Each category of pronoun. Decimal number system, classes and digits of natural numbers

As decimal number system local, then the number depends not only on the digits written in it, but also on the place where each digit is written.

Definition: The place where a digit is written in a number is called the digit of the number.

For example, a number consists of three digits: 1, 0 and 3. The local, or bit, notation system allows you to make three-digit numbers from these three digits: 103, 130, 301, 310 and two-digit numbers: 013, 031. The given numbers are arranged in order ascending: each previous number is less than the next.

Therefore, the numbers that are used to write a number do not fully determine this number, but only serve as a tool for writing it.

The number itself is built taking into account discharges, in which this or that digit is written, i.e. the desired digit must also occupy the right place in the notation of the number.

Rule. Discharges natural numbers are named from right to left from 1 to a larger number, each bit has its own number and place in the notation of the number.

The most used numbers have up to 12 digits. Numbers with more than 12 digits belong to the group of large numbers.

The number of places occupied by digits, provided that the digit of the largest digit is not 0, determines the capacity of the number. We can say about a number that it is: single-valued (single-digit), for example 5; two-digit (two-digit), for example 15; three-digit (three-digit), such as 551, etc.

In addition to the serial number, each of the digits has its own name: the digit of units (1st), the digit of tens (2nd), the digit of hundreds (3rd), the digit of thousands of units (4th), the digit of tens of thousands (5th ), etc. Every three digits, starting from the first, are combined into classes. Everyone Class also has its own serial number and name.

For example, the first 3 discharge(from 1st to 3rd inclusive) is Class units with serial number 1; the third Class- This Class million, it includes the 7th, 8th and 9th ranks.

Let us give the structure of the bit construction of a number, or a table of bits and classes.

The number 127 432 706 408 is twelve-digit and reads like this: one hundred twenty-seven billion four hundred thirty-two million seven hundred six thousand four hundred eight. This is a multi-digit number of the fourth class. Three digits of each class are read as three-digit numbers: one hundred twenty-seven, four hundred thirty-two, seven hundred six, four hundred eight. For every class three digit number the name of the class is added: "billions", "millions", "thousands".

For a class of units, the name is omitted (meaning "units").

Numbers from the 5th grade and above are large numbers. Big numbers are used only in specific branches of Knowledge (astronomy, physics, electronics, etc.).

Let us give an introductory name of the classes from the fifth to the ninth: units of the 5th class - trillions, 6th class - quadrillions, 7th class - quintillions, 8th class - sextillions, 9th class - septillions.

By value and syntactic functions pronouns are divided into the following categories.

1. Personal pronouns me, we (1st person), you you (2nd person), he, she, it, they (3rd person) indicate a person, an object and answer the questions “who?”, “What?”.

2. reflexive pronoun myself indicates that the action being performed is directed at the actor himself, is performed for this person, etc. This pronoun has no gender, number and form. Word yourself can also act as a particle: Get past yourself!

3. Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs indicate the belonging of the object to someone and answer the question "whose?".

Pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours change by gender (mine, mine, mine; yours, yours, yours), numbers ( ours is ours, yours is yours) and cases, while they are declined as adjectives: my, my, my, my etc. In the sentence they are used as agreed definitions.

4. Demonstrative pronouns that, this, such, such, so much, this, this (the last two are obsolete) indicate objects or their qualities, quantity. They usually define the name of an entity with which they agree in gender, number, and case, while inflecting as an adjective: that number, that angle. Pronoun such is has only gender and number forms: such, such, such, such . It is used much less frequently than such , and usually acts as the nominal part of the compound predicate: Cheese fell out - with him was cheat such is .

Pronoun so many combined with noun in the plural form, therefore it changes only in cases, while maintaining the stress on the first syllable during declension: so many books so many books etc.

5. Interrogative pronouns who, what, what, what, whose, which, how much used in interrogative sentences to express a question about an object, attribute or quantity: "What time is it now?"

Pronouns who, what, how much change only in cases (whom, to whom, by whom etc.), which, which, whose - by gender, number and case: what, what, what, what; what, what, what etc.; which - by gender and number: what is, what is, what is. When declining a pronoun how many the emphasis remains on the stem: how many, how many, how many etc.

Pronoun which used when asking about the order of a score or about one of several items: What time is it now? When asked about the quality of an object, the pronoun is used which : What color do you like?

6. Relative pronouns who, what, what, what, whose, which, how much differ from interrogative ones in that they are used only to connect parts of a complex sentence: Relative pronouns change in the same way as interrogative ones.

7. Definitive pronouns all, everyone, each, himself, most, other, other have different functions. For example, pronouns everyone, everyone point to any object taken from among many, have a meaning "everything, every single one". pronoun the whole has a generalized collective meaning: Defining pronouns have gender forms (whole, all, everything) numbers (everyone, everyone) and case (each, each, each, each etc.).

8. Negative pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none indicate the absence of an object, a sign: no one came, nothing to say. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes no-, no- and therefore change in the same way as the words from which they are formed: no one, no one, no one, no one etc.; none, none, none, none etc.

Pronouns nobody, nothing do not have Im case forms.

If negative pronouns are used with a preposition, it is placed between no, neither and pronoun: no one, no one.

9. Indefinite pronouns someone, something, some, some and others are formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes not, something - and postfixes something, something, something . They are used to indicate indefinite objects, features and quantities, for an approximate indication of an object, feature or quantity. Pronouns some, some, some, some, any, somebody and others answering questions "what?", "whose?", vary by gender (some, some, some), numbers ( ka- anyone, any ), cases (some, some, some etc.).

Pronoun someone used only in the form Im p, something - in the forms of Im and V P.

Digits in the notation of multi-digit numbers are divided from right to left into groups of three digits each. These groups are called classes. In each class, the numbers from right to left represent the units, tens, and hundreds of that class:

The first class on the right is called unit class, second - thousand, the third - million, fourth - billion, fifth - trillion, sixth - quadrillion, seventh - quintillion, eighth - sextillions.

For the convenience of reading the record of a multi-digit number, a small gap is left between the classes. For example, to read the number 148951784296, we select classes in it:

and read the number of units of each class from left to right:

148 billion 951 million 784 thousand 296.

When reading a class of units, the word units is usually not added at the end.

Each digit in the record of a multi-digit number occupies a certain place - a position. The place (position) in the record of the number on which the digit stands is called discharge.

The digits are counted from right to left. That is, the first digit on the right in the number entry is called the first digit, the second digit on the right is the second digit, etc. For example, in the first class of the number 148 951 784 296, the number 6 is the first digit, 9 is the second digit, 2 - digit of the third digit:

Units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. are also called bit units:
units are called units of the 1st category (or simple units)
tens are called units of the 2nd digit
hundreds are called units of the 3rd category, etc.

All units except simple units are called constituent units. So, a dozen, a hundred, a thousand, etc. are constituent units. Every 10 units of any rank is one unit of the next (higher) rank. For example, a hundred contains 10 tens, a dozen - 10 simple units.

Any constituent unit compared to another unit smaller than it is called unit of the highest category, and in comparison with a unit greater than it is called lowest rank unit. For example, a hundred is a higher unit relative to ten and a lower unit relative to a thousand.

To find out how many units of any digit are in a number, you must discard all the digits that mean the units of the lower digits and read the number expressed by the remaining digits.

For example, you want to know how many hundreds are in the number 6284, i.e. how many hundreds are in thousands and hundreds of this number together.

In the number 6284, the third place in the class of units is the number 2, which means that there are two simple hundreds in the number. The next number to the left is 6, meaning thousands. Since every thousand contains 10 hundreds, there are 60 of them in 6 thousand. In total, therefore, this number contains 62 hundreds.

The number 0 in any digit means the absence of units in this digit. For example, the number 0 in the tens place means the absence of tens, in the hundreds place - the absence of hundreds, etc. In the place where 0 stands, nothing is pronounced when reading the number:

172 526 - one hundred seventy-two thousand five hundred twenty-six.
102026 - one hundred two thousand twenty-six.

Meaning and grammatical features pronouns in Russian are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite, attributive and demonstrative.

Table "Discharges of pronouns"

In order to correctly determine the category of pronouns, we will find out what meanings they have in speech, and highlight their main grammatical features.

In the table, we got acquainted with the categories of pronouns with examples of their use in Russian. We previously learned .

personal pronouns "I", "we", "you", "you", "he", "she", "it", "they" point to a person or thing.

Pronouns "I", "we" refer to the first person; "you you"- to the second; "he she it"- to the third.

I climbed a tall pine tree and began to scream (K. Paustovsky).

We walked along the moose trail (K. Paustovsky).

Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? (K. Simonov)

Have you seen how, under a coniferous roof, a gingerbread man walks in morocco boots ..? (A. Kovalenko)

Pronouns "he she it" masculine, feminine and neuter are defined.

He sang, and from every sound of his voice something familiar and immensely wide blew, as if the familiar steppe was opening before you, going into the endless distance (I.S. Turgenev).

After Masha rummaged through the compositions, she settled on novels (A. Pushkin).

To the left, a field began at the edge of the village; it was visible far to the horizon, and in the full breadth of this field, flooded with moonlight, there was also no movement, no sound (A. Chekhov).

