Mother bitter characterization of heroes. Characteristics and image of Pavel Vlasov novel Mother (Gorky A

The people depicted in the novel "Mother" are divided into two camps, completely hostile to each other. They stand on opposite sides of the barricade of the class struggle: on the one hand, the workers, the revolutionary intelligentsia, who came to the working class and brought it the revolutionary theory of Marxism, the peasantry, organized by the working class and uniting with it to fight; on the other hand, representatives of the ruling, exploiting classes: the factory director, the shopkeepers, the gendarmerie officer mocking his mother, the bailiff beating Rybin, the judges defending the power of the manufacturers. ( This material will help to correctly write on the topic The image and character of Pavel Vlasov in the novel Mother. The summary does not make it possible to understand the whole meaning of the work, therefore this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, short stories, stories, plays, poems.) They all oppose the revolution together, full of hatred for it, striving to strangle it in the bud.

In the struggle for liberation, the best traits of human character grow stronger and grow. Concisely and strongly Gorky depicts this growth of the working man together with the growth of the revolutionary movement.

Each image associated with the working environment plays its own special role in the novel, has its own special meaning. Pavel Vlasov's father belongs to the most backward representatives of the older generation of workers. He is broken by cruel capitalist exploitation, which has sucked all the vitality out of him. A representative of this generation and Nilovna is Pavel's mother. Only the connection with the revolutionary youth, the example of her son help her to find the true purpose of life, to join the cause of the struggle for its reorganization.

Gorky lovingly draws images of selfless revolutionaries - Pavel Vlasov and his comrades in the struggle: workers Andrei Nakhodka, Samoilov, Sizov, Nikolai Vesovshchikov and many others.

The workers' revolutionary circle, whose participants were Pavel Vlasov, Andrey Nakhodka, Sizov and other workers, set great political tasks. Gorky clearly contrasts it with the social-democratic circles widespread in the late 1990s, which were affected by the bourgeois influence of Economism. As in the revolutionary circle of Sormovo workers, with whom Gorky was associated, the work of the circle of Pavel Vlasov had a militant, Bolshevik character. Agitation among the peasantry, expansion of revolutionary influence on the broad masses of workers, strengthening of ties with the leading underground Social Democratic organizations, leaflets issued not only with the aim of combating abuses in the factory, but also against the entire system of capitalism and autocracy, studying the revolutionary movement for abroad - all this speaks of the political revolutionary tasks that the workers' circle, depicted in the novel "Mother", set for itself.

Pavel Vlasov is a representative of a new generation of workers. A simple working boy, whose dreams are limited to good clothes, Sunday entertainment in the circle of comrades - such is Pavel at the beginning of the novel. But acquaintance with the ideas of socialism transforms it, reveals a lofty goal - serving the people. This goal awakens all the forces of his mighty spirit.

The first unsuccessful attempt in the case of the “bog kopeck” to raise the workers against the “owners” does not disappoint Pavel either in the rightness of his cause, or in the strength of the workers and in their ability to fight. He comes home "gloomy, tired, strangely troubled." He is offended not for the workers, but for himself. “They didn’t believe me, they didn’t follow my truth, which means I didn’t know how to tell it! ..” - he says to his mother. And when the mother, wanting to console, said quietly: “Wait a minute! Today they didn’t understand - tomorrow they will understand ... ”, he exclaims with deep conviction:“ They must understand!

Deep confidence in the rightness of his cause, the dedication of his whole life to the struggle for a just cause, the conviction in the final victory are the most characteristic features of Pavel Vlasov.

When the soldiers sent to disperse and suppress the May Day demonstration led by Pavel moved on the crowd, he exclaimed with deep conviction: “Comrades! .. Soldiers are people like us. They won't hit us. Why beat? For the fact that we carry the truth that everyone needs? After all, they need the truth. So far they do not understand this, but the time is near when they, too, will stand beside us, when they will march not under the banner of robbery and murder, but under our banner of freedom. And in order for them to understand our truth sooner, we must move forward. Forward, comrades! Always forward!"

Pavel's whole life is a movement forward through the difficult path of revolutionary struggle. He knows what threatens him to embark on this path. He is ready to give up personal happiness, he warns his mother that a prison awaits him ahead, perhaps even death.

Preparing for the demonstration, Paul decides to carry the banner himself. To the offer to cede this right to another, he answers with a resolute “no!” During the demonstration, Andrei Nakhodka steps forward to shield Pavel, who is walking with a banner, from the soldiers' bayonets with his body, but Pavel throws him: “Next! You have no right! Ahead - the banner!

