kind of hip roof type and is suitable for installation on houses with a regular polygonal or square shape. With proper installation, the symmetry of the slopes of the building is amazing. In this case, the need to erect a ridge element disappears, and all its slopes, of which there can be three or more, are connected at one point. With regard to operation, such a roof has established itself as a stable and reliable structure.

Before assembling the hipped roof, large-scale work is carried out to calculate the materials and create a project, the implementation of which can only be carried out by professionals.

For the device of a hipped roof, the house must have the shape of a regular polygon

Multi-gable roof device

If the building has a complex polygonal shape, then a multi-gable roof is usually built for it. The complexity of such structures is due to the unusual rafter system, but if the project is competently drawn up and correctly implemented, then a unique structure can be obtained.

The multi-gable roof has an irregular shape and complex rafter structure

The structure of such a roof is represented by several elements that are not used in the forms of other structures:

forceps;
valleys in large quantities;
pediments;
grooves.

Rain and melt water can be easily removed from such a roof without any additional effort, which is ensured by the pitched system, where the roofing elements are installed at an angle to the outer walls.

The gable is the upper wall part, which is bounded by two roof slopes, while at the bottom it is not separated by a cornice, as is the case on gables. Endova is used as internal butt corners. The structure of the gable roof, regardless of the configuration, includes planes, the pivot point of which is indicated at one level of the wall. To limit them, gables or tongs are installed from the end part.

There can be a lot of tongs on the roof of the house

The construction of a multi-gable roof for inexperienced craftsmen will become an almost impossible task, since for the construction of its system of layered and hanging rafters, it is important to accurately calculate the cross-section of the elements and install the stiffeners. This will require not only patience, but also the availability of skills for such work.

The easiest way to install a multi-gable structure will be the device of two gable roofs combined at a right angle. If you look at such a roof from above, then it will be a cruciform figure. If you build several elements with gable structures on one building, combined into one composition, then outwardly such a structure will have an even more unusual design.

Video: attaching rafters to the valley of a multi-gable roof

Dome roof system

In the construction of private houses, domed and conical roofs are rarely used. As it is already clear from the name, such a structure has a round shape, but it does not cover the entire room, but only some of its separate parts. So, it is good to build a domed roof on a veranda or decorative towers.

A domed roof is being erected on the basis of a curved frame, and in this case, exceptionally soft material such as glass insulation, roofing felt, bituminous tiles, or flexible - galvanized metal, plastic, is allowed as a roofing. Fans of the old style with good incomes often decorate their houses with such roofs.

A house with a domed roof can be stylized as an old building or resemble a building from science fiction films

The main constituent elements of the roofing structure

The construction of the roof is carried out in several stages, the main ones of which are:

creation of a rafter system;
arrangement of the crate;
installation of fences.

Additional elements include inclined parts (pitched surfaces, edges), horizontal parts (skates, valleys). The lower edge of the slope is usually equipped with grooves. The roof frame is completely wooden and consists of a Mauerlat, a rafter system, the main and mandatory lathing, tightening, struts and struts. As soon as the roof skeleton is ready, the roof covering is laid on it.

The rafter system must be durable, strong and at the same time have a low weight, therefore, coniferous wood is selected for its device. The special composition of such a tree provides additional protection against decay.

The rafters are supported by a Mauerlat - a thick beam installed on top of the load-bearing walls of the house on its two sides. Metal bolts, studs or wire are used as fasteners. Since the Mauerlat is subsequently connected to the rafter frame, the quality of the fastening should be the best. Any suitable material is used to insulate wooden parts, usually roofing felt. This way the timber will last longer and stay better. The average thickness of the Mauerlat is 15 cm and higher along its smaller side.

The main elements of the roof structure are present in all types of roofs

The roof of the house is installed gradually, and each of its elements, when interacting with each other, creates the basis of a stable frame. A minor mistake at any stage of the work can affect the quality of the entire roofing project.

What you need to know when installing a rafter system

The rafters act as the main support for the lathing and, therefore, the roof itself, laid on top of it. Depending on the configuration, the rafter system is mounted hanging or layered. Let's consider the main elements of each of them.

The rafter system must withstand the weight of the roof covering, as well as snow and wind loads

used if there are supporting walls or partitions in the house;
are mounted at a distance from one roof span to another within 4–6 m and are equipped with additional supports if the spans are much wider;
represented by two rafter legs resting on the Mauerlat and connecting on a ridge bar. Crossbars are used as connecting elements;
are made of material with a cross section of 5 cm or more. The gap from one rafter to another is 1–1.5 m. For additional support, wooden supports are fixed under the rafter legs.