Personal pronouns have the category of singular and plural.

Compare:

• I, you - we, you;
• he, she, it - they.

However, we keep in mind that the pronouns "I" and "we" , "you and "you" are not singular and plural of the same word. Pronouns "we" and "you" do not designate "a lot of me" or "a lot of you". They indicate the speaker or interlocutor along with other persons involved in a conversation or in a certain action.

All personal pronouns change by case. When they are declined in oblique cases, completely different words appear:

• i - me;
• you - you;
• she her;
• they are them.

As soon as I touch mathematics, I will again forget everything in the world (S. Kovalevskaya).

reflexive pronoun "myself" indicates the person they are talking about.

Do you look into yourself? There is no trace of the past (M. Lermontov).

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands (A. Pushkin).

This pronoun has no nominative form, grammatical categories of person, gender, number. It only changes in cases:

• i.p. -
• r.p. myself
• d.p. yourself
• c.p. myself
• etc. yourself
• p.p. About Me

horse (im.p.) (whose?) his (r.p.).

It happened that a nightingale flew to their noise (I.A. Krylov).

Noise (whose?) them- inconsistent definition.

Possessive pronouns "his", "her", "them" do not change.

Words that respond to nouns who? what?), adjectives ( which? whose? what? which one?) and numerals ( how much?) are interrogative pronouns.

Who's knocking at the gate? (S. Marshak).

What will I do for people? - Danko (M. Gorky) shouted louder than thunder.

Suddenly he turned to his mother: "Avdotya Vasilievna, how old is Petrusha?" (A. Pushkin).

"What don't you understand?" - Pavel Vasilyevich asks Styopa (A. Chekhov).

What news did you receive yesterday?

What is the answer to my question?

What is the number of math lesson?

The same pronouns, only without a question, serve to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one and are called relative:

Look how many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore (A. Kataev).

A hundred paces from me a dark grove which I just got out (A. Chekhov).

He was not at all what Konstantin (L. Tolstoy) imagined him to be.

It was already getting dark, and Vasily could not understand who was coming (K. Paustovsky).

Often I wanted to guess what he was writing about (A. Pushkin).

I also thought about the person in whose hands my fate was (A. Pushkin).

Indefinite pronouns

Indicate unknown objects, signs and quantities:

"someone", "something", "some", "several", "someone", "something", "someone", "someone", "someone", "some ”, “some”, “some”, “some”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, “any”, “so many”.

Someone played the violin ... the girl sang a soft contralto, laughter was heard (M. Gorky).

It became scary, as if some kind of danger silently lay in wait for him in this silence (V. Kataev).

In the living room, something small fell off the table and broke (A. Chekhov).

You are incapable of acting any motives (K. Fedin).

But, perhaps, in some ways he was right (M. Sholokhov).

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns "no one", "nothing", "no one", "nothing", "none", "no one", "not at all" serve to deny the presence of some object, feature or quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the whole sentence.

I do not want to sadden you with anything (A. Pushkin).

Nobody really knew anything (K. Simonov).

Vladik stood silently, not bullying anyone and not answering anyone's questions (A. Gaidar).

They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- or shock attachment not-.

Pronouns "no one", "nothing" do not have a nominative case.

They were silent, because there was nothing to tell each other (I.A. Goncharov).

There is no one to ask when he himself is to blame (proverb).

Pronouns "no one", "none", "no one", "no one", "nothing" can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix:

from no one, on nothing, under no one, behind anyone, from no one, not because of anything, etc.

In nothing is the folk character so freely manifested as in song and dance (A. Fadeev).

I don’t want to think about anything, interfere in anything (M. Prishvin).

An attempt to intercept Masha on the way did not lead to anything (A. Fadeev).

“that”, “this”, “such”, “such”, “so much” serve to distinguish among others some specific object, feature, quantity.

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals at a shot! (A. Griboedov).

All this would be funny if it were not so sad (M. Lermontov).

How many heads, so many minds (proverb).

In the dark, I climbed into such a windbreak, from which you will not soon get out even during the day. However, I managed to get out of this maze (V. Arseniev).

Definitive pronouns - “all”, “every”, “himself”, “most”, “each”, “any”, “other”, “other”, “whole”.

Everyone who is young, give us a hand - into our ranks, friends! (L. Oshanin).

Every work of the master praises (proverb).

Learn to control yourself; not everyone will understand you like me; inexperience leads to trouble (A. Pushkin).

To the right, the whole village was visible, a long street stretched for five miles (A. Chekhov).

These pronouns change in gender, number, and case like adjectives.

Video lesson in Russian for 6th grade students “Pronoun. Ranks of pronouns»