Pavel Vlasov is a man of great inner beauty and strength; courage, will, nobility, ability to exploit - all these best human qualities in Paul and his comrades are subordinated to the highest goal - serving their native people. They find the highest happiness in selfless revolutionary struggle.

Among Pavel's comrades, Gorky shows workers of various levels of development and stamina in the struggle.

Andrei Nakhodka lacks Pavel's will and composure, he did not fully realize the severity of the trials that everyone who has embarked on the path of revolution must subject himself to. Nikolai Vyesovshchikov is a young worker who has just joined the ranks of the fighters for the revolution. There is still no party discipline in him, he is capable of anarchic, rash acts that can harm the common cause. Party leadership from such staunch and seasoned revolutionaries as Pavel Vlasov helps him become a real fighter of the revolution.

About the time when the events of the novel unfold, V. I. Lenin wrote: “We are experiencing an extremely important moment in the history of the Russian working-class movement ... Recent years have been characterized by an amazingly rapid spread of social democratic ideas among our intelligentsia, and social thought is moving towards this trend the independent movement of the industrial proletariat, which begins to unite and fight against its oppressors, begins to avidly strive for socialism.

On a living example of the activities of Pavel, his comrades and Sasha walking hand in hand with them; Natasha, Nikolai Ivanovich and Sofya Gorky illuminated in his novel this important aspect of the revolutionary movement and showed the connection between the workers and the revolutionary intelligentsia, which carried the teachings of Marx to the working masses.

The novel reflects various aspects of the revolutionary struggle of the working class: underground work (self-education circles, printing and distribution of leaflets, illegal publications, secret meetings, revolutionary propaganda in the countryside, among the peasants), the use of economic clashes between workers and entrepreneurs for political struggle (opposition to the collection " swamp penny"), a call for a strike, the organization of demonstrations, the use of the royal court as a platform for revolutionary propaganda.

The novel clearly shows the leading role of the party in the labor movement. In Pavel Vlasov and his comrades, in Yegor Ivanovich and Sofya, we see the Bolsheviks - by their behavior, by the way they resolve the most important questions of leading the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants. In the coverage of these issues in the novel, first of all, the Bolshevik position of Gorky himself had an effect.

In a Bolshevik way, the very important question of the participation and role of the peasantry in the imminent revolution is resolved in the novel. Lenin in his book Two Tactics of Social Democracy in a Democratic Revolution (1905) wrote: “Only the proletariat can be a consistent fighter for democracy. He can prove to be a victorious fighter for democracy only if the mass of the peasantry joins his revolutionary struggle.

Gorky in the novel "Mother" revealed that the workers' movement exerts its influence on the peasantry. A number of images of peasants - Rybin, Ignat, Yefim, Saveliy, Tatyana, Stepan and Pyotr Ryabinin - depict the growing strength of resistance to the oppressors in the peasantry.

The attitude of the peasants towards the beating of Rybin by the bailiff is characteristic: “The crowd buzzed hostilely, swayed, advancing on the bailiff, he noticed this, jumped back and grabbed the saber from the scabbard. "You are so? Rebel? Ah? .. Is that it? .. ”- the bailiff shouts. Instead of the arrested Rybin, Pyotr Ryabinin takes the propaganda literature from Nilovna. “We need books... We will find a place for everything!.. An amazing case, so to speak!.. - he says. - In one place it was torn, in another it was overwhelmed! Nothing! A newspaper, mother, is good, and she does her job - she rubs her eyes!

In his novel, Gorky spoke of the unstoppable growth of solidarity with the working class among the people. Nilovna sees silent sympathy in the eyes of the people who surrounded her in a tight ring at the time of her arrest: "... her eyes did not fade away and saw many other eyes - they burned with a bold, sharp fire familiar to her - a fire native to her heart." And the mother’s words addressed to the assembled people sound inviting: “Gather, people, your forces into one force!”

Neither in the work of Gorky himself before 1905, nor in the work of any other Russian or foreign writer, was there such a penetrating image of the process of renewal of the soul, such a subtle disclosure of all the nuances of the formation of a new revolutionary consciousness, which we find in the novel "Mother".

The foregoing applies primarily to the image of Nilovna. She is the main, main character of the novel. The decisive importance of this image in the structure of the book can be seen already from its title.

The most remarkable thing in the history of Nilovna is the harmonious combination of the theme of the mother's heart with the theme of social and political.

