The history of the bibliography is brief. What is bibliography in general and bibliography in particular, its history in Russia
Bibliography is literally bibliology. Bibliography in general is a scientific discipline that deals with the description, systematization and accounting of books, as well as journalistic publications, articles, dissertations, etc.
What is bibliography in the narrow sense
This is a list of the literature involved in a particular text. For example, when writing an abstract, the sources are indicated - where the information was taken from. Also, the bibliography is used when writing dissertations and other scientific works. The author of the work is obliged to indicate which primary sources he relied on.
What are the types of bibliography
There are bibliographies of writers. They include a list of all texts written by an individual author, as well as all biographical and other works written about this writer or about his works by other authors. A huge list is made, for example, by the bibliography of A.S. Pushkin or L.N. Tolstoy.
There is also a second degree bibliography. That is, the bibliography of all bibliographic texts. It keeps records in chronological order of all bibliographies, divided by subject.
A branch bibliography is considered a separate science. It serves certain branches of activity or theoretical sciences.
Retrospective bibliography (science department) covers all printed works of fiction and journalism for a certain period of time. It can be either a year or one week.
There are also many other types of bibliography. For example, Russian historical, which takes into account and systematizes all texts on history published in Russian. It can be classified as a branch bibliography. There is a bibliography of a book, that is, a certain checklist of literary texts relating to one particular book. Such lists can be seen, for example, at the end of educational or scientific publications.
From all these definitions, it is clear what a bibliography is. In a broad sense, it is always a list of literature on some topic. This or bibliology has its own history. If you understand what a bibliography is, then it becomes clear what its history is. This is how science took shape and developed in different countries.
A brief history of bibliography in Russia
In Russia, bibliography began to develop in the 18th century. It all started with the release of bookselling and recommendation lists of books or journalism in magazines. In the 18th century, literature developed very actively in Russia. Russian writers and journalists were catching up and overtaking the culturally developed West. The notion of what a bibliography is, of course, also came from abroad.
The first of this kind were the journals "Bibliographic Notes" and "Bibliographer". They published book reviews, lists of various manuscripts stored in libraries, catalogs of recently published books, as well as lists of periodicals.
In 1889 the first bibliographic circle appeared in Moscow. It was initiated by Toropov. It was transformed into the Russian Bibliographic Society, which is affiliated with Moscow University. They organized their magazines in it. "Bibliographic News" and "Book Science" were published under the editorship of Bodnarsky.
In 1907 and 1908, the society published a "Bibliographic Collection", to which an alphabetical index was attached to facilitate the search for the necessary information. The collection contained objective reviews of books and indexes of published editions.
Bibliography of Russia 19-20th centuries
During these two centuries, Russian bibliography flourished and expanded. Scientists are more closely engaged in this science. They began to rely more on facts than on opinions. And in our century of the 19th and 20th centuries, bibliographers and philologists are very helpful.
In the 20th century, there was a generalization of all the accumulated knowledge in the bibliography. Bibliography and source studies of bibliography began to be taught at universities. Bibliographers raised old archives and restored the works of long-forgotten writers, as well as those who were repressed and deliberately forgotten during the reign of Stalin. A large layer of Russian literature and journalism was raised and restored. However, the history of Soviet bibliography has not yet been fully studied, and new sources and archives are still opening up. Bibliographers have a lot of painstaking work to do.
Name of the discipline: Historical bibliography
Direction of training: 030600 History
Qualification (degree) of graduate: Bachelor
Full-time form of education
1. The course is intended for students of the "History" direction of the Faculty of History
The discipline "Historical bibliography" ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills in accordance with the state educational standard, promotes the fundamentalization and humanization of education, the formation of students' ideas about the methods and forms of research work.
2. The discipline "Historical bibliography" refers to the variable part of the cycle B3. (Professional cycle) and is studied in 1 semester of 1 course.
The discipline "Historical Bibliography" is based on the basic level of knowledge of students. It is important for a better understanding of many disciplines in the History direction. The knowledge and skills gained in the study of the basics of historical bibliography are used by trainees when writing term papers and theses.
3. As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:
Have an idea
On the existing system of state bibliography;
On the methods of drawing up a scientific and reference apparatus;
Know
Basic methodological principles of historical bibliography;
Basic principles of modern Russian legislation in this area;
History of Russian bibliographic institutions (both before 1917 and the Soviet and post-Soviet period);
The history of the formation of bibliography as a scientific discipline;
Be able to
Work with a scientific reference apparatus;
Determination of the path and the possibility of searching for documents on the history of Russia;
Search for information, organize it.