Reinforced rafters are arranged with small spans between the walls of the building

they are mounted if there are no partitions between the walls, and the span of the roofing structure is more than 7 m;
irreplaceable in the construction of the attic, when the installation of partitions under the rafter frame is impractical;
presented in the form of two rafter legs, which are connected by a horizontal tightening, reinforced with a vertical stand and inclined struts;
do not need additional reinforcement due to the tightening support to the Mauerlat.

Hanging rafters are used in houses without partitions and with large spans

Arrangement of the lathing and laying of the covering

The rafter system is sheathed from above with a crate - it serves as a kind of substrate for the roofing material. The choice of the type of battens depends on the type of covering used and can be made in favor of a solid or sparse construction.

When using roll roofs, soft coverings, tiles and other piece materials, a continuous sheathing is suitable. Wooden boards are stacked in increments of no more than 10 mm. A solid structure will be more practical if you make it in two layers, and between them lay a waterproofing gasket made of roofing material, isoplast or other roll coatings. With the correct equipment of the interlayer, the protection of the roof from the penetration of precipitation and the effects of wind is guaranteed.

In the future, the roofing will be laid on the crate

The arrangement of the sparse lathing is carried out under the sheet roofing - metal tiles, slate, profiled sheet, ondulin. A high load from such a material requires laying a beam with a thickness of 2-3 cm, while the distance between the structural elements should be up to 60 cm. All wooden parts must be treated with special agents to protect them from decay.

As soon as the installation of the lathing is completed, you can proceed with the installation of the roofing material. If additional insulation of the under-roof space is required, then the installation of solid insulation is allowed - extruded polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam, as well as soft materials, for example, mineral wool, are suitable. A prerequisite for the performance of insulation is the arrangement of a vapor barrier and waterproofing layer.

Video: installation of crate for corrugated board

Unique construction: complex roof

To determine the types of roofs that are complex, it is enough to refer to the regulatory framework. So, SNB GESN 121.11 describes the features of roofing structures, presented according to the degree of complexity in three options:

Simple roof - the surface is distributed in such a way that 100 m2 is equipped with 1-2 slopes.
The roof is of medium difficulty - 2–5 slopes are installed for every 100 m 2.
Complex construction - a roof with a large number of pitched elements (for 100 m 2 more than 5).

In addition to the number of slopes, in order to fully determine the degree of complexity of the roofing structure, it is important to take into account its shape. ENiR 7 indicates that any curvilinear structure (domed, vaulted, hipped), on which different elements are combined, occupying more than 10% of its area, is complex.

If the roof has more than five slopes, then it is considered difficult.

Combining the above information into one definition, we can say that a complex roof is characterized by the presence of 5 or more slopes or a curved surface with fewer slopes.

Possessing an attractive design, a complex roof must cope with its intended purpose - to protect the premises from the negative effects of external conditions, not to let heat out of the house. Despite the apparent simplicity, the work of arranging such roofs is very time consuming and requires maximum professionalism. In case of self-construction, the suitability of roofing structures for further operation is not guaranteed, and there is also a possibility of encountering unnecessary material costs. An improperly assembled roof will require additional repairs and new investments.

A beautiful dwelling is an indicator of the status of its inhabitants, therefore a good, reliable house with a practical roof will not only stand for many years without being damaged by the water flowing from above, but will demonstrate the good taste and wealth of its owner.

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Modern buildings are distinguished by a wide variety of architectural solutions. If earlier almost all buildings were of the same type, now it is difficult to find two similar ones among them. The design of the roof can also be different. The question of what types of roofs are available is of interest to everyone who decided to build a house. When choosing an option for arranging a roof, you should pay attention not only to its attractiveness, but also to functionality.

All types of roof structures differ not only in appearance, but also in functional features. There is no ideal option: each type of roof structure has advantages and disadvantages.

Classification by the angle of inclination of the slopes

According to the angle of inclination of the slopes, all types of roof roofs are divided into the following two types: flat and pitched.

A flat roof is the simplest, it rests on walls of the same height and has practically no slope. Such roofs have a slope of 2.5-3%. The main disadvantage of flat roofs is that, due to the small slope, the drainage of melt and rainwater is difficult, and as a result, it soon begins to leak. Snow from these roofs has to be removed on their own.

Flat roofs are almost never used for the construction of private households. They are more functional for outbuildings and multi-storey buildings. But they have one advantage that other types of roofing cannot boast of: at the top you can arrange a flower garden and even a pool - the main thing is that the supporting structures can withstand this load.

For the construction of country houses and cottages, pitched roofs are usually used. The angle of inclination of the slopes of such roofs is more than 10%. Melt and rain water is easily removed from sloping surfaces; at a large slope, snow does not linger on them.