A kind of psychological chronicle unfolds before us. And how many spiritual nuances are imprinted in it! The quiet and submissive sadness of a woman downtrodden by her degraded, feral husband; the same submissive and painful sadness, caused by the fact that the young man-son seemed to have moved along his father's - wild and inhuman - path; the first joys in her life, experienced by her, when her son managed to overcome the cheap temptations of drunken and wild entertainments; then a new anxiety of the mother's heart at the sight of the fact that the son "concentrated and stubbornly swims somewhere to the side from the dark stream of life" ...

The author is in no hurry. He knows that there are no instant renewals of the soul, And before us passes day by day in the life of a mother; we observe both her doubts and the estrangement from her son and his friends that arose at certain moments - and we observe how new moods and concepts are gradually formed in her spiritual world. And how complex, how rich her spiritual world turns out to be!

In Gorky's novel, the eternal acquires a new meaning and a new sharpness, for it is shown in the most complex dramatic social context; and the ideological searches and insights of a woman of the late 19th - early 20th century become quiveringly alive, because they are permeated with the eternal light of maternal feeling.

The beginning of a new historical era and a new literary era was also announced to the world by the image of Pavel Vlasov, not as saturated with psychological nuances as the image of the Mother, but also charming, monumental, full of deep meaning. This was the first image in world literature of the political leader of the workers, carrying the ideas of scientific socialism to the masses, organizing the masses for a living, practical, revolutionary cause.

The image of Paul, like the image of the Mother, is drawn both in soberly realistic and in elevated romantic tones. These colors are suggested to the writer by life itself. The revolutionary struggle of the working class demanded a scientific comprehension of social reality, a strict consideration of all its factors, and it also demanded that spiritual upsurge, that enthusiasm, without which victory would have been impossible. Therefore, Pavel Vlasov is shown as a sober analyst, as a person extremely restrained, reaching the understanding of his duty to "monastic severity", and he is also shown in the dramatic moments of his life, when he wanted to "throw people his heart, lit by the fire of a dream of truth ". Reading such lines, we remember Danko. But if the hero of the legend was tragically lonely, then the hero of the novel is strong in his ever-strengthening connection with the work collective, with the progressive intelligentsia. The era of historical creativity of the broadest sections of the working people - workers and peasants, has come, an era that has put forward a completely new type of hero. And this is beautifully shown in the novel.

Gorky's innovation also manifested itself in revealing the beneficial changes that the socialist ideal brought to family relations. We see how the friendship of Pelageya Vlasova and Pavel Vlasov arises and develops, a friendship that was born not only of maternal love and filial love, but also of joint participation in a great historical cause. The most complex dialectic of the relationship between these two remarkable people is very subtly and penetratingly revealed by Gorky. Pavel has a strong spiritual influence on Nilovna. Communication with her son reopens her eyes to the world. However, she also affects her son. And her influence, as Gorky shows with the help of subtle psychological and worldly nuances, was no less significant. Maybe even more significant! Communication with the Mother was for the stern, at first somewhat straightforward and harsh Pavel, a school of cordial kindness, modesty and tact. He became softer towards close people, his soul became more flexible, sensitive and wise. He achieved through communion with the Mother that high humanity, without which a true revolutionary is inconceivable.

Sources:

Gorky M. Selected / Foreword. N. N. Zhegalova; Il. B. A. Dekhtereva.- M.: Det. lit., 1985.- 686 p., ill., 9 sheets. ill.

annotation

The foregoing applies primarily to the image of Nilovna. She is the main character of the novel. The decisive importance of this image in the structure of the book can be seen already from its title.

The most remarkable thing in the history of Nilovna seems to be

harmonious combination of the theme of the mother's heart with the theme of social and political.

A kind of psychological chronicle unfolds before us.

And how many spiritual nuances are imprinted in it! The quiet and submissive sadness of a woman downtrodden by her degraded, feral husband; the same submissive and painful sadness caused by the fact that the young son seemed to have moved along his father's - wild and inhuman - path; the first joys in her life, experienced by her, when her son managed to overcome the cheap temptations of drunken and wild entertainments; then a new anxiety of the mother's heart at the sight of the fact that the son "concentrated and stubbornly

floats somewhere away from the dark stream of life”… The author is not in a hurry. He knows that there are no instant renewals of the soul, And before us passes day by day in the life of a mother; we observe both her doubts and the estrangement from her son and his friends that arose at certain moments - and we observe how new moods and concepts are gradually formed in her spiritual world. And how complex, how rich her spiritual world turns out to be!

In Gorky's novel, the eternal acquires a new meaning and a new sharpness, for it is shown in the most complex dramatic social context; and the ideological searches and insights of a woman of the late 19th - early 20th century become tremulously alive, because they are permeated with the eternal light of maternal feeling.