4. The total labor intensity of the discipline is 2 credit units, 72 hours.
P / p No. | Discipline section |
The subject and tasks of historical bibliography. The place of bibliography in the work of the researcher. The subject of historical bibliography and its function in science. Basic bibliographic concepts; bibliographic manual, bibliographic list, bibliographic index, bibliographic review. Classification of bibliographic benefits: by purpose, by topic, by degree of collapse, by form publications, in chronology. Bibliography and informatics. Organization of the historic bibliography. |
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Current bibliography on history. All-Russian Book Chamber as the bibliographic center of the country. Time of creation. Main directions of activity. Editions book chamber. Institute for Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main editions of INION. List of social science series. Russian State Library (Moscow) and its current bibliographic publications. All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature (Moscow) and its current bibliographic publications. |
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Reference literature on history. The history of the development of encyclopedic science in Russia. Universal encyclopedias. Industry encyclopedias. Universal dictionaries. Explanatory and terminological dictionaries. Biographical dictionaries. Historical dictionaries and encyclopedias. Reference books on the history of pre-revolutionary Russia. Reference books on the history of Soviet society. Reference books on the history of foreign countries. Guides and catalogs. |
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Bibliography of Russian history. Historical bibliography of the 18th-19th centuries. in Russia. Bibliographic work of Sopikov. and his "General Library Russia ". P. P. and and their work on the "Russian Historical Bibliography". and his contribution to the development of Russian historical bibliography. Subject bibliographies. Bibliographic work in Russia at the end Х1Х-early XX centuries. bibliographic editions development features Historical bibliography in years. development of historical bibliography in the 1990s. Retrospective indexes on the history of pre-revolutionary Russia, published after 1917. Bibliography of the history of Soviet society. Source pointers and literature. |
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Bibliography of World History. Bibliographic manuals for certain periods of world history, their specificity Pointers on modern and recent history. Bibliographic indexes for individual regions: Europe, America, East. Bibliographic indexes for individual foreign countries. Bibliography on the history of historical science. |
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Bibliography of literature on sciences related to history. Complex research and their specificity in terms of bibliographic search. Methodology history and philosophy. Sociology and Social Psychology. Pedagogical sciences. Literary criticism. Art criticism. Museology and protection of monuments. History state and law. Economic sciences. Current bibliography on related sciences. |
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Foreign historical bibliography. The origin of historical bibliography and the ways of its development in the ХУП-Х1Х centuries. historical bibliography in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Historical bibliography in Western Europe and the United States in recent times. Current universal bibliography abroad. Indexes of foreign periodicals. |
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Historical periodicals. Bibliographic indexes for periodicals. Indexes of Russian newspapers. Pointers Russian magazines and continuing editions. Modern historical journals for certain historical periods, for certain regions, for certain foreign countries. Historical journals on Russian history. Logs on culture and museum business. Social and political magazines. |
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Local history bibliography. pre-revolutionary history of the Yaroslavl region. Bibliographic publications of a universal character. Publications on the history of the Soviet period: individual events and topics. Bibliographic indexes of literature for years. Current local history bibliography. Index "Yaroslavl Book". |
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Formation of the bibliographic apparatus in scientific work... Making an abstract in scientific work. List of abbreviations. Types of bibliographic references: inline, out-of-text, subscript. Compilation of a list of used sources and literature: main sections, their structure. |
6. Educational-methodical and informational support of the discipline:
a) Main literature:
1. GOST. Bibliographic description of the document. General requirements and rules for drawing up.
2. Parfenov, historical bibliography /. - M., 1990.
b) additional literature:
4. Vinogradov, Scientific Information in the Development of Research of Soviet Historians / // New and Contemporary History. - 1989. - No. 4. - S. 3-13.
6. Zdobnov, Russian bibliography before the beginning of the XX century /. - M., 1955.
7. Ilyichev, socio-political literature /. - M., 1988.
8. Jenish, search in scientific work /. - M., 1982.
11. Mikhailova, G. M. On some problems of historical bibliography / // Proceedings of the LIK im. ... T. 18. - L., 1967 .-- S. 303-313.
12.Mashkov, Russian bibliography of the early XX century /. - M., 1969.
13. Markov, historical bibliography / // Soviet bibliography. - M., 1960 .-- S. 195-229.
14. Parfenov, and the content of the course of historical
Bibliography / // Questions of history. - 1983. - No. 11. - S. 108-112.
15. Cheremisina, bibliography as a scientific auxiliary discipline / // History of the USSR. - 1987. - No. 4. - S. 140-152.
16.Cheremisina, scientific auxiliary bibliography
of general history / // Questions of history. - 1975. - No. 6. - S. 138-147.
17.Cheremissky, Soviet society in bibliographic
Manuals / // Soviet bibliography. - 1977 .-- S. 12-26.
18. Simon, K. History of foreign bibliography / K. Simon. - M., 1963.
19.Eimontova, and bibliography / // Soviet bibliography. - 1971. - No. 3. - S. 52-61
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BIBLIOGRAPHY HISTORY
Literature
1. Development of bibliography abroad
The oldest forms of secondary information are inextricably linked with the written culture, which is confirmed by research on Byzantine library monuments, Sumerian bibliographic texts.
There are several approaches to the periodization of the development of bibliography: from the point of view of information carriers (written, printed, electronic), from the point of view of historical stages, types of bibliography, etc.
The first stage in the development of bibliography abroad is called latent (hidden), when the texts contained implicit bibliographic information (links within the text to other books, information about the authors and the work at the beginning of the texts), as well as pinacographic (pinakes - tables). Preserved information about such bibliographic monuments as: "Tables, those who shone in the field of culture and what they wrote, in 120 books", created by the founder of bibliography Callimachus on the basis of the funds of the Alexandrian library (250 BC); an inventory of the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (VII century BC); bibliographic index "Seven Abstracts" (China, 1st century BC).