Classification by design

According to their structural solution, roofs are attic and attic. The first option involves combining with the main room, and the roof supporting structures are the overlap of the last floor. Attic roofs are not connected to the main room, they can be insulated or cold.

By the type of ventilation, roofless roofs are divided into:

unventilated;
ventilated;
partially ventilated.

Also, roofs can be exploited or not exploited.

Geometric classification

Types of roof coverings in geometric shape are as follows.

Shed roofs ... Consist of a single plane. Their rafter system rests on the outer walls of the building, which are located at different heights (more: ""). This creates a slope. Roofs with one slope are easy to build, do not require large financial costs. But they are mainly used in the construction of various outbuildings. Types of roofing for a roof with one slope can be different: the choice of roofing materials is very wide. For pitched roofs, you can use tiles, slate, metal tiles, metal profiles, roofing felt, ondulin and others (more: ""). Rainwater and snow do not linger on such a surface, in addition, precipitation flows in the same direction, thus, the creation of storm sewers is facilitated. The main disadvantages of pitched roofs are the lack of an attic space and a small selection of design solutions.

Gable roofs ... They are in demand in the construction of private houses - their design consists of two slopes resting on load-bearing walls of the same height. This type of roof is also called gable. (read also: "") The gap between two slopes (tongs, pediments) is in the shape of a triangle. As for the construction itself, it is more difficult than creating a single-slope version, but easier than other types of roofs of cottages.

The gable roof is reliable, it removes rain and melt water, snow well, and can withstand strong wind loads. In addition, it looks much more interesting than a pitched roof. For gable structures, you can use different roofing.

Roof roofs - This is a kind of gable. But for the roof slopes themselves, broken lines are characteristic. Another variant of the name of such roofs is "broken", since the slopes can be refracted at different angles. The presence of a break increases the area and volume of the attic room, which is later used as housing and is called the attic.

Therefore, this version of the roof device is called "attic". Its pediments are pentagon-shaped. The structure of such a roof is characterized by certain features, but it can be built easily and quickly. you can think of quite a lot. They are preferred to be built much more often than other types of roofs of one-story houses.

Thermal insulation is also important, since the attic is built into the roof. Accordingly, the temperature in such a room will depend on the quality of the thermal insulation. If it is done according to all the rules, then you can live in the attic even in winter. Otherwise, the indoor space can only be used in summer.

As for the height of the roof with an attic, it should not be less than 2.2 meters. Otherwise, there will be inconvenience when moving along it.

For these roofs, a double-tightened rafter system with joists is used. Their shape facilitates fast and efficient removal of snow and water from the roof. The angles of inclination of hip roofs are 45 degrees. They also withstand strong winds. Due to the large angle of inclination, the hipped roof must be equipped with gutters. It is better to entrust the construction of such a roof to specialists, since it requires a complex rafter system. If you do not adhere to the accuracy of the parameters, the roof will not last long.

Roof types for this type of roof can be different. Both light and heavy roofing materials can be used. It should be borne in mind that the second materials for the roof last longer, plus they have better thermal insulation. But at the same time, the use of such roofing products requires the creation of a reinforced rafter system. Most often, hip roofs are built in the southern regions.

Half hip roof ... These are ordinary hip roofs with triangular truncated slopes. The house is based on a regular polygon or square, so all four slopes look like a triangle, and their vertices converge at one point. A pyramid-shaped roof can decorate any building. The installation of this type of roof is as difficult as the installation of hip roofs. It is also better to entrust their construction to specialists. Read also: "

Also, such roofs are used to create overlapping part of a building or even an entire building. Dome roofs are created from bent frame elements. Such types of roofing materials are used for the roof as soft (roofing material, glass-insulated tiles) and flexible (galvanized steel sheets, plastic tiles).

Currently, you can see a variety of coverage options on private houses and cottages. Types of roofing for the roof are very diverse. Each person can choose a suitable roof option and type of roofing material for their home. Any method of creating a roof has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, when choosing the type of roofing and roofing material, one must take into account not only the external beauty, but also functional differences. Continuation: " ".

In the modern concept, the roof of a house is not only a covering, protection from snow, sun or rain. Now the roof is an architectural continuation of the building that can emphasize its individuality and originality, and change the visual perception of the house. It should also be noted that the type of roof will also affect the interior atmosphere, comfort and coziness.

Whatever it was, but first of all, the roof must be reliable, because beauty will not save you from snow or rain. In general, there are many types of roofs, but we will only talk about the most popular, reliable and practical options that are best used in the construction of a private house.

If we consider all roofs as a whole, then they can be safely divided into two categories: flat and pitched. Both one and the other have both advantages and disadvantages.