The image of Paul, like the image of the Mother, is drawn both in soberly realistic and in elevated romantic tones. These colors are suggested to the writer by life itself. The revolutionary struggle of the working class demanded a scientific comprehension of social reality, a strict consideration of all its factors, and it also demanded that spiritual upsurge, that enthusiasm, without which victory would have been impossible. Therefore, Pavel Vlasov is shown as a sober analyst, as a highly restrained person, reaching “monastic severity” in understanding his duty, and he is also shown in dramatic moments of his life, when he wanted to “throw his heart to people, lit by the fire of a dream of truth.” ". Reading such lines, we remember Danko. But if the hero of the legend was tragically lonely, then the hero of the novel is strong in his ever-strengthening connection with the work collective, with the progressive intelligentsia. The era of historical creativity of the broadest sections of the working people - workers and peasants, has come, an era that has put forward a completely new type of hero. And this is beautifully shown in the novel.

Sources:

Essay on literature on the topic: Pavel Vlasov (Mother Gorky)

Other writings:

From his youth, Gorky dreamed of a real person. He searched, but found only a beautiful romantic tale about the proud and brave Danko. Gorky saw the living embodiment of his dream only after he met the professional revolutionaries. These people amazed him with their spiritual Read More ......
Mother The novel takes place in Russia in the early 1900s. Factory workers with their families live in the working settlement, and the whole life of these people is inextricably linked with the factory: in the morning, with a factory whistle, the workers rush to the factory, in the evening it throws them out of Read More ......
Revealing the historical and literary significance of the novel “Mother”, its effective influence on the revolutionary education of the masses, we will help students to see the enduring ideological and aesthetic value of the book, created at the dawn of the new literature, its consonance with our modernity. Statement in the course of the analysis of such issues as the choice of life path, the importance of Read More ......
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People can arouse sympathy with their erudition, courage, temperament ... But you never know the merits of a person! But the main thing is to-. dignity, in my opinion, is a sense of purpose, a willingness to follow the chosen path to the end. Purposefulness is, as it were, a core, without which character, Read More ......
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Pavel Vlasov (Mother Gorky)

We present to your attention the novel that M. Gorky created - "Mother", a summary of it and analysis. This work was published for the first time in the USA (1906-1907). With significant censorship distortions in our country, it came out in 1907-1908. And only after the revolution of 1917 - in its original form.

Andrey Nakhodka

Andrei Onisimovich Nakhodka (Andrey - "crest") - revolutionary underground worker, adopted son of Nilovna and friend of Pavel Vlasov. He is a Ukrainian, an adopted orphan (as the hero's surname also speaks of), "illegitimate". His name means that he is "the son of all people", symbolizes the humane, "universal beginning of the revolution, which M. Gorky ("Mother") wanted to emphasize.

Arrest

The hero expresses thoughts about the international brotherhood of workers, containing references to the Gospel. Nilovna invites him to settle in their house. As a result of the search, it turns out that Andrei has already been brought to trial twice for political crimes. He is arrested again, but released a few weeks later. In a conversation with him, for Nilovna, the feeling of motherhood in a universal, concrete, even mystical sense is actualized. This hero takes an indirect part in the murder of Isai Gorbov, a local informer and spy. This causes him severe moral suffering, although Andrei understands the need to destroy such "Judes". During the demonstration on May 1, he is near Pavel, who is carrying a banner, and they are arrested. During the trial, Andrei receives a word after Pavel, but then he is deprived of the opportunity to speak. Friends together sentenced to exile in Siberia.

Nilovna

Vlasova Pelageya Nilovna is a heroine whose image symbolizes Russia in the novel. It is connected with the "folk", universal perception of events. The dynamics of Nilovna's character is designed to reflect the changes in the psychology of the people. Her love for her son transforms into love for people in general. With the idea of an active political struggle, the Christian meaning is combined in this character. The revolutionary movement is perceived by her as the movement of "children". She, being a mother, cannot sympathize with him, which is noted by M. Gorky ("Mother").