At the second stage, we can talk about catalog bibliography (description of book collections, collections of libraries of universities, temples, monasteries).
At the third stage, the branch and biobibliography is distinguished (description of books by branches of knowledge, works of individual scientists).
Further development of bibliography is associated with the emergence of book printing (15th century in Europe, 16th century in Russia) - bookselling and publishing bibliography is developing. In the XVII century. legal deposit system appears and state bibliography (Germany) appears. Since the 18th century. scientific auxiliary bibliography appears. Bibliographic science began to develop, bibliographic publications appeared.
In the XX century. a professional and popular bibliography appears.
In the XXI century. webliography (bibliography of Internet resources) is rapidly developing.
Thus, the bibliography arose and develops in accordance with the requirements of society and individuals.
2. Development of bibliography in Russia
Bibliography in Russia has come a long and difficult way. In the period of its formation, the first bibliographic monuments are considered "Lists of true and false books" in the 11th century Izbornik, inventory of princely, monastic libraries ("Description of the manuscripts of the Kirill-Belozersky monastery", 15th century), "Table of contents of books, who folded them" ( XVIII century).
The beginning of the true development of bibliography is associated with the transformations in the era of Peter I (the introduction of the civil type, the appearance of the first newspapers). Information about books from publishers and booksellers appears on the pages of periodicals, the state registration of books is being established. In the first half of the 18th century. published the first printed catalog of the library of the Academy of Sciences, "Register of books for civilians", etc. In the second half of the 18th century. with the rise of culture in Russia, the first branch works, biobibliographic dictionaries, repertoires of Russian books, and theoretical works were created.
In the XIX century. the activities of individual educators and scientists are distinguished, the theoretical foundations of bibliography are developed, and a large number of bibliographic works are created, the value of which has not dried up over time. With the aim of enlightening the broad masses, the role of recommendatory bibliography is increasing. At the beginning of the XX century. in Russia, the political system is radically changing, and during the Soviet period the bibliography develops intensively and contradictory. Library and bibliographic education is being established (universities, colleges), a system of library and bibliographic services (a book is more accessible) in library and information centers, a lot of scientific works in the field of bibliography appear, the technology and methods of creating bibliographic products are being improved and implemented, etc. A big disadvantage is excessive ideologization based on the principle of partisanship, the presence of political censorship.
At the turn of XX-XXI centuries. After perestroika, a difficult period ensues: the system of centers and bibliographic aids has been destroyed, funding is decreasing, the production of printed bibliographic aids is sharply reduced, and so on. An undoubted advantage is the active introduction of new information technologies into all processes of library and bibliographic activity (creation of electronic bibliography), the creative development of bibliographic aids for new genres, the creation of corporate alliances to combine the efforts of bibliographers, etc.
bibliography monument information figure
3. Contribution of prominent figures to the development of bibliography
N.I. Novikov can be called one of the first bibliographers. (1744-1818) - educator, book publisher, journalist. He published the satirical journals Truten and Zhivopisets, as well as the first Russian journal of critical bibliography, St. Petersburg Scientists Vedomosti, and the biobibliographic Experience of the Historical Dictionary of Russian Writers. Sopikov V.S. (1765-1818) - "the father of Russian bibliography" - for the first time realized the idea of creating a repertoire of Russian books in his main work "Experience of Russian bibliography", in which he described more than 13 thousand books, magazines published "from the beginning of the establishment of printing houses, until 1813 ". He was the first to set out the theoretical provisions on the duties of a bibliographer. Anastasevich V.G. (1775-1845) published a number of theoretical works on bibliography, compiled a catalog "List of Russian books for reading .., systematically arranged", "Bibliographic sheets" (critical bibliography), etc.
A.N. Neustroev (1825-1902) - created "Historical research about Russian time-based publications and collections for 1703-1802 ...", which covered 138 periodicals of the 18th century.
Gennadi G.N. (1826-1880) was the first bibliographer of A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, created the "Reference Dictionary of Russian Writers and Scientists Who Died in the 18th-19th Centuries", the first retrospective index of the second degree "Literature of Russian Bibliography".
Mezhov V.I. (1830-1894) - the first Russian professional bibliographer - created more than 100 bibliographic works: "Siberian Bibliography", "Bibliography of Asia", etc.
Lisovskiy N.M. (1854-1920) - editor of the journals "Russian bibliography", "Bibliographer", Lisovsky's theoretical views had a great influence on Soviet bibliographers. His major work “Bibliography of Russian periodicals. 1703-1900 "remains to this day the main reference book on Russian periodicals.
Vengerov S.A. (1855-1920) - organizer and first director of the Russian Book Chamber, created the "Critical-Bibliographic Dictionary of Russian Writers and Scientists" (2 volumes), other works
Rubakin N.A. (1862-1946) - Russian bibliologist, bibliographer, writer, creator of the science of bibliopsychology, author of popular science books. His bibliographic index in 3 volumes "Among the Books" is a major contribution to the Russian recommendatory bibliography.