Flat roof

Flat roof although it is popular, it does not always find a place for itself in residential housing construction. The main disadvantage is the lack of inclination, and, consequently, the constant accumulation of snow and melt water on its surface. Because of this, the lifespan of a flat roof is drastically reduced, making it appear less acceptable than a pitched roof structure. Often, a flat roof is used only when its surface will be used (placing a front garden, pool or terrace).

Pitched roof

Pitched roof much preferable, because precipitation practically does not linger on its surface. In general, this type of roof is more reliable and attractive. Under such a roof, you can equip an attic space in the attic. The only drawback that you will have to face face to face is the increased cost of building this type of roof and its difficult to repair.

Roof with attic

Roof with attic very easy to build and install, you can build it yourself. The angle of inclination of the attic roof directly depends on what material is used for its roof. You also need to take into account the maximum load placed on the roof, the cost of its construction and materials. It is convenient to repair such a roof, but even at the initial stages, you need to choose the optimal roofing material. An important point will be the decision on the attic, whether it will be used as a living space or not. Depending on this, the height of the ceiling, its quality and the materials used for its construction will be decided, as well as what the roofing cake should be, heat and waterproofing.

Attic (attic)

Attic (mansard) roof differs in that the outer mills will be roof surfaces located at a sharp angle. This roof is interesting externally, but the usable area of the attic space will be slightly reduced, since you need a good roof attachment. It is almost impossible to build such a roof on your own; it is better to attract professionals.

In most cases, a roof without an attic has a kink, therefore, special support systems are installed from the inside, reducing the usable area of the attic. Having imagination and design ideas, the props can be sheathed with plywood, after which niches and cabinets for seasonal things can be made there.

Shed roof

Shed roof - cheap and easy to install option. In fact, this is a kind of flat roof mounted on walls of different heights. It is thanks to this that a natural slope of the roof is created at a certain angle to one side. This roof is comfortable and practical, but very boring in appearance, and you can't equip an attic under it.

Gable roof

Gable roof - the most popular option in villages and small towns. This roof is one of the most ancient, but it is still relevant today. It is based on two slopes, connected at the top of the ridge. The gable roof can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. In general, this is a very convenient and practical option, an ideal solution for those who want to equip an attic.

Hip roof

Hip roof - a kind of hipped roof. The two slopes of this roof are trapezoidal, and the end planes (hips) are triangular. It is much more difficult to create and build such a roof, so it is better to turn to professionals. The advantage of the roof lies in its performance, because it is very resistant to the vagaries of the weather.

Half hip roof

Half hip roof - this is something between a hip and a gable roof. The lateral planes are truncated - they have a half-hip shape, their length is 2-3 times less than that of the main planes. Vertical windows can be placed on the pediment of the building, and half-hips will become a decorative element.

Tent

Tent - the structure of this roof has 3 or more slopes, which are collected in one upper point. There is no “ridge” in the hipped roof, and the symmetry of the slopes pleasantly surprises. If the house has regular geometric shapes (square, polygon), then the hipped roof will be the best solution. It is resistant to winds, is original in appearance and is able to reliably protect the house.

Multi-gable roof

Multi-gable roof - the most difficult, expensive, but at the same time interesting option. Ideal for polygonal houses where you want to create something special. The rafter system of a multi-gable roof is difficult to implement, so the involvement of professional builders and architects is mandatory here. If all goes well, you can eventually get your dream home.

Sloping roof

Sloping roof - a kind of attic roof, because it is under it that the attic is often equipped. The upper part has a small angle of inclination, after which there is a break and the angle increases sharply, thereby the usable area of the attic will practically not suffer, and its side walls will be reliably protected.

Conical and domed roofs

Conical and domed roofs - this is a very rare occurrence, because practically no one uses them. This type of roof is not easy to use and difficult to repair. It is best to use them only as separate elements that can be used to cover round verandas or create decorative towers.

Combined roof

Combined roof - difficult, but possible. This roof often combines such types of roofs as hipped roof, hip roof and multi-gable roof. It is logical that it is too difficult to calculate and build such a roof, so a professional architect must be involved to implement the project. By creating a combined roof, you can surprise your friends, cause envy among neighbors and delight among your loved ones. Having built such a roof, you need to be prepared for the fact that it is difficult to maintain it, and you need to spend capital on the implementation of this project, whether it is worth it only for the owner of the home to decide.

The roof of a house is one of the key elements of its reliability, strength, thermoregulation and presentable appearance. There are various types of roofs for private houses, which differ in configuration, the type of roofing materials involved, and the complexity of construction. The roof is an important supporting structure of the house, designed to protect it from precipitation and external influences, so it must be strong, stable and durable. Yes, and aesthetic qualities play an important role, because a well-chosen configuration and design of the roof will set the tone for the entire building, becoming its hallmark.

