Climate change is forcing hares to rethink the basics of disguise

The purpose of the lesson:to expand students' knowledge of the wild animal - the hare, to study the main parts of the body, nutrition, way of movement.

Tasks:

• to form ideas about the hare as a representative of wild animals;
• correct higher mental functions; ability to work in pairs;
• educate learning motivation.

Equipment:musical work of P. Tchaikovsky “Snowdrop”, spring picture plan (trees, sun, sky, thawed areas, snowdrops, streams), work plan, geometric mosaic, vocabulary words (molting, sanding, winding), individual envelopes with words broken out from letters, text with missing words, proverbs - 4.

Pictures:

• Body parts of animals
• Winter hare
• Hare in the summer
• Hare family
• Find rabbits
• Hare footprints
• Hare on the run

To stage:rabbit costumes - 5 pieces, a bench, Christmas trees, a gun, white cloth.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

- Guys, today we have not a simple lesson in the development of speech, but a lesson in a journey into a fairy forest. So, let's go on a trip, close your eyes and listen
Sounds music by P.I. Tchaikovsky.

- This magical music by P. Tchaikovsky, a Russian composer, transferred us to a forest clearing, and it is called "Snowdrop".

II. Let's start with the calendar.

- Why do you think this particular melody helped us get into the fairy world?
  - Tell me, is it really spring in this forest? What signs of spring do you see and can you name them?
  Sun, sky, thawed spots, rook, kidneys, streams, snowdrop (children call spring signs, and the teacher attaches words - supports to the board)

1 child makes a story.

- What a forest without forest inhabitants, but try to identify them. (Parts of the body of wild animals: bear, wild boar, fox, hare, wolf.)

- And the protagonist of our fairytale forest, WHITE, GRAY, Scythe, FAST, FAST, PUGLY, CRAVY, LONG-EAR. Who is it?

- So, today in the lesson we will talk about the hare, about its main parts of the body, nutrition, mode of movement.
  - Open notebooks and write down the number and topic of the lesson. We will work here according to this plan.

“But what kind of knock is this?” This is a fairy tale knocking on us guys. Look carefully at it, and then you will learn a lot of new things about life, and it will come in handy for us today!

III. New material

1. A re-enactment of a tale of hares

On a winter evening, thick darkness enveloped trees and houses.
And even the dog is not barking, but only lazily yawning.
  Bright lights go out in the windows
  And little by little dreams come into those houses.
  And the dreams are so different: serious and strange.
  And they can be funny and even be colored.
  Then the moon revealed its face,
  The silver light poured into the village, forest, fields,
  Native land is sleeping.
  Our Yegorka was sleeping on a bench, he had already seen the tenth dream,
  How he rolled down the sleigh from the mountain into a pine forest.
  A fluffy hare jumped past, looping.
  In a white fur coat he will not freeze in the winter.
  Suddenly Yegor stopped because he was surprised
  In a clearing, in the snow, rabbits played leapfrog.
  Then a hare came and said:

Hare:

"Quiet! Suddenly a fox will hear you, then he will come running here.
  Or a toothy wolf, it’s so dangerous. ”

Bunnies immediately stopped and sat on their hind legs.
  Ears are long upset, sitting daisies in a row.

Hare:

You played and made noise, but did you manage to eat?

1 bunny:

We spent the night in the forest and ate what we found.

2 bunny:

Gnawing bark from an aspen brother, I was glad to dry grass.

3 bunny:

Well, we sat in the bushes,
  Thin ate branches.
  Oak, birch, willow, maple -
  This is our diet.

And the kids brought the branches to the rabbit-mom.
  Suddenly a lump rolled down the mountain, but not a snowball - somersault.
  The elder brother appeared and fell to the back.
  He raised his hind legs and screamed out of fear.
  And behind him with a gun in his hand, the watchman chased lightly.

Watchman:

What did the slanting do? Five apple trees have ruined me.
  Gnawed at night bark, shoot you in time.