Her son Pavel, after the death of her husband, wanted to live "like a father." The woman persuades him not to do it. But the changes taking place in her son frighten her. Seeing Pavel's associates, Nilovna cannot believe that they are "forbidden people." They don't seem scary at all. Nilovna invites Pavel to take Andrei as a lodger, essentially becoming a mother for him too. After her friends are arrested, she experiences a feeling of loneliness, as she is used to communicating with young people.

leaflet distribution

Two days after his arrest, his son's friends ask for help distributing leaflets at the factory. Realizing that she could thus divert suspicion from Pavel, she, under the guise of a tradeswoman, distributes forbidden literature to the workers. When Nakhodka returns from prison, she tells him about it, confessing that she thinks only of her son, acts only out of

The summary of Gorky's novel "Mother" consists of the following further events. Gradually, looking at those who come to visit Andrei, Nilovna mentally begins to combine all these faces into a single face similar to the image of Christ. She slowly realizes that she needs a "new life". Upon learning that the scammer Gorbov was killed, and Andrey was indirectly involved in this, Nilovna says that she does not consider anyone guilty, although she is surprised at her words, which contradict the Christian spirit.

Rybin

During a demonstration on May 1, she addresses people and talks about a "holy cause", urging them not to leave children alone on this path. After the arrest of her friends, Nilovna moves from the factory settlement to the city. After that, she goes to the village to make some contacts in the distribution of literature. Here the heroine meets Rybin, a former neighbor who agitates the peasants and gives him books. Returning to the city, Nilovna begins to deliver forbidden literature, newspapers and proclamations to the villages. She participates in the funeral of Yegor Ivanovich, a revolutionary and her countryman. This funeral escalates into a confrontation at the cemetery with the police. Nilovna takes away the wounded young man and takes care of him, about which "Mother" tells us.

The summary of further events is very dramatic. Having again gone to the village after some time, she observes the arrest of Rybin and is forced to give the books brought to him by a peasant who accidentally came across, and conducts agitation among them. Having visited Pavel in prison, the heroine gives him a note with an escape plan, but the son refuses to run away and writes about it in a reply note. However, the underground managed to organize the escape of Rybin and another prisoner. Nilovna, at her request, was allowed to observe this escape from the sidelines.

The final

The woman is present during the trial of Pavel and his friends, after which she delivers the text of Pavel's speech to an underground printing house, and volunteers to take the printed copies to the village. At the train station, she notices surveillance. Realizing that arrest cannot be avoided, but not wanting the leaflets to go to waste, she scatters them in the crowd. A woman being beaten by the police makes a heated speech to those around her. The ending is not entirely clear. Perhaps Nilovna is dying. This is how M. Gorky's novel "Mother" ends. A summary of the main events has been described above.

Pavel Vlasov

Vlasov Pavel Mikhailovich (Pavel) - the son of the main character, a hereditary worker who became a professional revolutionary. P. Zalomov, a Sormovo worker, served as its prototype. The fate of this hero is connected with the symbol of the atoning sacrifice. In his name, one can see a hint of similarity with the image of the apostle, since at the beginning of the work a sharp turning point is shown in the life of the hero from a simple factory guy who turned into a political fighter, as M. Gorky ("Mother") tells us about.

Revolutionary activity of Paul

His first decisive act is to resist his father's beatings. The father, who worked as a mechanic, Mikhail Vlasov, subconscious social protest degenerates into drunkenness.

After his death, the hero tries to imitate him, but the meeting with the underground circle radically changes his external and internal appearance, which Gorky M. notes ("Mother").

A summary of the chapters of further events in the life of this character is as follows. Meetings begin to take place in Pavel's house, in which Andrey Nakhodka, Nikolai Vyesovshchikov, the son of a thief, teacher Natasha, Fyodor Sizov, a factory worker and others participate. He immediately warns Nilovna that they are all in danger of jail. Paul's austerity and asceticism seem "monastic" to the mother. For example, he calls for abandoning Andrei's family and happiness for the sake of "the cause" and admits that he himself once made such a choice. In a conversation with her mother, Nakhodka calls this hero "iron man". Pavel's friends are distributing leaflets at the factory. A search is being made in his house, as Maxim Gorky ("Mother") tells us about.

A summary of what happened next is as follows. The next day after this, the revolutionary talks with the stoker Rybin, who came to visit. He says that it is necessary to "invent a new faith." Paul believes that only reason can set a person free. During the conflict between the workers and the factory administration (the so-called "swamp penny" story), the hero encourages them to fight for their rights and proposes to organize a strike. But people do not support him, Paul experiences this as a result of his "weakness".

He is arrested at night, but after a few months he is released. Friends are going to celebrate May 1, Pavel intends to carry the banner during the demonstration. When this happens, he is arrested along with other leaders (about 20 people in total). Thus ends the first part. After this, Paul appears only in the final chapters, in the court scene. Here he delivers a speech outlining his social-democratic program. The court sentences the hero to exile in Siberia. Thus ends the participation in the events of this character, and then Gorky's novel "Mother" itself. A summary of the work and its analysis were presented to your attention.