Forms and types of roofs of private houses

At the design stage, you should choose the right roof structure, based on the shape of the house and its purpose. Roofs are divided into types, which differ in the number of hips and slopes. The main types of roofs that are in modern construction:

Mono-pitched- simplicity of construction and comparative low cost of implementation makes this type of roof popular. Used for outbuildings, warehouses and garages. Rarely - for a private house.

Gable- the classic version of the roof, which consists of two parts. It makes it possible to equip an attic.

Flat- it is used mainly in the climatic zone, where a small amount of precipitation is foreseen. Otherwise, water will accumulate on the roof surface and flow into the house.

Hip roof- it is also called four-slope. It features a complex design and high performance characteristics.

Half-hip, the Danish roof can be gable (mansard) or hipped roof.

Tent- a kind of hip roofs for private houses, resembles a tent in design. Differs in ease of installation and high functionality.

Multi-pliers- consists of tongs, many valleys, gables and blocks. Provides a natural drainage of rain and melt water.

Dome or conical the roof is mainly used on round and multi-faceted buildings.

Complex roofs- are installed in private houses on two floors with outbuildings and utility rooms. Installation of such a roof can only be done by experienced professionals.

The choice in favor of a flat roof is very rare, because it accumulates snow too quickly, delays the water flow, and is easily deformed if the load during installation was incorrectly calculated. This type of roofing is preferred in hot climates where precipitation is rare. It is also used to cover multi-storey buildings and industrial buildings.

Flat roof is popular with high-tech houses

The advantages of a flat roof include:
Its smaller area compared to the pitched one, therefore, less roofing material is used for it.

Installation and service work on a flat roof is easy.

A flat roof allows you to get an additional usable area that can be used as a terrace, a place for sports, arrange a winter garden, build a gazebo with a fireplace.

Installation of such a structure is quick, just like repair.

In mild climates, you can arrange a flat roof for a garden

Shed roofs

The shed roof has a flat surface that slopes to one side. Very often it is arranged on walls of different heights. When installing this, it is very important to choose the correct slope so that part of the structure is located towards the winds.

The simplest version of a pitched roof

Advantages of a pitched roof:

Low cost compared to the attic or dome;

Possibility of subsequent completion of floors without grandiose dismantling;

Easy installation of chimneys and stacks;

A wide range of roofing materials;

High utilization of area;

Possibility to mount a balcony and huge windows from ceiling to floor.

Also very popular for modern style homes

There are no special drawbacks to a pitched roof, except for it

Not a very presentable look.

However, if you correctly design the structure, combine several slopes at different levels, then you get a completely attractive roof. The correct selection of material is also important - if you choose, for example, metal tiles, then you get a beautiful geometry of the slope, but the profiled sheet will turn the house into a barn.

Gable roofs

The gable roof structure is most often used for a private house in our climatic zone. The angled design prevents water and snow from accumulating. The angle of the pitched roof is determined based on the level of precipitation in the current region - the more precipitation, the greater the angle of the pitched roof.

Advantages of a gable roof:

Practicality and the ability to equip an attic;

There is no need to clean snow and water by hand;

Ease of installation;

Wide design possibilities;

Most of the roofing materials are designed for a gable roof;

Good maintainability;

Low cost and speed of construction.

The disadvantages of a gable roof in a private house include:

A large number of roofing materials that will be needed for its construction.

If you plan to build an attic, then you need to take care of increasing the number of windows, which will complicate the construction of a gable roof.

Hip roof

The hip roof consists of four planes that are angled. Such a roof is considered one of the varieties of a hipped roof.

The advantages of a hip roof:

Not subject to deformation in places of eaves;

Original appearance;

Can withstand strong winds;

Possibility to equip an attic or attic;

It protects the facade well from precipitation thanks to the installation of additional overhangs.

Photo of a house with a hip roof

The disadvantage of a hip roof is:

The complexity of its installation, the laboriousness of laying roofing materials;

Due to the slopes, the area of the attic space is reduced.

Half hip roof

Half-hip roofs are also called Dutch. We do not use such structures as often as in Europe.

3D sketch of a half-hipped roof

Advantages of half-hip roofs:

Resistant to wind and even hurricane due to its streamlined shape;

Reliably protects the walls and gables of the house from snow and rain;

The ability to equip a living or attic space under the roof;

Original and unusual design.

The disadvantages of a roof of this shape include:

The difficulty of its installation, a large number of ribs and valleys;

A large amount of lumber required;

Difficult roofing - builders have to install a lot of stops and braces.