3 bunny:

You do not destroy us, please forgive.
  It was very cold and, of course, hungry.

2 bunny:

We got a lesson, it will definitely suit us for the future.
  We would live the spring, to the green grass.

Watchman:

Hare:

Kids, it's time to relax. In the afternoon you need to sleep
  Well, look for food at night.
  Yes, while you are sitting here, tell me the whole truth,
  Who committed the misconduct, grandmother smashed the portrait.

1 bunny:I am guilty, but I’ll sleep and I’ll collect the portrait.

3 bunny:As it began to get colder, I buried myself in the snow to sleep.

1 bunny:I’ll lie under the tree, I won’t run away.

Some in weeds, and some in bushes. The time has come for silence.

- Let's try to collect a portrait of a hare, but unusual, but from geometric shapes. Take an envelope and try to assemble a hare figure from geometric shapes. Which figures are more? How many did they need? What is made of ovals?

- Hare - what kind of animal? (This is a wild, not predatory (herbivore) animal)
  To begin, we analyze the parts of the body of the hare.

2. What are the parts of the body of a hare?

1. Head
2. Torso
3. Tail

- What is located on the head of a hare? (Showing baby)
  - Let's play the game "Whose is this?" (Hare mouth, bunny mustache, bunny ears).
  - The hare has long ears, why do you think?
  First of all, ears are needed just to hear. And the larger the auricle, the sharper the hearing of its owner. The main way to avoid danger is to flee. And here, in addition to fast legs and special techniques, the hare is helped ... by the ears. It is long (and not round!) Ears that are tightly pressed to the body, providing better aerodynamics. And also big ears save a running hare from an overheat, actively radiating heat without loss of valuable moisture. This quality gives the hare a significant advantage over predators: it is precisely because of overheating that they quickly get tired and stop the chase.
  The conclusion is simple: long ears for a hare - a vital necessity, a real gift of nature.
  - The body of the hare is covered with short hair. Remember the riddle associated with the coloring of the hare?
  - Why does the hare change color? (The hare is molting)
  - Do you think the change of color helps the bunny to live in the forest? ( White coat in winter helps the hare to merge with the snow and be invisible on it.)

- How many paws does a hare have?
  - What is the tail of a hare? The tail is in the form of a fluffy white ball. The tail is small, but still clearly visible.
  The skin is fragile and weakly attached to the body, so often shreds of skin remain in the teeth of the predator, like the tail of a lizard.
  - What parts does the hare's body consist of?

3. What does the hare eat?

- Where does the hare live? (In the woods). The food of a hare varies depending on the season.
  - Take envelopes with hares, and you will find out what hares eat in the summer, for this you need to make words from these letters. (Differentiated task, children of group I collect a word of 6 letters)

In winter, hares sand the trunks and lower branches of trees (willow, birch, aspen). Often during hungry, snowy winters, hares come to eat in the gardens, where fruit trees peel.

It is known that hares prefer the thinnest, terminal shoots of plants. It is these vegetative parts that have the greatest nutritional value. In winter, as the snow cover grows, part of this food hides under the snow, but instead, middle and apical shoots of larger shrubs become available. In addition, rather large willow bushes tend to bend, and often break, under the weight of snow, and hares get the opportunity to feed on the bark of these plants. In winter, hares feed at dusk and at night.
  - What do hares eat?

4. Cubs

“Guys, do you know what the hare's calves are called?”
Bunnies (1-6, less often up to 12) are born sighted, with thick fur and at first they sit motionless in the grass so as not to leave any traces, and the mother comes to feed them 1-2 times a night. Moreover, she feeds not only her rabbits, but also strangers. In places where there are many rabbits, all rabbits sometimes become as if common.

- Guys, tell me, who is painted in the picture? (Bunny, hare, hare, hare)
  - Little bunnies decided to play hide and seek in a magic forest, take cards and try to count how many of them?

- Not only rabbits love to play and relax, let us rest with you too.

Physminute

Children imitate the movement of characters in the text.