Derunov K.N. (1866-1929) created to help the acquisition and self-education "Model Library Catalog" in 2 hours, "Bibliography of Russian Reviews", theoretical work "Life Tasks of Bibliography", etc.
Literature
1. Library encyclopedia / Ros. state b-ka. - Moscow: Pashkov House, 2007 .-- 1300s.
2. Diomidova, G.N. Bibliography: textbook. for environments. specialist. prof. study. head / G.N. Diomidov. - St. Petersburg: Profession, 2002. - S. 14-21. - ("Library").
3. Book science: encyclopedic. dictionary. - Moscow: Sov. encyclopedia, 1982 .-- 664 p.
4. Ravich, L.M. Archives of Russian bibliographers of the XIX century / L.M. Ravich // World bibliogr. - 1998. - No. 1.- S. 72-79.
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HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY - (1) an auxiliary historical discipline that forms and studies a complex of reference and information manuals on the social and human sciences, which has developed in the process of identifying, recording, describing and systematizing publications of sources, research literature, as well as various bibliographic aids; (2) a kind of branch bibliography, which, being a type of bibliography, serves as an information service for certain branches of knowledge or practice; I. b. as a kind of industry bibliography, it serves as an information service for the social and human sciences; (3) the discipline of teaching in higher education, which, as a rule, is included in the complex of auxiliary historical disciplines or acts as an independent course. The object of historical bibliography is a system of bibliographic aids (indexes, lists, reviews, catalogs, etc.), encyclopedias and reference books on social and humanitarian sciences in various carriers in its evolution. The subject of historical bibliography is the development of techniques and methods for identifying, selecting and systematizing publications of various types and types in the social and humanitarian sciences. I. b. develops special techniques and methods for presenting bibliographic information on social sciences and humanities in bibliographic manuals. The identification, selection and systematization of publications of various types and types for subsequent study is a necessary stage in the research activity of any science, thus, I. b. provides opportunities to search for the necessary information in the course of research in the social sciences and humanities. I. b. closely connected with other auxiliary historical disciplines, the history of historical science, source study. The formation and development of historical bibliography in Russia took place along with the formation of historical and related sciences. For more than 300 years of development of historical bibliography, a corpus of bibliographic aids has been formed (in which, however, there are significant gaps), the main institutions dealing with historical bibliography (State Public Historical Library) and bibliography on social sciences and humanities (Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences RAS). A system of accounting in bibliographic manuals of bibliographic publications on social sciences and humanities (bibliography of bibliography) has been developed. Annual analytical reviews of bibliographic textbooks on social sciences and humanities are placed in the publication of the Russian Book Chamber "Bibliography of Russian Bibliography".
R. B. Kazakov
The definition of the concept is cited from: Theory and Methodology of Historical Science. Terminological dictionary. Resp. ed. A.O. Chubaryan. [M.], 2014, p. 30-31.
Literature:
Bakun D. N. Development of bibliography of historical sources in Russia (XVIII - early XX centuries). M., 2006;
Parfenov I. D. Fundamentals of historical bibliography. M., 1990;
Prostovolosova L.N., Cheremisina N.M. Historical bibliography: history and current state. M., 1990;
Shapiro A. L. Bibliography of the history of the USSR. M., 1968.
1. Historical bibliography as part of the research process.
2. Stages of development of historical bibliography.
3. Types of bibliographic indexes on history.
4. Retrospective search.
5. Design of the bibliographic apparatus.
I. Searching for sources and literature is time consuming. It simply would not have been possible to cope with this if the historical bibliography had not come to the rescue, which developed special techniques and methods of search, and created bibliographic aids. In recent years, a system of scientific information on social sciences, including history, has been created in our country and abroad, which helps the researcher to rationalize his work, reduce the search time, ensure the necessary completeness of the collected materials, and make work more fruitful and efficient.
Historical bibliography - auxiliary historical discipline, the subject of which is the development of techniques and methods of search, bibliographic description, target selection, scientific systematization of sources and literature, and transmission of the information received to the researcher.
Historical bibliography is part of the research process, generated by the development of science itself and reflects the development of science. Historical science determines the problems, content and structure of historical bibliography. At the same time, historical bibliography has an impact on the development of historical science, performing a number of important functions.
First of all, it is search engine function - the definition of techniques and methods of finding sources "and literature on a particular topic. The second function - appraisal : selection of the most scientifically significant and relevant to the search topic from a huge amount of searched materials. The third function is - systematizing : bringing the identified and selected literature into a specific system corresponding to the structure of the science itself. Finally, the fourth function is - communicative : reporting systematized information to the historian in the form of various manuals.
Historical bibliography develops at the junction with two special historical disciplines - source study and historiography.
Source study includes source study heuristics, that is, the search for sources. It is the bibliography that helps to solve this problem, to establish various editions of sources, to systematize them.
Historical bibliography is closely related to historiography, which studies the history of historical science. Reflecting the newly published historical literature or accumulated over a number of years, the historical bibliography provides the basic material for historiographic analysis. For its part, historiography helps the bibliographer to evaluate certain works, to navigate the historical literature.
Basic bibliographic concepts. Historical bibliography reflects the development of historical science, it should not and cannot be isolated from the latter. But unlike historical science, bibliography deals not with scientific knowledge itself, but with the reflection of the latter in the works of the press and therefore depends on the development of book publishing and bibliography in general.