Hipped roofs

A tent-shaped roof is one of the varieties of pitched roof types. Consists of four equal triangular ramps.

Photo of a house with a hipped roof

This version of the roof wins over a gable roof, due to a higher level of functionality and decorative appeal. The mass of the hipped roof is less than that of the gable or mansard, so the load on the buildings becomes less. The structure of the hipped roof is strong thanks to the ribs that provide support. The disadvantages of this type of roof include the complexity and high cost of installation.

Multi-pliers

Multi-gable roofs for private houses are a rather complex structure, as they consist of many slopes, ribs, tongs, and valleys. Installation of such a roof is carried out only by masters with extensive experience in this area.

Multi-pliers option

Pros of a multi-gable roof:

Attractive appearance;

Durability and strength of the structure;

Practicality;

Possibility to equip an additional room under the roof.

The roof structure and the choice of roofing material is determined at the project stage and depends on the design of the facade of the building and the technology of the roofing. The choice of the type of roof, materials for its construction, its construction, slope depends on climatic conditions, operation, architectural requirements, the degree of capital of the building.

Roof - the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with non-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.

Roof - the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

The roof of the building consists of the following elements: inclined planes, called ramps (1), which are based on rafters (2) and lathing (3). The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of the slopes forming the reentrant corners creates valleys and valleys (6). The edges of the roof above the walls of the building are called cornice overhangs (7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the outer walls) or pediment overhangs (11) (located obliquely). The water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through the water intake funnels (9) into the downpipes (10) and then into the storm sewer.

1) Eaves strip; 2) Sheathing board; 3) Falling bar of the counter-lattice; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Skate; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Ridge seal; 9) Ridge cap; 10) Wind bar; 11) Spillway pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Spillway; 14) Gutter holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper endova; 17) Lower endova; 18) Wall profile.

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the slopes, roofs are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and sloping roofs are used. In flat roofs, the formation of stagnant water on the roof is possible and, as a result, the appearance of leaks in these places. The advantage of flat roofs is that they can be used for various purposes. By design, roofs can be attic (separate) and non-attic (combined). Attic roofs are either insulated or cold. In non-attic (combined) roofs, load-bearing elements serve as overlapping of the upper floor of the building. Attic roofs are ventilated, partially ventilated and non-ventilated. According to the operating conditions, roofs can be exploited and unexploited. The type of roof is mainly determined by its geometric shape and the material of the roof. Depending on the shape of the roof, they can be single-pitched, gable, three-, four-pitched, multi-pitched (Fig. 2).

Shed roof (Fig. 2, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls of different heights. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.

Gable roof (Fig. 2, b, c) consists of two sloping planes resting on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called tongs or gables. A type of gable roof is the attic.
If the roof consists of four triangular slopes, converging at one upper point, then it is called tent (Fig. 2, d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two end triangular slopes is called hip hip (Fig. 2, e). There are also gable hip ( half-hip ) when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 2, f).

Gable roof of a production building with a longitudinal skylight (Fig. 2, g) differs from the gable roof of a residential building in a smaller slope of the slopes and a greater width and length.

Vaulted roof (Fig. 2, h) in cross-section can be outlined by an arc of a circle or other geometric curve.

Folding roof (Fig. 2, i) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

Domed roof (Fig. 2, k) in outline is a half of a ball with solid support on a cylindrical wall.

Multi-gable roof (Fig. 2, m) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. It is arranged on houses with a complex polygonal plan shape. Such roofs have a larger number of valleys (inner corner) and edges (protruding corners that form the intersection of the roof slopes), which requires high qualifications when performing roofing work.

Cross vault represents four closed arched vaults (Fig. 2, l).

Spherical shell (Fig. 2, o) in outline is a vault, resting at several points on the base. The space between the supports is usually used for translucent lanterns.

Spire roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several steep triangles-slopes, connected at the apex.

Sloped roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several flat planes resting on load-bearing walls at different levels.

Flat roof (Fig. 2, p) rests on load-bearing walls of the same height. Flat roofs are most widely used in both civil and industrial construction. Unlike pitched roofs, piece and sheet materials are not used on flat roofs. Here, materials are needed that allow the device of a continuous carpet (bituminous, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, as well as mastics). This carpet must be elastic enough to withstand the thermal and mechanical deformations of the roof base. As a base, use the surface of thermal insulation, load-bearing plates, screeds.

In individual construction, as a rule, the roofs shown in Fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they face downward, they are called gutters, or valleys, if upward, then ribs. The upper edge, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are arranged, through which water is discharged to a certain place and through drainage ditches it leaves the site in street ditches. The slope of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the roof material, as well as on climatic conditions (table).