A bunny rode through the forest, a bunny looking for food,
  Suddenly, at the top of a bunny
  Ears rose like arrows
  A quiet rustle is heard, someone is sneaking through the forest.
  The hare confuses the tracks, runs away from trouble!
  He jumped to the side, turned and curled up under the bush.

5. The method of movement of the hare

“The same cleft paws?”

- Why does the hare have long hind legs? (He escapes from his enemies by fleeing, while easily repelled by his hind legs). Therefore, he also climbs uphill easily, and rolls head over heels from the mountain. There is even such a saying: "Uphill - running, and from the mountain - somersault" since the front legs of a hare are short.

The hare’s defenses are just tricks and fast legs. Here the hare is taken for tricks. If he needs to rest, he will not immediately lie down under a bush. He will run back and forth in his wake and jump to the side. Spit, jumps, finally, the last huge jump. And in this last jump, a special trick. And he always lies oblique with his head in the direction from which he came in order to notice the enemy in time and have time to be saved.

In winter, they arrange stays under the protection of snowdrifts, in snow holes and niches, and sometimes closed shelters in the snow, from which, when in danger, they suddenly jump out, breaking through the ceiling. In the summer, sunbeds are arranged under the bushes or openly. The day is spent under the bushes, in a shallow hole, less often in the burrows of rodents. Active hares at dusk and at night.

IV. Work in a notebook

The hare lives in ...
  In the summer, hares eat ... and in the winter ...
  In the spring, the hare is born ...
  In winter, hares ... and in summer ...

People have long noticed some features of the hare, because it is not for nothing that they compose not only riddles, poems, but also proverbs.

Such unflattering epithets are characterized by folk art. But the hare is not a coward at all - he is just cautious, because too many want to eat it. And sometimes it does show miracles of courage.
Let's remember what fairy tales do you know, where one of the heroes is a hare. (Books: Hare Feet, Bunny Hare, etc.)

V. Lesson summary

- In order to return back from the forest fairy tale to the class, we need only one word to guess whether we are talking about a hare. If we are talking about a hare, you clap, if about another animal - you stomp.
  Jumps, weaves, butts, gnaws, jumps, bites, trembles, falls into hibernation.
  “What wild animal were we talking about today?” (Hare)
  - What kind of animal is that? (This is a wild, not predatory (herbivore) animal)
  - What did you learn about the hare?
  Marks.

Children should know:

Names of wild animals of our forests: bear, wolf, elk, wild boar, badger, beaver, fox, hare, squirrel, hedgehog, lynx;
   - that wild animals themselves get their own food, build their own homes;
   - What is the name of the dwelling of the bear (lair), wolf (lair), fox (hole), squirrel (hollow);
   - who else of the animals lives in minks (hares, moles, mice, gophers, hamsters);
   - which of the animals changes the color of the fur coat (hare, squirrel), horns (elk, deer);
   - distinguish the names of body parts of animals and people.

Vocabulary expansion for children:

Nouns: bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, elk, deer, wild boar, badger, lynx, squirrel, lair, lair, burrow, hollow, wool, skin, predators;

Adjectives: shaggy, shaggy, fluffy, strong, sly, prickly, fast, agile, brown, toothy, awkward, clubfoot, shy, long-eared;

Verbs: hunts, sneaks, howls, gets scared, jumps, waddles, tricks, tracks down, stores, digs, hibernates, lies down, falls into hibernation.

Conversation "How wild animals prepare for winter."

Winter is coming soon. Forest animals have the most difficult time. They are getting ready to meet the winter. Some animals will sleep peacefully in their houses all winter. Who is it? Bear and hedgehog. Three months is a very long time, so now these animals should eat properly, accumulate a lot of fat so as not to freeze and not get hungry until spring. They insulate their houses.

Where does the hedgehog hide? In the hole.

Where will the bear sleep? In the den.

But there are animals who do not have a house and they will run through the forest all winter to seek food for themselves.

A hare changes a summer coat to a winter coat. It is not only warmer, but also of a different color.