Bibliography - scientific and practical activities for the preparation and transmission of information about works of print and writing. The main result of bibliographic activity is the creation of: a bibliographic manual. Bibliographic guide - an ordered set of bibliographic records, united according to some criterion. It is compiled by either a historian or a professional bibliographer working in a library or academic institution. There are many types of bibliography. Here are just three of the most important ones.
Bibliographic list - a manual with a simple structure. Such lists are published as an appendix to the book, dissertation. The author is a historian.
Bibliographic index - a manual with a complex structure, assuming the presence of auxiliary indexes, a preface, a table of contents, etc. Compiled by a team of bibliographers, edited by historians. Often published as a separate book, devoted to the section of science.
Bibliographic overview - manual, which is a coherent narration about documents - books and articles on a specific scientific topic. Historiographic reviews are also published, which differ from bibliographic reviews by a deeper analysis of scientific literature. These reviews carry a lot of bibliographic information, which allows them to be considered along with bibliographic ones.
According to their intended purpose, bibliographic manuals can be registration and registration , taking into account the printed materials produced in the country; scientific ancillary , designed for scientists; finally, advisory , which are designed to promote education, upbringing and promotion of knowledge among a wide range of people.
In advisory indexes, literature is carefully selected based on the preparation of the reader. At first, the student uses such aids, but as the specialization deepens, he moves on to scientific auxiliary bibliography.
The bibliography is divided into the current and retrospective . Periodicals informing about new literature in the specialty belong to the current bibliography, which must meet the requirements of completeness, regularity and timeliness. If this or that publication is late in the registration of literature, it loses the function of the current bibliography.
Retrospective bibliographic manuals reflect the literature on a specific issue, published for a specific period. Such a manual can become a noticeable phenomenon in science if everything of value is collected in it and systematized in accordance with the structure of science.
Bibliographers highlight promising bibliography containing information on scientific literature coming out in the coming year. These are the thematic plans of the publishers. Knowing about the upcoming publication, you can avoid duplication of topics, coordinate research, order the book in advance.
Exists personal bibliography, which has as its object the works of one person and literature about him, for example, indexes about major historians.
The historian often refers to local history bibliography that deals with literature on a particular locality, province, city, or regional - about a separate country. This bibliography is not "purely" historical, although there are sections on history. It contains materials on economics, culture and other spheres of public life. In modern conditions of the development of an integrated approach to the study of historical problems of this kind, pointers are of particular importance. They allow the historian to take into account the achievements of related social sciences.
In recent years, computer technology has been increasingly used to prepare bibliographic aids. Relatively new types of signage include permutation pointers . They are based on the extraction of "key" words from the titles of publications, from which the search column is composed; "Keywords" are highlighted "automatically". The second type is cited literature index . In it, under the names of the authors, information about the works containing links to the publications of these authors is given. These pointers are used to search for papers on a topic and to study the intersectoral relationships of scientists. So far, these pointers are used more often in natural and technical sciences, less often in the humanities. Later, in the framework of other courses, special computer search techniques will be dealt with.
Historical bibliography deals with various types of scientific publications on history: books, articles, reviews. Their search and systematization is possible only if they all have a unified bibliographic description.
A bibliographic description is the required minimum of information about a print product, and the elements of this description are arranged in a strictly established order. Separating marks are important: period, comma, colon, forward slashes, brackets, they are not placed arbitrarily, but in a certain order. The abbreviations of individual words in the description are made in accordance with GOST.
The history of the bibliographic description goes back more than one century. It begins with the emergence of writing, but takes on special significance with the invention of typography. By the end of the 17th century. indexes appear, in which descriptions are arranged in alphabetical order of authors' names and book titles. It became the norm to single out the author's surname as the first element of the description and to describe the title from the title page. The publisher, year and place of publication are indicated. The first national cataloging code was drawn up by the revolutionary government of France at the end of the 18th century. In Russia, the first instruction appeared in 1809. A significant step forward was made in 1841 in connection with the compilation of the catalog of the British Museum. By the beginning of the XX century. Anglo-American and Prussian systems of description were formed, which still exist today, however, there is a tendency to smooth out differences and unify descriptions.
In our country, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, special instructions were issued, later - GOSTs. For a long time, the rules for bibliographic description were determined by the State All-Union Standard: Bibliographic Description of a Document. General requirements and rules for drawing up. GOST 7.1.84. M., 1984. Nowadays GOST 7.1 - 2003 is in force.
The most complete is the description of printed works on catalog cards and in publications of the Book Chamber. More abbreviated, in which some elements of the description are omitted, it is used in scientific articles and books. There is a special section in GOST, which defines the rules for abbreviated bibliographic descriptions. We will get acquainted with the elements of such a description a little later.
II. A variety of factual material on this issue is quite fully presented in thematic monographs, textbooks and articles. As an example, the following edition can be distinguished: Parfyonov I.D. Basics of Historical Bibliography. Tutorial. M., High School. 1990.-111 p.
When studying the stages of development of historical bibliography, it is advisable to pay attention to a number of points.
The first historical bibliography was the Historical Library, published by Pastor P. Baldouan in Leipzig in 1620.
The largest phenomenon in the bibliography of the ХУ111 century. Became the "Historical Library of France" Jacques Lelong, librarian of monastic segregation. It contained 18 thousand book descriptions.
In France, on May 15, 1791, an instruction was issued for describing books. Abbot Gregoire, head of the Committee for Public Safety, expressed the idea of creating a consolidated catalog of all French books and writing the history of France from a revolutionary point of view.
Lawyer, historian and bibliographer A. Camus made a report on May 27, 1796 at the National Institute of Arts and Sciences, in which he developed the idea that the bibliography of db. is designed not for book collectors, but for scientists.
At the beginning of the twentieth century. the first manual on historical bibliography, prepared by the famous French historian-positivist C. Langlois, appears.
The second attempt at creating a manual is associated with the name of Pierre Caron, a prominent historian and bibliographer. Together with G. Brier, he published 11 issues of the "Systematic Index to the New and Contemporary History of France" (from 1500 to the beginning of the 20th century), which included 45 thousand descriptions of books and articles published from 1898 to 1913.
In Russia the first(there are different points of view on the problem of "first authorship") the historical bibliography was compiled by a member of the Academy of Sciences, a Dane by origin, Adam Selly (1679 - 1745). His "Catalog of the Books of Writers by Their Works Explaining Russian Civil and Church History" was published in Latin in 1736 and translated into Russian in 1815 (164 works).
In 1759, the first historical society of V. Krestinin was created in Russia (there are other points of view on this issue).
Sami is a large edition of the second half of the XU111 century. in the field of historical bibliography was the "Experience of the Historical Dictionary of Russian Writers" (1772), published by NI Novikov, which included several dozen names of Russian historians from the 10th to the 16th centuries.
An outstanding monument of the Russian national bibliography was "The Experience of Russian Bibliography" by VS Sopikov, a book publisher and assistant librarian of the Public Library. More than 13 thousand books and magazines published since the beginning of book printing until 1813 are reflected in his 5 vols. index published in 1813 - 1821.
At the beginning of the 19th century. in 1804 the Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities was created, which in 1846 began to publish the first historical journal "Readings in the Society of Russian History and Antiquities."
In the 30-40s. Х1Х century. Historical departments were created at universities, a department of history and philology at the Academy of Sciences, and in 1846 - the Russian Archaeological Society.
In 1838, the well-known historian A.D. Chertkov published a catalog of his book collection "The General Library of Russia" (contains descriptions of books, manuscripts, periodicals from the XU to the first half of the 19th century, more than 4 thousand records).
In 1866, the Imperial Russian Historical Society was created, in 1877 - the Society of Lovers of Ancient Writing, in 1895 - the Society of Zealots of Russian Historical Enlightenment, in 1889 - the Historical Society at St. Petersburg University ...
Among the prominent specialists in the field of historical bibliography of the second half of the nineteenth century. : A.A. Kunik, P.P. and B.P. Lambins, V.L. Mezhov and others ...
111. The historian obtains valuable bibliographic information primarily from the historical writings with which he gets acquainted. Usually, a history book contains a bibliographic apparatus: footnotes and references to the literature used, and at the end of the book is attached a list of sources and literature used by the author on the topic of this book. The scientific article also contains links and footnotes, which can be used to determine the range of materials used by the author.
But in addition to similar lists of sources and literature available in the historical work itself, there are also separately published bibliographic indexes for individual branches and sections of science. They are compiled, as a rule, by bibliographers using materials from the country's largest book depositories. Several thousand of them have been published all over the world. They are of great help to the researcher, and one needs to be able to use this wealth.
There are several types of separately published bibliographic indexes. The first type is indexes of literature on world history in general . They are often selective, since it is simply impossible to collect all published literature on all sections of history for several hundred years under one cover. Such indexes are mainly intended for novice researchers, and only record the most significant publications. Such is the bibliography for the "World History" published in our country. Historical guidebooks have been published in many other countries.
Pointers for specific periods of world history. Literature indexes on the ancient world, the Middle Ages and modern history have been published in our country. Many pointers and guidebooks on the history of the ancient world and the Middle Ages have been published abroad. Among them should be noted the fundamental indexes to the "Cambridge stories" published in England - antiquity, the Middle Ages, modern history. The situation is more complicated with pointers to recent, or, as it is called in the West, "modern" history. The geographical coverage of historical processes is too great and the published literature is too large to collect all this even in a series of indexes.
Pointers covering the history of individual countries. As a rule, they are compiled in those countries whose history is devoted to. For example, a multivolume history index was published in the USSR. In England and the USA, such pointers are produced in series, each of the pointers is dedicated to a certain period. These indexes usually include all available scientific literature on all sections of the history of the country, and this is their special significance.
Pointers on the history of individual localities. For historians of our country, this is the history of territories and regions, individual cities. Often this branch of historical science is called “local” history. Bibliographies are published on the history of individual counties in England, states in the USA, lands in the Federal Republic of Germany, the history of large cities in New York, Paris, London and others.
Subject guides on the history of specific events and issues. In the Russian bibliography, these are indexes on the history of the Civil War, the Great Patriotic War and other important events in our history. In foreign historiography - on the history of the French bourgeois revolution at the end of the 18th century, the civil war in the United States, etc.
Indexes for individual branches of science. Indexes on economic and social history, history of culture, religion and church, history of social thought are published separately. Bibliographies on the history of the working class, peasantry, and intelligentsia were published in the USSR.
Source pointers. In the named types of pointers, sources and literature are brought together. However, there are also bibliographies of sources published separately: general, specific topics, periods and specific types of sources. Indexes of documentary publications on the history of 1917 and the Civil War, the period of the restoration of the national economy, a bibliography of leaflets and proclamations of Russian Social Democrats, the Bolshevik press were published ... Indexes of medieval cartularies, statistical publications and others were published abroad.
Indexes to Subsidiary Historical Disciplines. In the USSR (hereinafter in Russia) this bibliography was published in the collection Auxiliary Historical Disciplines. Many textbooks on numismatics, genealogy, and chronology have been published abroad.
Indexes on the History of Historical Science. This type of pointers has been particularly developed in recent decades. Back in the 1980s, two volumes were published: one on Russian historiography of the pre-revolutionary period, the second on Soviet historiography. Significant indexes have been published in the USA, for example, on methodology and on the historiography of science.
Bibliography of the works of individual historians. Personalia is an important reserve for the selection of literature on a particular topic. Usually it is published in connection with the anniversaries in the life of the historian in magazines and collections of articles. Special indexes of their works and literature about their work are devoted to major historians. Biobibliographic dictionaries have been published, which contain data on the place of work, the main works of these researchers. Similar dictionaries have been published in the USA and France. In addition, information about foreign historians can be found in national biographical dictionaries and reference books "Who's Who".
Indexes of the content of historical journals. However, historical bibliography and other means of scientific information do not exempt the researcher from independent bibliographic work. The historian is often concerned with a relatively narrow topic. . In the last issues of the journals for the current year, a list of all materials published for the year is published. In addition, indexes to individual journals have been published for a number of years. There are pointers to some foreign journals. But in general, this type of pointers is underdeveloped.
Indexes of publications of historical scientific societies and institutions. This type, like the previous one, is not strictly historical, but it is important. Knowing where this or that historian worked, you can find his research, his colleagues and students. Each institute of the system of the Academy of Sciences, universities periodically publish consolidated lists of published monographs and articles.
Method of familiarization with pointers. It is not enough to know about the existence of the index that interests you, you need to extract the necessary information from it, be able to find the necessary sources and literature, without missing the important. Very often, picking up a pointer, students cannot use it. It takes practice, of course. But some preliminary notes can help in this work.
First of all, you should carefully read the title page. There is indicated the topic on which the sources and literature are collected. Comparing it with your topic, you need to determine how much they coincide and how much they differ. Then it is necessary to clarify the chronological framework of the historical period to which the index is devoted. Here, on the title page, it is indicated for what period the literature was taken into account.
After that, you must carefully read the introduction. The authors indicate by what principles they selected literature: territorial, chronological, linguistic. It is very important to understand which library collections they surveyed, which journals and bibliographic sources they studied, for example: whether articles from collections, dissertations, abstracts of the latter, or deposited works were included. If this index does not contain such works, the researcher will find them from other sources.
In the introduction to the index, the basic principles of its structure are formulated. You should carefully study the table of contents. If you don't, you might miss out on a lot of valuable content.
The most common mistake when working with pointers is the desire to view only the section that directly corresponds to the topic, without looking into the general and related departments. In this case, you can skip a lot of interesting and important material.
When dealing with foreign indexes, one must bear in mind that a different periodization is adopted there - "by kings". For example, in the history of Great Britain, the eras of the Tudors, Stuarts, and the Victorian era are highlighted. Therefore, it is often necessary to look through "adjacent" eras in order to collect material, for example, on the industrial revolution of the last third of the 19th century.
In these indexes, a thematic structure is adopted: in the foreground, political, administrative, then social and economic history. Often, social and economic are listed in separate indexes. Therefore, in order to comprehensively study the topic, you need to look through a number of related pointers.
When working with an index, pay attention to the techniques of bibliographic description. Abbreviations of words and names of magazines are often used, which turn the index into a rebus. You should carefully study the list of abbreviations, which will help decipher the entry. At the end there are auxiliary indexes - alphabetical, geographical, sometimes subject. They can be used for making inquiries, but this does not relieve the researcher of the task of carefully reviewing the entire index.
IУ. Bibliographers have been developing bibliographic search methods for a long time, looking for the most optimal methods. Even C. Langlois, the author of the first manual on historical bibliography, wrote that "to study bibliography is to study the use of bibliographic tools."
Basically, two methods are used - solid and selective. With a continuous line, all the manuals in which information may appear are sequentially viewed. The method is reliable, keeping gaps to a minimum, but time consuming.
Researchers are more likely to use the selective, or concentric, method. In this case, the search is carried out in book bibliographies with the use of bibliographic aids.
Bibliographic search consists of the following main stages. It starts with working in catalogs and library card files. In the identified literature, the book bibliography is examined.
Then the historian finds out what bibliographic aids exist on his problem, referring to the bibliography of historical bibliography, that is, as bibliographers call it, bibliography of the second degree.
The next step is to turn to the universal bibliography, which helps to find literature that has not been included in historical indexes. For example, the literature reflected in the index ends in 1965. In this case, the universal bibliography for the "History" section should be reviewed starting from 1965.
The historian makes extensive use of reference materials, dictionaries, encyclopedias, using the bibliographic information contained in these publications. Finally, a bibliography on related social sciences is reviewed. For example, while working on the history of social thought - in philosophy, political history, the researcher studies legal bibliography, etc.
This is a rough hindsight search scheme. Sometimes the sequence of actions may be different, but all the necessary steps must be passed. And at all stages, again and again, you have to refer to the book and article bibliography - every book or article found becomes a valuable source of information. The main thing is not to miss anything important, essential.
Working with catalogs and library card files. Library catalogs and filing cabinets are made up of cards. In accordance with the rules of bibliographic description, they contain information about the author, title, place and year of publication of the scientific work. There is a card for every book stored in the library. The card contains the inventory number under which it is kept in the library. The inventory number makes it easy to find the book. Therefore, when writing out the title of the book, you must also indicate the inventory number.
When working with catalogs, one has to deal only with the literature that is in a given library, in contrast to bibliographic manuals, in which all literature is collected, regardless of where it is stored. Often a researcher works in several libraries. The most complete collections of sources and literature are concentrated in Moscow in the State Public Historical Library, the Russian State Library, the All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature, at the Institute for Scientific Information on Social Sciences; in St. Petersburg - in the Russian National Library, the Library of the Academy of Sciences, etc. Each academic institute, university, pedagogical institute has scientific libraries. You should start work on a topic in the library of your university or city, and literature stored in libraries of other cities should be subscribed to by interlibrary loan.
Each library has its own systematic catalog. First of all, you need to familiarize yourself with its scheme. So, with the decimal classification system, the entire book fund is divided into 10 sections. History - 9th section. Each branch of knowledge is subdivided into departments, which in turn are subdivided into subdivisions. Moreover, each subsection has a conventional designation - an index that helps to navigate in the scheme. The main principle of the catalog is that departments and sub-departments are arranged from general to specific.
Within the headings, the cards are arranged by year of publication in reverse chronological order: the newest literature is in the foreground. Within a year, the cards are arranged in alphabetical order of surnames, authors. First, literature in Russian, then - of the peoples of the CIS, and, finally, literature in foreign languages (in the alphabet of languages).
There is an alphabetic subject index to the systematic catalog, using which you can find the index of the required subsection. You should also look through other sections of the catalog, where there may be historical literature, "Economics", "Political Science", etc.
The subject catalog allows you to quickly find literature on a specific issue, but it is imperative to identify as many subject words as possible in order to more fully select the literature.
The alphabetical catalog, available in each library, contains a list of all books arranged in a single alphabet in Russian by them in foreign languages. If the authors have the same surnames, the cards are arranged alphabetically by name and patronymic. When one author has several books, the cards on them are arranged in the alphabet of titles. If the book had several editions, then the cards are arranged in reverse chronological order.
In addition to catalogs, there are various filing cabinets. The card file of journal articles is compiled on the basis of cards published by the Book Chamber, and is formed according to the classification adopted in the publications of the Chamber.
Researchers often use the local history card index if they are studying the history of a city, region, or region. Such card indexes are kept in regional libraries and libraries of universities. There are other types of cards. Therefore, when starting to work in the library, the historian should familiarize himself with the existing catalogs and card indexes.
Working with book and cited bibliography... Having found a book or article, you need to subscribe to the literature indicated in the footnotes. In addition, books often include a list of sources and literature used by the author. After reading the books and articles indicated there, the titles of books and articles are again written out from them. This is how the necessary literature is collected.
Bibliographers have traditionally, since the 1920s, criticized historians for errors in bibliographic descriptions, inaccuracies in the systematization of the material. These reproaches are true. The design of the bibliographic apparatus should be treated in the same way as any other stage of research. Learning the basics of historical bibliography teaches the skills a researcher needs.
Book and article lists have some advantages. First, they provide faster information than fundamental pointers. Even in the current indexes, we receive information about published literature with a delay of 1-2 years (especially for foreign literature). With regard to retrospective indexes, the boundary of completion of the accounting of literature is pushed back every year, and information is given about yesterday's state of the study of a particular problem. From a new article in a magazine or book, we immediately get the necessary directional information.
Secondly, these lists are compiled by a specialist who has studied this literature and sources. Of course, subjectivity of choice is possible, but it is corrected by lists in other articles and books.
As for errors in the description, they can be corrected using the catalog or manuals. If the systematization is unsuccessful, then, having familiarized yourself with the entire list (they are usually small), you can avoid skipping the article or book that interests us.
The role of book and work bibliography in the system of scientific information on history is constantly growing. This is due to the growing flow of literature on history. No indexes are able to contain information about this literature: even if one tried to collect everything published on a relatively narrow topic in 10-20 years, it would require a multivolume publication. Under these conditions, a scientific book, its bibliographic apparatus provide the most complete directional and operational information to the researcher.