Pitched attic roofs should be operated in good condition of the roof, roof supporting structures, normal temperature and humidity conditions in the attic and timely repair of the coating.

I - attic; II - attic floor; III - supporting structure; IV - roof; 1 - constant loads (dead weight); 2 - temporary loads (snow, operational loads); 3 - wind (pressure); 4 - wind (suction); 5 - exposure to ambient temperatures; 6 - atmospheric moisture (precipitation, air humidity); 7 - chemically aggressive substances contained in the air; 8 - solar radiation; 9 - moisture contained in the air of the attic space.

Slopes of pitched roofs and their durability

Roof material	Slope	Service life, year
Asbestos cement flat sheets, tiles	1:2	40-50
Corrugated asbestos cement sheets	1:3	40-50
Clay tiles	1:1 - 1:2	60 and more
Roofing sheet steel black	1:3,5	20-25
Roofing sheet steel, galvanized	1:3,5	30-40
Two-layer roll materials, on mastic	1:7	5-8
Roofing felt on glassine	1:2	3-5
Wooden shingles	1:1,25	5-10

1 - crossbar of the frame (beams, trusses); 2 - bearing element of the coating; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - insulation; 5 - screed; 6 - roof; 7 - protective layer.

a-d - for pitched roofs; d, e - for gable roofs; g - the plan of the rafters; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - rack; 3 - brace; 4 - rafter bar; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - top run; 8 - bed; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

a - spans of trusses 6 m and more; b - the same, 12 m; 1 - crossbar; 2 - sleeper; 3 - brace; 4 - block; 5 - beams; 6 - tightening; 7 - grandmother; 8 - brace.

1 - tightening; 2 - suspension, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - brace; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roof covering; 9 - two pads; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt pins.

a, b - unventilated; в - ventilated; 1 - protective layer; 2 - rolled carpet; 3 - screed; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - ventilated channel; 7 - supporting structure; 8 - finishing layer.

Roof structure

Attic pitched roofs. The attic pitched roof consists of load-bearing structures and a roof. Between such a roof and the attic floor there is an attic used to accommodate ventilation ducts (boxes), pipe lines, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in rooms. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example, near the outer walls, should be at least 0.4 m for the possibility of periodic inspection of the structures. In winter, heat and moisture penetrate into the attic through the attic ceilings from the premises of the upper floor. The warmer the attic and the more thermally conductive the roofing material, the more condensation (frost) will form. When the outside temperature rises, condensation melts, causing rotting of wooden structures and corrosion of metal elements. Humidification of the attic can also occur as a result of the penetration of moist air from the stairwells, in connection with which the density of the narthex of the doors and hatches leading to the attic becomes important. A very important and effective measure against humidification of the attic space is to ventilate it. To do this, arrange ventilation openings under the eaves (supply openings) and in the ridge (exhaust openings), as well as dormer windows. The load-bearing part consists of rafters, trusses, purlins, panels and other elements. The supporting structures of pitched roofs can be made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood in the form of rafters, building trusses and large panels. The choice of the roof structure depends on the size of the spans to be covered, the slope of the roof, as well as the requirements for durability, fire resistance and thermal properties (Fig. 3).

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Sliding rafters (fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and struts. They rest on the lower ends of the rafter legs on the rafter bars - Mauerlat, and with the upper ends on a horizontal bar called the upper ridge girder. The role of the Mauerlats is to provide comfortable support for the lower ends of the rafters. The upper purlin is supported by uprights that are mounted on internal supports. The distance between the racks carrying the ridge girders is taken equal to 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of the rafter structures, longitudinal struts are installed, located at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal capital walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal runs are laid. Inclined rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Recently, prefabricated wooden slab rafters prefabricated at the factory have become widespread. A set of such rafters consists of individual structural elements and has an abbreviated name - rafter board, rafter truss. Perhaps such a device of layered rafters made of precast concrete. Roof trusses are used when constructing roofs for buildings of considerable width that do not have internal supports. The construction truss consists of two rafter legs, connected by a tightening, which perceive the horizontal component of the forces transmitted to the support (thrust). With spans of trusses of 6 m or more, a crossbar is cut in, and with a span of up to 12 m, a headstock and struts are installed, which increase the rigidity and reduce the deflection of the rafter legs (Fig. 5).

Roof trusses for low-rise civil and rural construction are made of beams and planks. Sometimes the elements that receive tensile forces in the lower chord or struts are made of steel. Such farms are called metal-wood. With four-pitched or more complex roof shapes, diagonal rafter rafter legs are introduced, forming ramps of a triangular shape in plan, the so-called hips.