Which one? - Why white?
  - From whom are the long legs and the white fur coat saving the hare? From the fox and the wolf.

These are predatory animals. If they catch a hare, he will not be greeted. The fox has a house - a hole, where it can hide from the winter cold, and the wolf has a wolf den.

But is it necessary to change the fox and the wolf their fur coats for new, winter? Of course you need.
  Indeed, in the summer we both wear light clothes so that it is not hot, but in winter we put on warmer ones, so the animals also have to change clothes.
  This does not mean that they take off their skins and put on new ones, they just grow other, warmer fur. Such a period in the life of animals is called molting.

Another small fluffy inhabitant of the forest who changes the color of his fur coat by winter.
  The squirrel was red-haired all summer, and by winter it becomes gray.

Where does the squirrel live? In the hollow.
  -How did she prepare for the winter?
  She collected mushrooms and berries all summer and autumn and hid them in various places. In winter, she seeks her reserves, but, unfortunately, does not always find it. But in the place where the cones or nuts were hidden, in the spring a small sprout may appear and in a few years a new tree or bush will grow here.

But this handsome forest man wears a beautiful decoration on his head.
  - Who is it? Moose.
  - What does an elk eat? By plants.
   -And how many plants can be found in the forest in winter?
  There are many trees and bushes in the forest. Here is their bark and eating this big beast. How much does he need to feed? A lot of. Therefore, foresters and feed these beautiful animals so that they can winter. Forest ranger - a person who monitors the preservation of the forest.

Didactic exercise "One-many" (plural formation of nouns):

The fox is a fox.
  Hedgehog - hedgehogs.
  A squirrel is a protein.
  Hare - hares.
  Wolf - wolves.
  Moose - Elk.
  Boar - wild boars.

Didactic exercise "Call me affectionately" (the formation of nouns with diminutive suffixes in singular and plural):

A squirrel is a squirrel.
  The fox is a fox.
  A hare is a hare, a hare.
  The squirrel is a squirrel.
  The bear is a teddy bear.
  Wolf is a wolf cub.

Didactic exercise "Count to five"  (coordination of nouns with numerals):

One hare, two hares, three hares, four hares, five hares.
  One fox ... five foxes.
  One wolf, ..., five wolves.
  One bear, ..., five bears.
  One squirrel, ..., five squirrels.

Didactic game "Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?"

The tail of the fox is the fox tail.
  Bear Paw - Bear Paw.
  The teeth of a wolf are wolf teeth.
  Hedgehog needles - hedgehog needles.

Whose trace? - fox, wolf, bear, hare, squirrel.
  Whose ears are fox, wolf, bear, hare, squirrel.
Whose head? - fox, wolf, bear, hare, squirrel.

Didactic exercise "Pick up the definitions" :

Wolf (what?) - gray, toothy, scary, ...
  A bear (what?) - brown, clubfoot, awkward, ...
  Fox (what?) - sly, fluffy, red, ...
  Hedgehog (what?) - prickly, small, ...
  A hare (what?) - long-eared, fearful, cowardly, small,

Didactic game "Who lives where?" (use of the nominative case noun):

In the den lives (who?) - a bear.
  In a hole lives (who?) - a fox.
  In the den lives (who?) - a wolf.
  Lives in a mink (who?) - a hedgehog.
  In a hollow lives (who?) - a squirrel.

Didactic exercise "Compare animals with people."

A person has a mouth, and an animal has a mouth.
  A person has a face, and an animal has a muzzle.
  Man has teeth, and animals have fangs.
  Man has a stomach, and animals have a belly.
  Man has nails, and animals have claws.
  Man has hands, and animals have paws.

Didactic game "Name the family" (an exercise in word formation):

Dad is a bear, mom is a bear, cub (s) is a teddy bear (cubs).

Dad is a wolf, mom is a wolf, cub (s) is a wolf (wolf).

Dad is a fox, mom is a fox, cub (s) is a fox (s).

Dad is a hare, mom is a hare, cub (s) is a hare (hare).

The fox is yapping.
  Bear growls.
  The wolf howls.
  Hedgehog - snorts, etc.

Didactic exercise "What is superfluous and why?"

Squirrel, fox, cow, wolf (cow, because the rest are wild animals).
  Hedgehog, bear, hare, dog (dog, since the rest are wild animals).
  Hare, dog, cow, cat (hare, as the rest is home. Animals).
  Fox, cat, hare, wolf (cat, since the rest are wild animals).
  Horse, bear, goat, dog (bear, since the rest are home. Animals).

The game "Who will we give?"

The meat is wolf.
  Raspberries - ...
  Honey - ...
  Carrot - ...
  An Apple - ...
  Nuts - ...
  Mushrooms - ... etc.

The game "Who - who?"

The bear has cubs.
  The fox has ...
  At the wolf - ...
  The hare - ...
  At the hedgehog - ...
  Squirrels - ... etc.

Two long-eared relatives have already met in the text: a hare and a hare. If they meet firsthand, they can enter into a legal marriage - the kids, the so-called cuffs, will be quite viable. Belyak, so-called for the habit of completely dressing for the winter in a snow-white coat, is, in general, a forest resident, though he does not mind looking into the tundra or the steppe. Rusak, for the winter, hardly dresses up in a camouflage robe and loves open spaces south of the forest zone, although he does not shy away, say, from the rural lands of the Moscow Region or the Vladimir region and, in general, most of Europe. Rusak is crowded with villages and villages. In winter, he is hungry in the forest, and it’s difficult to run: per square centimeter of his paws falls on 16-18 g. And the whitewash glides along the loose forest snow as if skiing - the load on a square centimeter of his wide paw, overgrown with a thick brush of hair, is only 10 g , ten times less than that of a wolf, and four times less than that of a fox.

In winter, on the belly’s belly, the hair is lengthened so that the insides do not get cold in the snow, and hair that has grown around the nostrils, like a white scarf, covers the nose from frost. But the brown man did not hit the dirt in the face - his winter coat is twice as thick as the summer one. And here's what is remarkable: the largest whites (5.5 kg by weight) live where terrible frosts are found in the tundra of Western Siberia, and heavy-weights (7-8 kg) have chosen Bashkiria, where it is by no means hot in winter either. For the winter, Bashkir merchants whiten, but not to such a perfect state as the whites. In Crimea, Ukraine and Belarus, smaller russians, and even dwarfs (3 kg), live in Transcaucasia and Iran.

Let us leave the dwarfs alone and engage in molting, an important circumstance in a hare's life. A white-white whiteness lying in the snow will be noticed only by an experienced eye - only the tips of the ears and nose darken. Yes, perhaps brown eyes. It is through the eyes that the signal for a hare changing clothes comes. In any case, this is what a solid guide to the comparative physiology of animals states. Daylight hours are reduced - the hare is getting ready for winter, the day is lengthening - the animal is switching to summer clothing. The most complicated perturbations in the body of our long-eared neighbor are hidden behind this simple phrase. Thus, the “physiologically brown” state of the whitefish is inextricably linked with a high blood gonadotropin content, and the “physiologically white” state with their low concentration.

Rabbits are often painted with hare fur, but you can repaint a living hare, or rather, make it repaint itself. For long-eared owners of fur, physiologists injected extracts from the pituitary gland containing gonadotropic hormones, and they changed color, as if by magic, though not at once, but at first they faded. So, without the pituitary gland, as well as without the eyes, the hare will not change clothes. Occasionally, news comes from Siberia about the capture of pitch-black hares. What about their hormones?

Hormones with hormones, but without the appropriate air temperature, an oblique change of a fur coat is useless. This is also confirmed by the scientific publication of V. E. Gaiduk from the Brest Pedagogical Institute. After examining him with 350 hare-hares, it became known that in autumn the lower part of the hind legs first begins to molt, and spring molting is exactly the opposite - it starts on the head and ridge, and ends on the legs. But this is what - every part of the bunny calf changes hair at a strictly defined, so to speak beloved, air temperature. For example, in the fall, the outer part of the ears changes color at a temperature range of + 6 ° to -2 °, and the inner - a little earlier, when the street is slightly warmer and lighter.

Nevertheless, the main thing for rabbit equipment is light, light and light. Even in the pre-war winter of 1940/41, in the aviary of the Moscow Zoo, where the whites lived, in the evenings they turned on bright electric bulbs and bewildered animals and went in the winter in summer clothes, and in the spring they enclosed the aviary with dark paper and white fluffy lumps jumped into it.

In winter, it is not difficult to figure out where the hare is and where the roe is; in the summer, both hares are of some indefinitely red-brown color. And in order to make sure exactly who you are dealing with, take a look at the tails - in the middle of a scanty little tail, and in winter and summer a black stripe flaunts. But the hare-thawing, or sandstone, you can not confuse with anyone; the name of this miniature creature itself says where he lives. And finally, in the deciduous forests of the Ussuri Territory, hares of the last, fourth species from those living in our country run. This so-called Manchu hare is rare and very poorly understood.

The climate on our planet is constantly changing, forcing its inhabitants to adapt to new conditions. This process is easier for some species, more difficult for others, and may put the third on the brink of extinction. Thus, the expected decrease in winter snow cover and the duration of the cold season creates serious problems for mammals that change their coat color in order to mask and survive successfully.

In the world there are only 10 species of animals that, depending on the season, change color from dark brown to white. It refers to them the American, or the small hare ( Lepus americanus), which researchers from the College of Forestry and Nature Conservation of the University of Montana (The University of Montana College of Forestry and Conservation) focused on. Professor L. Scott Mills and his colleagues observed 148 wild hares in western Montana for three years. Weekly, the researchers evaluated the color of their coat, the amount of snow cover around the animals, and the percentage of mismatch in the whiteness of the background.

Interestingly, for a relatively short time of observation, scientists recorded two records in the duration of snow cover over the past 40 years: an incredibly long season of 2010-2011 and a very short one a year before.

During the entire observation period, molting of animals took place as usual - in spring and autumn, however, its length in the spring period changed depending on the presence of snow. It is generally accepted that when determining the season for changing wool, hares are guided by the length of the day, however, in 2010-2011, the course of spring shedding clearly slowed down.

“Shedding American whites — changing colors from brown to white — takes about 40 days,” says Dr. Mills. “The reverse changes require several days more, and our studies show that animals can adjust these times depending on the temperature and duration of snow.”

For a species within which predators are the main cause of death (85-100%), the ability to disguise itself is the key to successful survival and existence.

At the next stage, by averaging 38 climate models, the researchers developed a scenario for the occurrence of snow cover for the future. Then they correlated it with data on molting of animals. Scientists predict a decrease in the duration of snow cover by 29-35 days by the middle of the century and from 40 to 69 days by its end.

An article published in the PNAS magazine notes that such changes can increase the number of days by 4-8 times when the color of hares will stand out from the environment, making them vulnerable to predators.

Animals that change color seasonally can adapt to climate change in two ways. Firstly, since predators will begin to exterminate with increased intensity those who did not have time to "change clothes" (for example, white hares on a dark forest litter), natural selection will occur. In this case, only those who are able to adjust the terms of their molting will remain, depending on the state of the snow cover. The second way is individual behavioral adaptation, when, depending on its color and state of the environment, the animal changes its habits in obtaining food, choosing an overnight stay and other things.

Due to climate change, the whites will have difficult times, they will either have to adapt or become a victim of natural selection. For a species within which predators are the main cause of death (85-100%), the ability to disguise itself is the key to successful survival and existence.

On the example of animals that are used to radically change their color, there is a unique opportunity to study the ability to adapt in the wild in real time. And in the near future, scientists plan to find out whether the mismatch of the hare color will provoke an increase in predation, or if the whites show miracles of adaptation.