Inclined rafters are made of beams, boards and logs (see Fig. 4). The step of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the section of the sheathing elements. When making rafters from beams 180 - 200 mm thick, they are placed every 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - every 1 - 1.5 m.In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate supports on internal walls. On these walls, beds are laid, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a girder is installed on which the rafter legs rest.

At the intersection of roof slopes, layered rafters are made of diagonal and short rafter legs (see races 4, g). To protect the roof from being blown away by the wind, part of the rafter legs are tied to crutches driven into the outer walls with wire twists. All rafter mates are fastened with nails, bolts, staples. Reinforced concrete embankment systems consist of reinforced concrete panels supported at the top on a ridge reinforced concrete girder and below on the outer walls of the building. The ridge girder is supported by pillars installed every 4 - 6 m. Large reinforced concrete panels are used for pitched and gable roofs. Shed roofs are arranged on ribbed panels measuring 6.4x1.2 m, laid with a slope of 5%, gable roofs - with a slope of 7 - 8%.

At present, complex multicomponent binders can be used for the manufacture of reinforced concrete bases. Before laying the roof, a cement or asphalt screed is arranged on the panels. In the absence of intermediate supports in small spans of buildings up to 12 m, hanging rafters are used (Fig. 6). They are made from the same materials as the layered rafters, that is, from beams, boards and logs. Hanging rafters consist of rafter legs and puffs. The upper ends of the rafter legs are connected with a slotted spike, and the lower ends are cut with a frontal cut into the tightening and fastened with bolts.

Attic roofs. Roofs without attic are subdivided into non-ventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated with outside air. Non-ventilated roofs are used in cases where moisture accumulation in the coating is excluded during operation. Such coatings can be performed with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure. The main elements of the combined roof are flooring, insulation, vapor barrier and roof (Fig. 7).

The flooring is made of large-sized reinforced concrete slabs of various types. A vapor barrier layer in the form of one or two layers of roofing material or glassine on mastic is provided to protect the thermal insulation from moisture vapor penetrating from the interior. As a heater, plate and bulk thermal insulation materials are used. A leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar is made on top of the thermal insulation. A roof is arranged along the screed. It is made of rolled roofing materials in several layers. Stick them on cold or hot mastic. To protect the waterproofing carpet from damage, a protective layer is made in the form of mounds of sand or fine gravel embedded in the top layer of mastic, or a layer of roofing material.

Non-ventilated roofs mounted from solid or sandwich panels. Manufactured at the factory, such panels are sealed with a sticker on the upper surface of the waterproofing carpet, and on the bottom and along the contour of the panel - by applying a layer of paint vapor barrier. Partially ventilated roofs have pores or channels in the material of the panel, located in the upper thickness of the panel. Ventilated roofs have continuous air layers that dry out the coating in winter and protect it from overheating by the sun's rays in summer. The height of the air gap is 200 - 240 mm. Combined roof structure consists of several layers of materials (see Fig. 7):

a supporting element, for example, a reinforced concrete slab, which is trimmed from below to the ceiling of the upper floor;
vapor barrier from one or two layers of roofing material on mastic;
insulation - aerated concrete slabs or backfill from expanded clay, slag and similar highly porous materials;
roofing made of rolled material, made of roofing felt, roofing, etc .;
a protective layer made of fine gravel or sieved slag embedded in the bitumen paint layer.

With an unventilated roof, a cement screed is arranged over the insulation. If the roof is not ventilated, the insulation screed is made of cement mortar. The roof railing consists of struts and struts and looks like a vertical steel grating. Racks and struts have bends at the bottom - legs with which they rest on the roof. The fences are fastened with wood grouses, driven into the roof lathing through the holes in the legs of the racks and struts. Parapets are arranged in the form of a solid stone wall with holes at the locations of the drainpipes.

Regulatory requirements for modern roofs are contained in a large number of documents, and some of these documents are already morally outdated, but, nevertheless, have not been canceled. The design should be carried out taking into account the instructions and restrictions of the current regulations:

SNiP 2.08.01-89, 1995 "Residential buildings";
SNiP 2.08.02-89 "Public buildings and structures";
SNiP 2.09.04-87 "Administrative and domestic buildings";
SNiP 31-03-2001 "Industrial buildings" instead of SNiP 2.09.02-85 *
Entered into force on January 1, 2002 by the decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated 03.19.2001 N20;
SNiP II-26-76 "Roofs" (a new version of this SNiP was developed in 1999, but has not yet been introduced);
SNiP II-3-79 *, 1996 "Construction heat engineering";
SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulation and finishing coatings";
SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures."