Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. A Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

FEDERAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

“RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF JUSTICE”

Crimean branch

Simferopol, 2016

A short dictionary of linguistic terms in the discipline "Russian language". / Compiled by Khomenko L.N. - Simferopol, 2016 .-- 44 p.

Reviewer - Doctor of Philology, Professor, Professor of the Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Kyrgyz Republic

"RPMU" Chernikova L. F.

Discussed at a meeting of the Department of General Education

protocol No. 7   from 11 february 2016

“A Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” in the discipline “Russian Language” complies with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary (Full) General Education.

This publication is a dictionary, which includes linguistic terms and concepts that are basic for mastering the general educational course of the Russian language and stylistics. The content of the discipline "Russian language" includes a significant number of terms of Greek, Latin and German origin. For students to better understand theoretical material, it is advisable to use philological dictionaries. The training course “Russian Language” is aimed at increasing the level of practical mastery of modern Russian literary language among legal experts. The purpose of the educational “Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” is to help students systematize previously acquired knowledge in the field of studying the Russian language, as well as learn new terms found in educational and scientific literature. The dictionary of linguistic terms includes the concepts of general linguistics, Russian linguistics, the history of language and dialectology. For each term, a definition and description of its meaning is given.

The presented “Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” is recommended for use by students of the Faculty of Continuing Education, studying the discipline “Russian Language”, in self-preparation for seminars, work on essays, reports, writing essays, essays, and practical tasks.

Phonetics. Orthoepy and graphics …………………………………………… .4

Vocabulary and phraseology …………………………………………………… .22

Morphemic and word formation ………………………………………… ... 31

Morphology and syntax ………………………………………………… ... 34

List of used literature ……………………………………… 44

PHONETICS. ORPHOEPIA and GRAPHICS.

Abbreviation (ital. abbreviatura from lat. brevis - short) -a word formed from the names of the initial letters or from the initial sounds of the words included in the original phrase.

Paragraph (German: Absatz - section, part of the text)- A piece of written language consisting of several sentences.

ABC (from the name of the first two letters of the Cyrillic alphabet "az" and "beechand ") - a system of graphic signs for transmitting the sound of Slavic speech. The alphabet was created in the middle of the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.

Acoustic (from Greek akustikos - auditory)- related to auditory perception. The acoustic side of speech sounds.

Accent (lat.accentus - stress) -

1) Same as stress.

2) A peculiar pronunciation characteristic of the speaker not in his native language and consisting in the involuntary replacement of sounds of a foreign language by the sounds of the native language. Speak with an accent.

Accent  - put emphasis, as well as an accent mark in the word, pronounce the word with emphasized stress.

Accentology  - a section of linguistics that studies stress issues (nature, types, functions).

Alliteration (from lat. ad - to - at and littera - letter)  - repetition of homogeneous consonants, giving a literary text, usually a verse, special sound and intonation expressiveness. For example, “The hiss of foamy glasses and punch blue flames” (A. S. Pushkin).

Alphabet (from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet. alpha and beta - in the Greek pronunciation of “vita”)  - a set of graphic characters (letters) located in the order adopted for a given language (or languages). Russian alphabet. Latin alphabet. The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters.

Alphabetical letter  - the same as sound writing.

Apostrophe(Greek apostrophes - facing side or back)- a superscript in the form of a comma, used: a) to separate official words (particles) in foreign language proper names: about "Brian, d" Astier; b) to indicate the softness of the consonant in phonetic transcription: [b "um"]

Article(French article, from lat. agticulus)- a service word that accompanies a noun (often precedes it), being an indicator of the grammatical categories of certainty or uncertainty, gender, number and some other meanings (including syntactic). Articles are used in Germanic, Romance, Greek, Hungarian and many other languages. A prepositional article before a noun. Postpositive article after the noun. For example, French. le peuple, room. poporul - people.

Articulation(lat. articulatio from articulare - articulate articulate)- the work of the organs of speech aimed at the production of sounds.

Assimilation  (lat. assimilatio - merging, assimilation)  - a phonetic process, which consists in likening sounds to each other within the same word or phrase.

Assonance  (French assonance - consonance)  - the consonance of vowels (mainly drums), especially in an inaccurate rhyme ("enormousness - I will come to my senses", "sadness - I will illuminate")

Fluent vowels  - vowels about and e of the modern Russian language, alternating with zero sound during shaping and word formation. Sleep / sleep. Day / day. Fluent vowels are explained by the fact that in the Old Russian language in their place were not [o] and [e], but the so-called deaf [b] and [b], which in a certain period of the development of the language in a strong position became [o] and [ f], but in the weak they disappeared: sleep, sleep sleep.

Unstressed vowel sound- a vowel that does not bear the stress and is characterized in comparison with the stressed vowel by less tension of the organs of speech and less clarity of articulation.

Euphony- One of the qualities of artistic speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound. Various forms of using and enhancing the sound of a word give artistic speech a great expressiveness, enhanced emotional coloring.

Letter - a graphic sign in the alphabet of a given language, which serves to indicate sounds and their varieties on a letter.

Initial letter or initial  (lat. initiālis - "initial")- A large, different from the other initial letter of a chapter or article. Initials were often decorated with miniatures, ornaments and images, usually made using the engraving technique.

Monogram(from polish. wezel - knot) –

1) The initial letters of the first and last name or first name and patronymic, usually intertwined and forming a pattern.

2) The image of the initial letters of the names of institutions, educational institutions, etc. on uniforms, on documents, etc.

Vignette  (French vignette)- decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or at the end of the text. Vignette is a small ornamental or plot composition, which precedes the text like a screensaver or completes it, performing the function of ending. In addition, vignettes can be used in the text itself as a decoration of the corner parts of the page.

Inner speech- speech, unpronounceable; speech “to oneself”, addressed by the subject to himself.

Vocalism(from lat. vocalis- voice)- a system of vowel sounds of a language, their properties and relationships.

Pitch  (sound)  - sound quality, depending on the frequency of oscillations of the vocal cords per unit time: the more oscillations per unit time, the higher the sound; the fewer vibrations per unit time, the lower the sound.

Vowel sounds  - these are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. In Russian there are six of them: [a], [e], [and], [o], [y], [s].

Deaf consonants  - consonants generated by a single noise, without the participation of a voice: [k], [k "], [n], [n"], [s], [s "], [t], [t"], [f], [f "1, [x], [x"], [q], [h], [w], [w "] (u).

Vocal cords- two small bundles of muscles attached to the cartilage of the larynx and located across it (in the direction from the Adam's apple back) almost horizontally. The vocal cords are elastic, can shorten and stretch, move apart to different widths of the solution, and can be relaxed and tense.

Larynx- The upper part of the respiratory throat, consisting of several mobile cartilages, to which the vocal cords are attached.

Graphic arts  (Greek graphike - from grapho - I write)-

1) A kind of fine art, the basis of which is a drawing using contour lines, strokes, tones and spots in contrast with a white, colored or black surface of the paper.

2) Works of this type of art (drawings or printed artistic images - prints, lithographs, etc.).

3) The totality of the means of any writing; Inscriptions of letters, signs.

Labial consonants  - consonants formed by complete or incomplete rapprochement of the lower lip with the upper lip or upper teeth: [p], [p "], [b], [b"], [f], [f "]; [c], [c "], [m], [m"].

Dissimilation  (lat. dissimilatio - assimilation)- replacing one of two identical or similar sounds with another, less similar. Dissimilation is a rare phenomenon in the literary language, it is usually found in unnormalized speech. “Coldor” (instead of a corridor), “tram” (instead of a tram) - colloquially.

Long consonant –

1) Off-pair long soft sizzling [w "] and [g"]. Cabbage soup, yeast.

2) Double slotted at the junction of morphemes and words. Seedlings [s], from goiter [s].

3) Long consonants not at the junction of morphemes in words of foreign origin. Bath [n], ticket office [s], gamma [m]. (all phonemes with a sign of longitude).

Trembling consonants  (vibrants)- consonants, during the formation of which the bow sequentially and periodically opens and closes again, and the active organs of speech tremble (vibrate). All sorts of [p].

Yokane -   pronunciation in some dialects [e] instead of [ie] in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants. [n "esu] (spelling carry), [t" enu] (spelling pull).

Yer  - the name of the letter “b”; solid sign.

Yer- the name of the letter “s.”

Yer-the name of the letter “b”; soft sign.

Uppercase or lowercase letter  - A letter that is increased in size compared to lowercase letters.

Heading or heading word or main word - the word explained in the dictionary entry and its title.

Closed syllable  - a syllable that ends in a consonant. The Russian language also has closed syllables. The word "table" is a closed syllable, as it ends in a consonant.

Screensaver  (old - glav. put)  - in the art of book design - a small, miniature graphic composition that opens the text. In ancient Russian early printed books it is connected with the initial - capital letter.

Transcribe - means to write a transcription. It is written in square brackets, [B "ileiet]. The softness of sound is indicated by the sign" (apostrophe). The letter "J" is j.

Voiced consonants  - These are sounds that consist of noise and voice. When they are pronounced, the air stream not only overcomes the obstruction in the oral cavity, but also vibrates the vocal cords. The following sounds are voiced: [b], [b '], [c], [c'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [h], [ h '], [y'], [l], [l '], [m], [m'], [n], [n '], [p], [p']. The sound is also voiced [w ’], found in the speech of individuals in the words of yeast, reins and some others.

Sound of speech  - an element of the delivered speech formed by the speech organs. In the phonetic division of speech, sound is part of the syllable, the shortest, further indivisible sound unit, uttered in one articulation. Vowel. Consonant.

Sound recording  - sound repetitions, saturation with the same or similar sounds for the purpose of figurative onomatopoeia. For example, the repetition of the sounds [sh], [p] and [n] in the famous verses of A.S. Pushkin "The hiss of foamy glasses and punch blue flame."

Onomatopoeic words- words, in their sound design, which are reproduction of reflective exclamations of people; sounds and screams made by animals, birds, sounds of natural phenomena, sounds made by objects, etc. In appearance, some onomatopoeic words come closer to interjections, but differ from them, because they do not express either feelings or volition. They are used as an expressive-stylistic means of displaying reality, for example, “meow-meow”, “woof-woof”, “kwa-kwa”, “ku-ku”,

Tick-tock.

Dental consonants- consonants, formed by pressing the tip of the tongue together with the front part to the back side of the front upper teeth. According to the active organ, they belong to the front-lingual. Secondary dental [t], [t "], [d], [d"]. Crevice teeth [s], [s "], [h], [h"]. Dental nasal [n], [n "]. Dental lateral [l], [l"].

Initial (lat initialis - "initial")-

1) The initial letters of the name and surname, first name and patronymic or first name, patronymic and last name.

2) The first capital letters of the text, chapter, etc. (usually oversized), sometimes decorated with ornaments, patterns, etc. Initials appeared in late antiquity. They were written in red paint, hence the expression "from the red line."

Hieroglyphs  (from Greek hieroglyphoi - sacred letters)  - curly signs, known from the 4th millennium BC in ancient Egyptian writing, where they served to designate whole words (concepts) or individual syllables and sounds of speech. Initially, their name meant "sacred letters carved in stone."

Hiccup-   non-discrimination - in unstressed syllables. In practice, this means pronunciation in some dialects [and] instead of [s] in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants. For example, [n "ISU] (spelling I carry), [t" inu] (spelling pull).

Intonation  (lat. intonō “I pronounce loudly”)- a system of changes in the relative pitch in the syllable, word, and the whole utterance (phrase).

Yot - a middle-language voiced slit consonant, adjacent to the subsequent vowel, with which it forms an iotated sound. Apple, spruce, district, view [in "j + y].

Iota  - The letter of the Greek alphabet denoting the sound [and].

Yotation-   the appearance of sound [j] before a vowel at the beginning of a word or between vowels. Old Slavonic Oun Old Russian youth.

Iotated Vowels  - vowels with a sound [j] in front of them. E, e, u, i.

Cacophony ( greek kakopbonia - bad sound) - dissonance, cutting sound combination of sounds. Often cacophony in speech is created by the annoying repetition of the same sounds, their accumulation in the sentence. For example, “Which river is as wide as the Oka?”

Calligraphy(Greek: kalligraphia - beautiful handwriting)  - The art of writing in clear and beautiful handwriting.

Cyrillic- one of the first two alphabets of the Old Slavonic letter (the second was a Glagolitic alphabet), named after Cyril, adopted by the Byzantine missionary Konstantin Philosopher when he was tonsured a monk. The Cyrillic alphabet differed from the Glagolitic alphabet in a simpler and clearer form of letters. Based on the Cyrillic alphabet, the modern Russian alphabet was created.

Context  (lat. contextus - close connection, connection) –

1) A finished, in the semantic sense, segment of written speech (text), which makes it possible to precisely establish the meaning of a separate word or sentence included in it.

2) The conditions for the use of a given linguistic unit in speech (linguistic environment, and in the broad sense also the situation of speech communication).

Red line- indent before the paragraph. "Start with a red line" - figuratively means to start all over again.

A culture of speech -

1) A branch of philological science that studies the speech life of society in a certain era and establishes on a scientific basis the rules for using the language as the main means of communication between people, an instrument for the formation and expression of thoughts.

2) The normativeness of speech, its compliance with the requirements for the language in a given linguistic collective during a certain historical period, compliance with pronunciation, stress, usage, formation, construction of phrases and sentences.

Ligature  (medieval volat. - ligatura from lat. ligare - tie)  - a letter formed from the combination of elements of two letters.

Linguistics  (linguistics, linguistics; from lat. lingua - language)- a science that studies languages. This is the science of natural human language in general and all the languages \u200b\u200bof the world as its individual representatives.

Litera(latin littera) -

1) The letter (obsolete. And station.).

2) A metal bar with a convex image of a letter or other printed sign used in a typographic set.

3) Certificate for preferential travel by rail, indicated by a conventional letter (officer, railway). War letter.

Literary pronunciation  - pronunciation that meets all modern rules of phonetics and linguistics, artistic reading without errors.

Literary language- a normalized language serving the diverse cultural needs of the people, the language of fiction, journalistic works, periodicals, radio, theater, science, government agencies, schools, etc.

Logical stress- emphasis in the pronunciation of one of the words of the sentence to enhance its semantic load. For instance:

I AM today, I’m going to college (not anyone else, namely me).

I AM today  I’ll go to college (not another day, but today).

I am today i will go to the institute (I must use one of the means of transport).

I will go today in the Institute  (not to another place, namely to the institute).

Logo  (from Greek. logos - "word" and typos - "imprint")- in a broad sense - a graphic symbol, the original outline of the full or abbreviated name of the organization or product. The logo is the verbal part of the trademark. The term “logo” appeared at the beginning of the 19th century in typography and was synonymous with the term “ligature”.

Interdental consonants  - consonants, formed by the tip of the tongue and the edge of the upper teeth (in English in the letter depicted through th).

Speech melody  - see intonation.

Melodic stress  - the same as musical stress (see stress).

Metathesis  (from Greek metathesis - permutation)  - permutation of sounds or syllables in a word. For example, “plate” - “thalerka”, “palm” - “dolon”.

Monogram  (from the Greek. monos - "one" and gramma - "letter, record, sign")- a kind of abbreviation, a sign replacing the complete inscription or signature of a person.

Soft consonant  - a consonant, with the pronunciation of which the tongue rises to the palate more and narrows the passage through which the air flows than with the pronunciation of a solid consonant sound. For example, in the word "break" when pronouncing the first consonant sound [p "], air passes through a narrower gap than when pronouncing the second consonant sound [p]. For example, in the word" river "a soft consonant zyuk [p"] is heard, and in the word "hand" - a solid consonant sound [p]. The softness of the consonant is indicated by adding the symbol ", for example: [p"] to its record. Always soft sounds: [y ’], [h’], [u ’]. The remaining sounds are soft if immediately followed by the vowels e, e, and, u, i or b, and solid if they are followed by other vowels and consonants.

Unpaired consonants  - these are consonants, deprived of correlation for deafness-voiced.

1) Unpaired voiced consonants: [l, l`], [m, m`], [n, n`], [r, p`], [j]; unpaired deaf consonants: [x, x`], [ c], [h], [u].

2) Consonants, deprived of correlation in hardness-softness. Unpaired solid consonants: [w], [w], [c]; unpaired soft consonants: [h], [w], [j].

Disagreement- this is the presence within the same morpheme of combinations -ra-, -la-, -re-, -le- in the Old Slavonic language and in modern South Slavic languages. Inconsistent combinations in the Russian language are in the Slavs. Gates (compare: gate), head (compare: head), Wednesday (compare: middle), captivate (compare: fill). See full consensus.

Unpronounceable consonants  - consonants lacking in certain combinations of sound meaning (the term is conditional, since letters are not pronounced at all, and there are no unpronounceable sounds). Unpronounceable consonants include:

1) t, in combinations of stn (sorrowful, sad, rainy, peer, furious), stl (happy), ntsk (gigantic, amateurish), stack (Marxist);

2) q in combinations of health (holiday), rcd (heart), and also vat (Dutch);

3) e in combinations of properties (to feel), lvstv (to be silent);

4) l combined lnts, (sun).

Non-syllable vowel  - a vowel that does not form a syllable.

Norm  - entrenched in the practice of exemplary use, language (speech) options that perform their function in the best way. Pronunciation (orthoepic) rate. The lexical norm. Morphological norm. The syntactic norm.

Nasal vowels  - vowels, pronounced with the inclusion of the nasal resonator, i.e., with the soft palate lowered, as a result of which a stream of air comes out both through the mouth and through the nose, which gives the vowel sound a nasal timbre and lowers the pitch. There are no such vowels in the Russian language, they were in the Slavic languages), they are in the languages \u200b\u200bFrench, Portuguese, Polish.

Nasal consonants  - consonants, during the formation of which the glottis is narrowed, the stretched vocal cords oscillate with an air stream, a significant part of which passes through the nose after exiting the larynx, since the palatine curtain is lowered. Labial nasal [m]. Dental nasal [n].

Zero sound -   lack of sound, acting as a grammatical indicator in alternation. Choose - choose, send - send.

Stun consonants - Replacing a voiced noisy consonant with a deaf corresponding pairing in certain positions: 1) at the end of a word. Stunning of the final sonorous occurs: a) before a pause. Pick up a bouquet of roses [grew]; b) before the next word (without a pause) with the initial not only deaf, but also a vowel, sonor consonant, as well as [c] and [j]. Middle gender [mouth], he is right [great], rye grows [rosh], your garden [sat], I am weak [slap]; 2) in the middle of a word before a deaf consonant. Smooth.

Voicing consonants  - replacement of a deaf consonant with a matching voiced son in certain positions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: collection [zbor], transaction [zd "elk]; 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: to the house [g-house], from the dacha [z good luck].

Oceans- distinction - in unstressed syllables. In practice, this means pronunciation in an unstressed syllable in place of the letter about the sound [o], characteristic of North Russian dialects [head], [side].

Organs of speech- various parts of the human body involved in the formation of speech sounds (speech apparatus). Active organs of speech, producing the main work necessary for the formation of sound: tongue, lips, soft palate, small tongue, epiglottis. Speech organs are passive, incapable of independent work and, when sounds are formed, serving as a fulcrum for active organs: teeth, alveoli, hard palate, pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx. The diaphragm, lungs, bronchi, and trachea are used as a driving force in the formation of sounds (to obtain a jet of air).

Orthoepic norm  - This is the only possible or preferred option for the correct, exemplary pronunciation of the word.

Pronouncing dictionary  - a dictionary reflecting the orthoepic norm, that is, contemporary literary pronunciation and stress. It differs from the explanatory dictionary in the way the word is described, because it reveals the word only in the orthoepic aspect.

Orthoepy  (from Greek. orthos - direct, correct + epos - speech)  - 1) A section of linguistics that studies the normative literary pronunciation.

2) The set of rules establishing a uniform pronunciation, corresponding to the pronunciation standards adopted in this language.

Open vowel- a vowel, when pronouncing which the highest point of the raised part of the tongue is slightly lower than when pronouncing the corresponding closed vowels. Open [e] and [o] in some Western European languages.

Open syllable- a syllable ending in a vowel. Kol-yes, country-sphera, dos-ka, thread, love-ka, Ved-ro, u-por-no.

Jerky speech- sounding sharply, interrupted by pauses.

Paleography (from Greek. Palaios - ancient + grapho- I write)   - a science that studies the external side of ancient manuscripts (the way of writing, the features of the material on which they were written, the forms of letters, their modifications, etc.) in order to determine the time and place of origin of the manuscript, to identify any errors in the text, to establish the reasons for their appearance etc.

Paired consonants  - these are consonants, correlative in deafness-voices: [b - p], [c - f], [g - c],] [d - t], [w – w], [h - s]; hardness-softness: [b - b ’], [c - c’], [d - d ’].

Paronyms  (from Greek raga - near, onoma - name)  - root words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially matching in meaning. For example, the addressee is the addressee.

Pause (lat pausa from Greek Pausis - termination)  - a temporary stop of sound, breaking the flow of speech, caused by various reasons and performing various functions.

Writing–

1) The collection of written monuments of any era. Old Russian writing.

2) The system of graphic signs used to fix speech on a letter.

Letter  - An additional means of communication to sound speech using a system of graphic signs.

Pictographic letter  (from lat. pictus - picturesque, painted with paints + Greek. grapho - I write)  - n and with m about picturesque, picture letter. A letter in which a graphic sign (in the form of a picture or a conditional image) serves to convey the content of speech - a life situation, events related to living beings, things, etc., but does not reflect linguistic forms (phonetic and grammatical).

Full consonance - the presence of combinations of Oro, olo, ery between consonants, corresponding to Church Slavonic ra, la, re, le, characteristic of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. For example, the gate is the gate, the gold is gold, the front is before, the milk is milk.

Handwriting- fixed in the manuscript, a system of movements, characteristic for each writer and based on his writing - motor skill, with the help of which conditional graphic signs are executed.

Accent  - stress, which is characterized by the possibility of setting stress in different, but relatively strictly defined syllables of the word. For example, teachers

Reduction  (lat. reductio from reducere - bring back, return; reduce, reduce)  - weakening of the articulation of sound and a change in its sound (this mainly applies to vowels in unstressed position).

Speech apparatus - a set of speech organs (lips, teeth, tongue, palate, small tongue, epiglottis, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm).

Speech etiquette-   in the narrow sense of the word, it can be characterized as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relationships are manifested.

Speech  - the activity of the speaker, using the means of the language to communicate with other members of the given language group (speaking) or to appeal to himself.

Rhetoric  (Greek rhetorike)  - The theory of expressive speech, the theory of eloquence, oratory.

Native language  - the language adopted by the child in early childhood by imitating the adults around him.

Whistling sounds- Front lingual dental crevice [h], [h "] and [s], [s"]. When they form, between the front of the tongue and the hard palate, a narrow slot is formed in the form of a groove, passing through which the air stream produces a sharp noise, resembling a whistle.

Accent  - type of stress defined within the word and consisting in the allocation of one of its syllables.

Consonants- speech sounds that combine in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast, do not form the top of the syllable. Consonants often also mean letters that convey such sounds. Sometimes the term “consonant sounds” is used to avoid confusion. In Russian, consonants are conveyed by the letters B, B, G, D, F, Z, Y, K, L, M, N, P, R, C, T, F, X, C, H, W, U. They opposed to the vowels A, E, E, I, O, Y, S, E, Y, Y.

Carotid consonants  - These are sounds produced without the participation of air flow in the voice path. The Russian language has the following sonorous consonants: / l /, / m /, / n /, / r /. The sound [j], which is present, for example, in the word "iodine", also refers to sonor sounds.

Syllable- This is the smallest phonetic unit characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulation cohesion of its components, that is, sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relations. This is a purely pronouncing unit. The syllable groups sounds of varying degrees of sonority, the most sonorous are syllabic, the rest are non-syllable.

Transcription- a system for transmitting the sound of words in written and some conventional signs, reflecting only the phonemes of these words. When reading a phonemic transcription of a language, it is necessary to take into account its phonetic laws, using the corresponding variants of phonemes in pronunciation.

Timbre  (French timbre) -

1) Sound quality, depending on the ratio of pitch and strength of the fundamental tone to the incremental.

2) The sound coloring characteristic of each voice (or instrument). Soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, bass.

Pace of speech- the rate of utilization of speech elements (sounds, syllables, words). However, it should be noted that the absolute pace of speech depends on the individual characteristics of the speaker, the characteristics of his emotional state and communication situation, pronunciation style.

Stress-   the selection of one of the syllables in the composition of the word by various phonetic means (voice enhancement, tone increase in combination with an increase in duration, intensity, volume).

Stressed vowel  - vowel sound, bearing the stress.

Phoneme(Greek phonema - sound)  - the shortest sound unit, capable of distinguishing sound shells (sound side, sound) of different words and morphemes.

The phoneme is strong- a phoneme in a strong position, possessing maximum distinctive ability within the word form or phoneme series.

The phoneme is weak- a phoneme in a weak position, with less or minimal distinctive ability within the word form or phoneme series.

Phonetics (greek phonetike from phnne - sound)  - a section of linguistics that studies the methods of formation and the acoustic properties of the sounds of human speech.

Historical phonetics  - a section of linguistics that studies the sound side of language in its development.

General phonetics  - a section of linguistics that studies on the material of various languages \u200b\u200bthe theoretical issues of the formation of speech sounds, the nature of stress, syllable structure, the relationship of the sound side of a language to its grammatical system.

Phonetics descriptive- a section of linguistics that studies the sound structure of a particular language in synchronous terms.

Phonetics experimental- the study of speech sounds using experimental research methods.

Clatter -

1) The peculiarity of Russian northern dialects is the pronunciation of the sound “q” in place of the “h” of the literary language or the mixing of these sounds in one, unlike clinking.

2) The sound resulting from the impact of something metallic on a stone.

- H-

Frequency  - an indicator of the frequency of use, prevalence in speech.

Alternating sounds  - change of sounds that occupy the same place in the morpheme in different cases of its use.

Someone else's speech - statement of other persons included in the author’s presentation.

Whisper - quiet speech, in which sounds are made without a voice.

Hissing sounds  - the sounds of speech, for example, w, w, h, which produce an impression of hissing by ear.

Noisy consonants - consonants formed by noise accompanied by voices (voiced consonants) or using only noise (deaf consonants).

Slotted Consonants  - consonants, the pronunciation of which brings together the organs of speech, as a result of which the air stream, passing through the gap formed, produces a friction noise.

Eexpression (latin. expressio - expression)- something that gives expressiveness to something that makes something expressive .

Esperanto- The most common of artificial languages, an auxiliary means of international communication. Created in 1887 by the Warsaw physician L. Zamenhof, whose pseudonym Esperanto (hoping) became the name of the language.

Jus -   the name of the two letters of the Slavic alphabet. Yus large (designated the nasal sound “o”), Yus small (designated the nasal sound “e”).

Tongue- the sound and written system of speech of a certain people, which is an instrument of expression of thoughts, feelings, wills and serves as the most important means of communication between people. Language forms an organic unity with thinking, since one without the other does not exist.

Sign language  - an independent, naturally occurring or artificially created language, consisting of a combination of gestures, each of which is done with hands in combination with facial expressions, the shape or movement of the mouth and lips, as well as in combination with the position of the body. These languages \u200b\u200bare mainly used by deaf or hard of hearing people for the purpose of communication.

Language of Interethnic Communication- a language that is used as a means of communication by representatives of different nationalities within the same country.

Linguistics   - the same as linguistics.

Lingual consonants- consonants, in the formation of which the active organ is the language.

Yakane -

1) Action from the verb to yak.

2) A kind of akanya is the pronunciation of the unstressed "e" as "a" with a previous gentleness, denoted by the letter "I" in a letter. For example, it is clear, systra (spring, sister).

Vocabulary and phraseology

Active vocabulary  - vocabulary that is used by the student productively to express thoughts in oral speech and in writing, in contrast to passive vocabulary, which the student understands when reading and listening, but does not use in speech. A. l. also called reproductive, in contrast to receptive (passive) vocabulary.

Antonyms, s; many (unit antonym, -a; m.) from Greek. anti- - against and ónyma - name, title)Lingua. Words that have the opposite meaning (for example: truth - lies, poor - rich, love - hate).

Americanisms, a; m. lingu. - a word, speech turnover, reflecting the features of English in the United States or borrowed from the American version of the English language.

Anglo-cism (eng.anglicism)   - words, expressions borrowed from the English language, e.g. . auto, business, image service, producer.

Joke, a; m. (from Greek anékdotos - unpublished)

1) One of the genres of folklore: a short humorous story, usually ridiculing someone, smth. A. about com- A. about Tell a. Make a joke of it. Know a lot of jokes. Children's a. Fresh a. Soldier, greasy jokes.

2) Debt. Unusual incident, event. Bad, unpleasant a. happened to That's what a. happened to me. ● Initially: an entertaining or instructive story from the life of a historical person, a legendary hero, etc.

Anthroponym (Greek: ἄνθρωπος - man and ὄνομα - name)  - a single proper name or a set of proper names identifying a person. More broadly this is  name of any person: fictional or real.

Appeal (from lat. appellātīvus - common noun; lat. appellāre - to give a speech, call)- a linguistic term, often synonymous with the common name.

Argo  (unchanged; cf. (French. argot) ling. - a speech a small social closed group that differs from the common language with vocabulary, but does not have its own phonetics and grammar system; jargon. Thieves a.

Argotism, a; m. (French argotisme), lingu.  - a word borrowed in literary language from Argo, jargon.

Archaism; m. (Greek archáios - ancient) -

1) A relic of antiquity (about household items, phenomena, concepts, etc.).

2) Lingual. Obsolete word, speech turnover, grammatical form.

Barbarianism, a; m. (Greek varbárismos), ling.  - a foreign language word or expression, perceived as foreign to the native language and used instead of an existing word or expression.

Vulgarism; m  - a vulgar word or expression used in a literary language.

Grammar omonomas (omoforms)(from Greek. homos - identical + lat. forma - form)- homonymous forms; words that coincide in their sound only in separate forms (the same part of speech or different parts of speech). For example, I drive (from drive) - I drive (from carry); I fly (from fly) - I fly (from treat); oven (noun) - oven (verb); verse (poem) - verse (past tense form from the verb to subside). Homoforms are also called grammar homonyms.

Graphic omonomas (homophones) (from Greek. homos - the same + phone - voice, sound)  - different words that sound the same but have different spellings. For example, meadow - onion, fruit - raft, gender - mouth. Homophones are also called phonetic homonyms.

Gallicism(lat. gallicismus, fr. gallicisme)  - A word or expression borrowed or derived from the French language.

Hydroim (fromgreek ὕδωρ - water +ὄνομα - name)- one of the classes of toponyms - names of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, bays, straits, canals, etc.)

Gelonim(fromgreekἝλος, τέλμα   - standing water, swamp)  - the proper name of any swamp, wetland. Type of hydronym. Examples: Wort of Kortovo, Goat swamp, The keys, Moss, Burnt moss  . The totality of helonyms in a certain territory is helonymy.

Germanism, a; m- a word or speech in some language borrowed from the German language or built according to the model characteristic of the German language.

Desemantization - (from the Latin prefix de-, meaning separation, the abolition of -t- Greek. Semantikos - meaning)  - loss of the word lexical meaning. Wed the significant character of the verb is combined to be at home and the official character is combined to be ready.)

Dialect (Greek. Διάλεκτος - "adverb" from the Greek. Διαλέγομαι - "speak, speak")- a kind of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by one territory.

Dialecticism (in style)  - a lexical unit characteristic of a territorial or social dialect.

Euphemism (Greek ευφήμη - "piety")- a word or descriptive expression, neutral in meaning and emotional “load”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions considered indecent or inappropriate.

Equivalent (from late Lat. Aequivalens - “equivalent”, “equivalent”, “equivalent”)  - something equivalent or corresponding in any respect to something, replacing it or serving as its expression.

Exoticism- foreign borrowing, denoting an object or phenomenon from the life of another people.

Enantiosemia (from the Greek. Enantios - opposite, opposite + sema - sign)  - development of antonymical meanings in a word, polarization of meanings.

Etymology (other Greek ἐτυμολογία, from other Greek ἔτυμον “truth, the main meaning of the word” and other Greek λόγος “word, doctrine, judgment”) is a section of linguistics (comparative historical linguistics) studying the origin words (and less commonly morphemes). And also - the research methodology used to identify the history of the origin of the word (or morpheme) and the very result of such identification.

Ethnonyms (from the Greek. Έθνος - tribe, people and όνυμα - name, name)  - the names of nations, peoples, nationalities, tribes, tribal unions, clans and the like.

Jargon- these are words limited in their use by a particular social or age environment.

Borrowed words  - words that were taken from another language.

Value  - the content indicated by a particular language expression - a word, sentence, sign, etc.

Zoononym (from the Greek. Ζω̃ου - "animal" and ὄνομα - "name, name") –

1) the proper name (nickname) of the animal (e.g., Mukhtar, Murka);

2) a household name designating an animal (e.g. dog, cat).

Hieroglyph (Dr. Greek ἱερογλύφος)- The name of the written sign in some writing systems. Hieroglyphs can mean both individual sounds and syllables (elements of alphabetical and syllabic writing), and morphemes, whole words and concepts (ideograms).

History  - words or stable phrases, which are the names of once existing, but disappeared objects, phenomena of human life.

History is a passive dictionary and does not have synonyms in the modern language.

Clericalism- a word or speech turnover characteristic of the style of business papers and documents.

Book vocabulary  - one of the main categories of literary vocabulary, along with colloquial vocabulary and neutral vocabulary; has predominant distribution in book speech.

Cosmonym  - names of galaxies, star clusters, nebulae, constellations, planets, comets, asteroids.

Idioms  - a stable phraseological unit of a figurative or aphoristic nature, included in vocabulary from historical or literary sources and widely used due to its expressiveness.

Lexicology (from other Greek. Λέξις - word, expression, λόγος - science, judgment)  - A section of linguistics that studies vocabulary. Lexicology is divided into general and private. Private lexicology studies the lexical composition of a particular language.

Vocabulary (from other Greek. Τὸ λεξικός - “referring to a word”, from ἡ λέξις - “word”, “speech revolution”) - a collection of words of one or another language, part of a language or words that this or that person or group of people knows. Vocabulary is the central part of the language, naming, forming and transmitting knowledge about any objects, phenomena.

Token (from other Greek. Λέξις - word, expression, speech)  - a word as an abstract unit of morphological analysis. Different paradigmatic forms (word forms) of one word are combined into one lexeme. For example, a dictionary, a dictionary, a dictionary are forms of the same token, written by agreement as a dictionary.

The lexical meaning- the ratio of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of attributes inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant ones that help to distinguish one object from another.

Latinisms- words and turns of speech borrowed from the Latin language, built on the Latin model in any other language.

Lexicography (dr. Greek. Λεξικόν, lexikon - “dictionary” and γράφω, grapho - “write”)- a section of linguistics dealing with the compilation of dictionaries and their study; a science that studies the semantic structure of a word, features of words, their interpretation.

Linguistics (linguistics, linguistics; from lat. Lingua - language)  - a science that studies languages. This is the science of natural human language in general and all the languages \u200b\u200bof the world as its individual representatives. In the broad sense of the word, linguistics is divided into scientific and practical. Most often, linguistics is understood as scientific linguistics. It is part of semiotics as a science of signs.

Dead language  - a language that does not exist in living use and, as a rule, is known only from written monuments, or is in artificially regulated use. Usually this happens when one language is completely replaced in use by another language.

Methodology (from the Greek. Μεθοδολογία - the doctrine of the methods; from other Greek. Μέθοδο μ from μετά- + ὁδ букв, the letters. “The path after something” and other Greek. Λόγος - thought, reason) - the doctrine of the methods , methods and strategies for researching the subject.

Monosemy(from Greek monos - one + serna- sign)  - the same as uniqueness.

Neologism (dr. Greek νέος - new, λόγος - speech, word)  - a word, the meaning of a word or a phrase recently appeared in the language (newly formed, absent earlier).

Neutralvocabulary- words that are not attached to a particular style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (book, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are devoid of stylistic coloring.

Incomplete words are opposed to significant words. They do not name objects, signs or other phenomena of reality, but indicate the relationship that exists between them.

Homonyms (dr. Greek ὁμός - identical + ὄνομα - name)  - different in meaning, but identical in sound and spelling words, morphemes and other units of the language.

Common vocabulary- common vocabulary includes words without which communication in any sphere of human activity is unthinkable. These words express vital concepts and are used in all styles of language and speech. Since common vocabulary is distinguished by emptiness and naturalness, comprehensibility and clarity and lacks an emotionally expressive coloring, it is often called neutral. But this gives rise to an erroneous idea of \u200b\u200bthe weak expressiveness of the words related here, meanwhile, without it, no speech style is possible.

Onomastics (from other Greek. Ὀνομαστική - the art of giving names)- a section of linguistics that studies any proper names.

Proverb  - a small form of folk poetry, dressed in a short, rhythmic dictum, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.

Proverb  - a phrase reflecting any phenomenon of life, one of the small genres of folklore.

Paremia (from Greek. παροιμία - proverb, proverb, parable)  - a stable phraseological unit, which is a holistic sentence of didactic content.

Polysemy (from the Greek. Πολυσημεία - "polysemy")- polysemy, multivariance, that is, the presence of a word (unit of language, term) of two or more meanings, historically determined or interconnected in meaning and origin.

Conversational vocabulary  - these are the words used in a casual conversation.

Semantics (from other Greek. Σημαντικός - denoting)  - a section of linguistics that studies the semantic meaning of language units.

Synonyms  - words that belong, as a rule, to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but having a similar lexical meaning.

Word- one of the basic structural units of the language, which serves to name objects, their qualities and characteristics, their interactions, as well as naming imaginary and abstract concepts created by the human imagination.

System (from other Greek. Σύστημα - a whole made up of parts; connection)  - many elements that are in relationships and relationships with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity.

Slang- a set of special words or new meanings of existing words used in various groups of people (professional, social, age, etc.)

Old Slavs- words borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, the language of liturgical books. Therefore, Old Church Slavism also includes Church Slavism.

Terminology- a set of terms used in a particular field of knowledge.

Toponym (from other Greek. Τόπος - place + ὄνομα - name, name)  - a proper name denoting the proper name of a geographical object.

Outdated words  - these are the words with which it is important to familiarize the baby before reading the tale or explain their meaning while reading, so that the meaning of the work is perceived exactly as the authors would like.

Phraseology (from the Greek. Φράσις - expression and Greek. Λογος - concept, teaching)  - a section of theoretical linguistics that studies stable speech turns and expressions - phraseological units, the totality of phraseological units of a language is also called its phraseology.

Phraseologism (phraseological unit, phraseological unit)- a stable phrase that has a definition. lexical value, constant component composition and grammatical presence. categories. F. arises and develops in an ide. by rethinking specific phrases.

Morphemic and word formation

Affix, a; m. (from Latin affixus - attached), lingua. - part of a word joining the root and introducing a specific grammatical or word-formation meaning (cf. prefix, infix, suffix, postfix, inflection). Word-building and inflectional affixes.

Allomorph (Allomorph)- a linguistic term denoting a variant of a morpheme that can have different pronunciation variants without changing its meaning. It is used in linguistics to explain the existence of various pronunciation variants in individual morphemes.

Non-affix word formation method  - this is the formation of new words (nouns) from the generating base (verb or adjective) without adding affixes (the generating base becomes the basis of the noun). Explosion, glow, trailer, truancy, take-off; rot, evil spirits, trash, dare.

-G-

how science is a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the laws of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in this language (word forms, syntagm, sentences, texts). The grammar formulates these regularities in the form of general grammatical rules.

Derivative  - derivative word

Derivation(from lat. derivatio - abduction; education)- the process of creating some language units (derivatives) on the basis of others, taken as the initial ones, in the simplest case - by “expanding” the root by affixing (see Affix) or word composition, in connection with which derivation is sometimes equated to word production or even word formation.

Infix –   (lat.infixus - inserted) -it is an affix inserted inside the base root during inflection and word formation. This kind of affix is \u200b\u200bnot inherent in the Russian language.

Root  - a morpheme that carries the lexical meaning of the word (or the main part of this meaning).

Confix(from lat. confixum - taken together, ling.)- a kind of affix, consisting of two parts - a prefix and a postfix, bearing the same value.

Morphemic (from the Greek. Morph - ‘form’)  - This is a section of the science of language in which the composition (structure) of a word is studied.

Morpheme(from Greek raorphe - form)   is the smallest linguistic unit with meaning.

Zero ending  - This is the ending that occurs in a number of mutable words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters.

The ending  - This is a morpheme that usually appears at the end of a word and which indicates the connection of the word with other words. The ending expresses the meanings of gender, number, case, person.

Homomorphs - this (from the Greek. Homos - the same + morphe- form)  - morphemes that coincide in their sound composition, but different in meaning (homonymous morphemes).

Foundation- this is a type of compounding in which new words are created by combining in one word two or more foundations (non-self-contained words).

The foundation  - part of the word to the end, with which its lexical meaning is associated.

Prefix (lat. Praefixum - attached in front), (prefix)  - the minimum significant part of the word facing the root and giving the word new meanings.

Postfix (from Latin post - after + fixus - attached)  is the word-building morpheme following the ending. Postfix can be called a suffix in Russian. In Russian grammar, one group is distinguished - postfixes in the narrow sense, which are called the return morpheme, usually standing after graduation.

Prefix- a method of word formation by attaching a prefix.

Suffix (from lat. Suffixus - nailed, pinned) -  a significant part of the word, the service morpheme located after the root (directly or after another suffix) and used to form new words or their non-syntactic forms.

Suffix- joining suffixes to the roots and foundations as a way of word formation and morphogenesis.

Word formation  - This is a branch of the science of language that studies the structure of words and how they are formed.

Composition  - a method of word formation, two or more complete words (or bases) are combined into a single complex, the so-called complex word.

Flexion (lat. Flexio - bending, transition)  - a complex of grammatical categories expressed in inflection, a set of morphemes that carry out inflection.

The form  - one of the ways to use the word, morpheme.

Formant (from lat. Formans, formantis - forming)  - word-forming tool used in the production of the word.

Morphology and syntax

Aspectology (lat. Aspectus - view and other Greek - λόγος - teaching)- a section of morphology that studies the types (aspects) of the verb.

Analytical (gr. Analytikos)lingv. a. languages \u200b\u200b(English, French, etc.)- languages \u200b\u200bin which the relationship between words in a sentence is mainly expressed not by the forms of the words themselves, but by service words, word order, intonation, etc. Contra - synthetic.

Abstract nouns- these are nouns that call abstract phenomena that are perceived mentally (have only a single or only a plural, are not combined with quantitative numerals).

Impersonal sentences  - these are single-component sentences that speak of an action or condition that arises and exists regardless of the producer of the action or carrier of the state.

Unionless Compound Proposal (BSP)  - a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are interconnected in meaning and structure, and are also connected without the help of unions or relative words by rhythmic and melodic means, the sequence of parts.

Time  - the grammatical category of the verb expressing the ratio of the time of the situation described in the speech to the moment of utterance (that is, to the moment of speech or the length of time, which in the language is indicated by the word "now"), which is taken as a reference point (absolute time) or the ratio of time to another relative time reference point (relative time).

Real nounsdenote substances homogeneous in composition, subject to measurement, division, but not counting (i.e., uncountable!)

Exclamation points- these are sentences that convey the speaker’s strong feelings and emotions.

Grammar (other Greek γραμματική from γράμμα - “letter”)  how science is a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the laws of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in that language (word forms, syntagm, sentences, texts).

The grammatical meaning of the word  - the value expressed by the inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator).

Grammeme  - grammatical meaning, understood as one of the elements of the grammatical category; different grammes of the same category are mutually exclusive and cannot be expressed together.

Grammatical form  - a linguistic sign in which one way or another grammatical way (regularly, standardly) is expressed grammatical meaning.

Verb  - an independent part of speech, which indicates the state or action of an object and answers questions what to do? what to do?

Two-part offers- This is one of the types of simple sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of a combination of the subject and the predicate.

Communion- an independent part of speech or a special form of the verb in Russian, indicating an additional action in the main action. This part of speech combines the features of a verb (form, voice, transitiveness and recurrence) and adverbs (immutability, syntactic role of circumstances). Answers the questions what doing? what having done?

Addition  - a minor member of a sentence expressed by a noun or pronoun. The appendix denotes an object or person that is the object of the action indicated by the predicate and answers questions of indirect cases (“what?”, “Whom?”, “To whom?”, Etc.).

Noun  - an independent part of speech, which denotes an object and answers questions who? what?

Adjective  - this is an independent (significant) part of speech, which denotes a sign of an object and answers questions which ? whose ?

Numeral  - this is an independent part of speech, combining words that indicate numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer the question how?  or which one?

Infinitive (lat.infinitivus (modus) - indefinite)- the indefinite form of the verb, one of the impersonal forms of the verb. In Russian, the infinitive can be part of a compound verb predicate.

Infinitive sentences  - these are impersonal sentences, the predicates of which can be expressed in one indefinite form, without any auxiliary words. Impersonal sentences with such a predicate are usually used in colloquial speech. Their expression is accompanied by a special expressive intonation.

Specific nouns  - these are nouns that name specific objects of animate and inanimate nature (vary in numbers, combined with quantitative numerals).

Kacategory of nouns  - this is a non-translational syntagmatically distinguished morphological category, expressed in the ability of a noun in singular forms to be selective in gender forms in a coordinated or coordinated word form.

Noun Category  - this inflectional category, expressed in a system of two opposed rows of singular and plural forms. The category of nouns is lexico-grammatical in nature.

Short form of adjectives  inherent only to high-quality adjectives, relative and possessive adjectives of a short form do not have. The short name adjective answers the questions: what? what? what is it what are

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from complete ones. In the singular, generic endings are: for the masculine - zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for the feminine, the ending -a (strong, new, skinny); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, lean). In the plural, there are no gender differences: all short adjectives end in -y, -i (strong, new, skinny).
Brief adjectives do not vary by case.
As a rule, in a sentence short adjectives act as a predicate.

Cardinal numbers  - these are numerals that indicate abstract numbers (five) and the number of objects (five tables) and answer the question how many ?. Quantitative numerals are integer (five), fractional (five-seventh) and collective (five). Integer quantitative numerals denote integers or quantities. They are combined with countable nouns, i.e. with such nouns that designate objects that can be counted as pieces.

Kaproper adjectives- these are adjectives that designate such a feature of the subject, which can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent.

Verb facial categoryexpresses the relation of the action performed by the subject to the speaking person. Only verbs of the present and future tense change in faces. Verbs of the past tense for persons are not changed. Verbs of the present and future tense can take the form of the first, second and third person as in a single. So in the plural, that is, conjugated verb forms.

Verbal forms of the first person denote such an action that the speaker himself performs (alone or with other persons). Some verbs are not present in the singular form of the first person.

Verbal forms of the second person, as a rule, denotes an action that performs some second person (in relation to the speaker) or person.

Pronoun (Latin pronomen)  - part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.

Morphology (from other Greek. Μορφή - “form” and λόγος - “word, doctrine”)  - a section of linguistics, the main object of which is the words of natural languages, their significant parts and morphological features. The tasks of morphology, therefore, include the definition of a word as a special language object and a description of its internal structure.

Incomplete offers  - proposals that omit any necessary member of the proposal in meaning and structure (main or secondary). Incomplete can be two-part and one-part, widespread and non-widespread offers.

Unapproved offer- a proposal that consists only of the main members (subject and predicate).

Intransitive verbs (intransitive) -verbs that cannot have a direct complement, t; e. do not combine with the accusative case without an excuse, calling the object, which completely passes the action.

Adverb (the term is formed by tracing paper with lat. Adverbium)- the unchanging, independent part of speech, denoting a sign of a sign, a sign of action or quality. Words of this class answer the questions “where?”, “When?”, “Where?”, “Where?”, “Why?”, “Why?”, “How?” and most often relate to verbs and indicate a sign of action.

Circumstance - a minor member of the sentence, depending on the predicate and indicating a sign of action or a sign of another sign. Usually circumstances are expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases or adverbs, although some groups of circumstances can be expressed by participles. They can also be expressed as an infinitive, a noun in an indirect case with and without a preposition, and even some phraseological units.

Definition (or attribute)- in the syntax, a minor member of a sentence denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed by adjective or participle. Answers questions which ?, which ?, which ?, which? what ?, whose ?, whose ?, whose? whose?.

Relative adjectives  designate such a feature of the subject, which cannot be in the subject to a greater or lesser extent.
Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with the adverb very much, do not have antonyms.
Relative adjectives vary in cases, numbers, and gender (singular).

One-piece offer  - This proposal has only one main member. (or subject, or predicate). five types  one-component sentences: pronounced, definitely personal, indefinite personal, generalized personal and impersonal.

Title sentence - the main member is the subject. It is expressed by the noun singular nominative case.

Definitely personal offer - the main member is the predicate. The agent is not named, but is thought of as a specific person, the predicate is the verb of the 1st and 2nd person of unity. and plurals of indicative and imperative.

Uncertain personal offer - the main member is the predicate. The doer is not named and is thought of as an indefinite person, the predicate is the verb of the 3rd person plural of the present, past or future tense.

General-personal offer - the main member is the predicate. The agent is not named and is thought of as a generalized image, the predicate is the verb of the 2nd person of unity. and plurals of present or future tenses or the imperative verb.

Impersonal offer   - the main member is the predicate. Action and state are not created by the doer.

Predictable -

1) an impersonal verb,

2) a personal verb in an impersonal sense,

3) infinitive,

4) unchanged verb form NO,

5) communion,

Subject is not implied.

Single alliances  - these are unions that are used once. Of the compositional unions, a union is typical in this respect.

Homogeneous members of the proposal- main or secondary sentence members associated with the same word form in it and performing the same syntactic function.

Complicated simple sentence- This is a sentence that includes some kind of syntactic construction. Moreover, it should not have a grammatical basis.

Offer (in language)- This is a unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) with intonational semantic completeness.

Transitivity  - the property of the verb, which consists in the ability to attach a direct complement.

Subject (in syntax)- the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent; denotes an object whose action is expressed by a predicate. The subject calls what someone is talking about or what the proposal says, and answers the questions “who?”, “What?”. When parsing a sentence, it is underlined by one feature.

Full offer  - This is a proposal with all members that are necessary to complete the structure and significance.

Pretext  - the service part of speech, denoting the relationship between the object and the subject, expressing the syntactic dependence of nouns, pronouns, numerals from other words in phrases and sentences.

Participle  - a special form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of the subject in action and answers the questions of the adjective. It has the properties of both a verb (formed with the help of its root) and an adjective name (formed with the help of its ending). The verbal signs of the sacrament are a category of a form, a pledge, as well as a special predicative form of time.

Adjacency- one of the varieties of subordinate syntactic connection (along with coordination and control), not manifested in the conditioning of the main word of a certain form of the dependent, because the dependent element is unchangeable, and expressed only by word order and intonation.

Possessive adjectives -these are such adjectives that indicate the belonging of an object to a certain person or (less often) animal: fathers, sisters, Lizin, etc. The semantic basis of possessive adjectives is an indication of the possessor - the individual.

Just an offer  Is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.

Direct addition  - this is an addition expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without an excuse.

Punctuation (cf. lat. Punctuatio - from lat. Punctum - period) - the system of punctuation marks in the written language of any language, the very rules for their statement in written language, as well as the grammar section that studies these rules.

Ordinals  - a class of numerals, indicating the order of objects when counting. In Russian, ordinal numbers have all the grammatical signs of relative adjectives.

Order of words in a sentence  - this is the mutual arrangement of the sentence members, which has syntactic, semantic and stylistic meaning.

Common offer-simple sentence (see), the composition of which (unlike the non-distributed sentence; see) includes secondary members that explain and clarify the subject, predicate or sentence as a whole.

Syntax (dr. Greek σύν-ταξις - compilation)- a section of linguistics that studies the structure of phrases and sentences, and the functional interaction in them of various parts of speech. It is an integral part of grammar. The questions studied within the syntax are closely related to the field of morphology.

Collocation- These are two or more words, interconnected in meaning and grammatically. The grammatical basis (subject + predicate) is not a phrase.

Matching- one of the three main varieties of subordinate syntactic communication (along with control and adjoining). It consists in likening the dependent component to the dominant in the same grammatical categories (in gender, number, case), in which a change in the dominant word entails a corresponding change in the dependent.

Predicate  - the main member of the proposal, associated with the subject and answering the questions of what the subject (or person) does ?, what happens to him?, what is he?, what is he ?, who is he? etc. The predicate denotes the action or condition of objects and persons by which the subject is expressed.

Union  - the service part of speech, with the help of which parts of a complex sentence or homogeneous members of a sentence are connected together. They do not bow and do not conjugate and are not members of the proposal. Express semantic relations between syntactic units.

Difficult sentence  - a sentence having two or more grammatical foundations and representing a semantic unity, designed intonationally. There are 3 types of complex sentences: a compound sentence, a complex sentence, a unionless compound sentence.

Complicated Offer (NGN)- a kind of complex sentence, which is characterized by a division into two main parts: the main and the subordinate clause.

Complicated sentence (BSC)  - a complex sentence with a creative connection between its parts. The components of a compound sentence are not grammatically independent of each other, that is, they are equal.

Degrees of comparison  - the common name of the three forms of the adjective or adverb expressing various degrees of quality inherent in the subject whose name is determined by this adjective or adverb.

Declination  - this is a change in the names of nouns (and other nominal parts of speech) by cases and numbers. All nouns can be divided into seven groups, which will have the same endings (forms) when declensing in cases and numbers, i.e.

The term (from Latin terminus - limit, border)  - a word or phrase, which is the name of some concept of a field of science, technology, art, and so on.

Conditional mood (conditioned (Is.), Lat. Modus conditionalis)- an inclination denoting actions desired or possible under certain conditions.

Part of the speech (tracing-paper with Latin pars orationis, other Greek: μέρος τοῦ λόγου)  - a category of words in a language defined by morphological and syntactic features. In the languages \u200b\u200bof the world, first of all, the name is contrasted (which can be further divided into a noun, adjective, etc., but this is not universal) and a verb.

Particle  - a service part of speech that introduces various meanings, emotional connotations into a sentence or serves to form word forms.

List of references

1. Akhmanova O. A.Dictionary of linguistic terms. - 6th ed. - Moscow: Librocom, 2012 .-- 576 p.

2. Ageenko, F. L.Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language [Text]: 85 500 dictionary units / F. L. Ageenko, M. V. Zarva; under the editorship of M.A. Studiner. - M.: Iris-Press, 2000 .-- 808 p.

3. Zaliznyak, A. A.Grammar dictionary of the Russian language. Inflection [Text]: about 110,000 words / A. A. Zaliznyak. - 4th ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Russian dictionaries, 2003 .-- 795 p.

4. Ivanova V.A., Potikha 3.A., Rosenthal D.E.  Interesting about the Russian language. - L., 1990.

5. Novikova L. I.  Russian language: spelling: textbook. manual / L. I. Novikova, N. Yu. Soloviev. - M.: RIOR, 2010 .-- 300 p. - (Professional education)

6. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.  Dictionary of linguistic terms - Moscow, 2012

7. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A.  Modern Russian language. - M., 1994

8. Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A.Dictionary of linguistic terms. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 399 p.

Internet resources:

http://www.gramota.ru/

http://www.textologia.ru/

Linguistic terminology is a combination of words and phrases used in linguistics to express special concepts and to name typical objects of a given scientific field. As an integral part of the metalanguage of linguistics, linguistic terminology is the object of attention of a number of researchers (O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilieva, B.N. Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin, S.D. Shelov, S.E. Nikitina, I.S. Kulikova and D.V. Salmina, H.F. Iskhakova and others).

Linguistic terminology can be described from various perspectives and classified on various grounds, which are in the relationship of complementarity. We propose a classification of Crimean Tatar linguistic terms, which is based on the provisions put forward by N.V. Vasilyeva:

1) for the designation of general or specific phenomena of linguistics, universal terms stand for general categories that are characteristic of many languages \u200b\u200b( benjesme  'assimilation', tamyr'root', dzhumle  ’Proposal’, etc.), and unique, i.e. designations of phenomena specific to any language or group of related languages \u200b\u200b( yulgyamas mulkiet’Affiliation affinity’, haberlik yalgyamasy’A predicate affix’, etc.);

2) according to the internal form, linguistic terms are divided into motivated ones, in which there is a semantic and structural correlation of their morphemes with morphemes of a given language (terms dudakly (ses)'labial sound)'   ← Dudak + ly; manadash’Synonym’ ← mana + dashand others), and unmotivated, which are mainly borrowed vocabulary ( narf< араб. ’наречие’, violet\u003e arab .’s verb’s and others);

3) on a genetic basis, the terms primordial ( sai  'numeral', ayirji’Definition’, cez Cheshiti  ’Part of speech’, etc.), borrowed ( name\u003e Arab. 'spelling', sonor\u003e lat.’Sleepy’, graphics\u003e Greek  'graphic arts' , phrase\u003e Greek’Phrase’, etc.) and terms created on the basis of Greek-Latin elements ( phonetic'phonetic'   ← phonet + ir, omoshekil’Omoform’ ← omo + shekil  and etc.);

4) the terms monolexemic are different in composition, i.e. single-word, including composites ( isim  'noun', yalgyama  'affix', syfatfil  ’Participle’ and others), and polylexemic, i.e. terms consisting of two or more words ( bash jumle  ’Main offer’, sesi cheese og  ’Front row sound’, kechken zaman fiili  ’The past tense’, etc.);

5) according to the method of education, the following are distinguished: a) terms created by the lexical-semantic method - through the terminization of a commonly used word ( tamyr  'root', al  ’Circumstance’ and others); b) affixations ( ben + zesh + me'assimilation', ces + des’Homophone’, etc.); c) addition of bases and reduplication ( okshav-kuchyultyuv (affixi)’Diminutive (affix)’, dudak-dudak sesi  ’Labial-labial sound’); d) in a lexico-syntactic way - through the formation of terms on models of various types of phrases ( vastasyz kechken zaman fiili  ’The obvious past tense of the verb’, ayirji tabili murekkep jumle  ’A compound sentence with a clause’, etc.).

Linguistic terminology takes shape "throughout the history of linguistics and reflects not only a change of views on the language, not only the difference in linguistic usage in different schools and areas of linguistics, but also various national linguistic traditions." A study of the linguistic terminology of the Crimean Tatar language of different historical periods shows that, moving away from the Arab linguistic traditions, it began to take into account the achievements of European and Russian linguistics, which manifested itself in a change in the genetic, word-formation and other characteristics of the Crimean Tatar term.

According to some researchers (O.S. Akhmanov, N.V. Vasiliev, and others), in linguistics there is a problem of streamlining linguistic terminology, since it is a constantly changing open system, replenished with new elements. However, it cannot be standardized. It can only be systematized and unified. Dictionaries of linguistic terms of various types should serve these purposes. Analysis of the terminographic material shows that at present there are only two dictionaries of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language. One of them, “Til vetil bilgisi termleri” (“Russian-Tatar terminological dictionary of language and linguistics”), was published in the pre-war period (1941) and is a translated Russian-Crimean Tatar dictionary. The other, “Kırımtatar tili tilshynaslasyk terminerin lugaty” (“Dictionary of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language”), was published in 2001 and is a dictionary-dictionary of linguistic terms. Since the linguistic terminology of the described language is not a perfect system, one of the tasks of Crimean Tatar linguistics is to more fully select and describe linguistic terms in dictionaries. E.R. Tenishev, analyzing scientific and educational literature. published after 1925 in the Crimean Tatar language, notes that “there is a need for more than one type of dictionary: academic, regulatory, literary, translational, explanatory, dictionaries of the language as a whole or the literary language, or dialects, or terminologies, or narrowly specialized. "

A special subsystem should be distinguished from linguistic terminology - nomenclature. On the need to distinguish between the actual term and nomen, terminology and nomenclature after G.O. Many terminologists (A.A. Reformatsky, O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilieva, B.N. Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin, T.R. Kiyak, V.M. Leichik, A.V. Superanskaya, A.V. Lemov, etc.). However, the views of researchers on understanding the essence of nomenclature denominations differ. Some scholars call the nomen “an abstract and conditional symbol” (V. G. Vinokur), while others consider them as a special type of terms correlated with single concepts and actualizing subject connections (B. N. Golovin, R. Yu. Kobrin). According to V.M. Leichik, the nomenclature "is an intermediate, connecting link in a series of nomenclature units - between terms and proper names." As A.V. notes Lemov, summarizing the views on this issue, we can identify the following: “The term has a predominantly significative meaning, nomen - denotative, because it is associated with a more specific concept. The term performs both nominative and definitive functions, nomen - only nominative. ”

We tend to adhere to the views of O.S. Akhmanova and N.V. Vasilyeva to this question, and we accept the definition according to which the nomenclature is “a system of specific names that are used to designate specific language objects”. So, N.V. Vasilieva distinguishes between the concepts of “linguistic term” and “linguistic nomenclature” in this way: suffix -  this is the term diminutive suffix  - specific term, diminutive suffix of the Russian language   -shush-  - this is nomen. Consequently, nomenclature designations are the names of more specific objects. In relation to the Crimean Tatar language, this ratio of linguistic concepts will be expressed as follows: yalgyama’Affix’ is a term ses yapiji yalgyam  ’Word-formation affix’ is a specific term, isim yapiji - dash / - desh yalgyamasy’Affix-dash / -desh, forming a noun’– nomen. A large number of linguistic nomenclatures of the Crimean Tatar language are described in the work of Usein Kurkchi “Kırymtatar tili imlyasyn dair teklifler” (“Suggestions for Crimean Tatar spelling”).

The distinction between the term and the nomen is due to their semantics. The nomenclature names are not characterized by the definitive function characteristic of the terms, their meaning is “denotative, objective, while the semantics of the term behind the abstract concept is significant”.

Researchers also noted the moving boundaries between nomenclature units and terms (O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilieva and others). “Any nomenclature sign, no matter how limited it is in its use, can acquire a more general character if similar phenomena are found in other languages \u200b\u200bor in the initially narrow names a more general universal content is found,” O.S. Akhmanova.

So we will distinguish linguistic terms  - words and phrases used in linguistics to express special concepts, and linguistic nomenclature  as a specific name for designating specific elements in a language system.

Due to the fact that the number of nomenclature designations is unlimited, the object of our attention will be linguistic terms.

Lecture number 3

Theme:  Linguistic terminology and its specificity.

Plan:

1. Linguistic terminology and nomenclature.
2. The main groups of linguistic terms.
3. Genetic characteristics of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language.
4. The derivational aspect of linguistic terminology.
5. Semantic processes in the scientific terminology of the Crimean Tatar language.

Literature:

1. Ganiev E.S. From the history of linguistic terminology of the Crimean Tatar language // Culture of the Black Sea peoples. - Simferopol, 2004. - No. 47. - S. 9-12.

2. Ganieva E.S. The system of linguistic terms in the arabographic grammar of the beginning of the XX century “Sarf-i Türkic” // Culture of the Black Sea peoples. - Simferopol, 2005. - No. 68. - S. 45-48.

34. Ganieva E.S. Types of systemic relations in Crimean Tatar linguistic terminology (synonymy and antonymy) // Culture of the Black Sea peoples. - Simferopol, 2006. - No. 86. - S. 91-94.

5. 6. 7. Ganieva E.S. Structural and grammatical presentation of linguistic terms in the Crimean Tatar language // Culture of the Black Sea peoples. - Simferopol, 2007. - No. 120 - S. 71-74.

Among most humanities, special attention should be paid to linguistics. This science has a great influence on the life of each of us, and its individual sections are studied not only in universities, but also in schools.

Let's talk about what linguistics is, and what are its main sections.

Definition of Linguistics

Linguistics is a science that studies the language, its development, the phenomena that make up a particular language elements and units. The term comes from the Latin lingua - "language". The original Russian term linguistics is considered a synonym for linguistics.

Most of the linguistic disciplines are studied at universities at the philological faculties, and we get acquainted with the basics of linguistics in elementary school in the lessons of Russian and foreign languages.

Classical sections of linguistics

So, we have found out what linguistics is, and now we can talk about its main sections. The main or classical sections of linguistics that each of us has been acquainted with throughout our studies at school are phonetics, graphics, morphology, syntax, lexicology and phraseology, as well as stylistics.

Learning any language begins with phonetics and graphics.

Phonetics is a section of linguistics that studies the sound structure of a language, sounds and syllables. Graphics is engaged in the study of letters and their relationship with sounds.

The next section of linguistics that you get to know at school is grammar. This is a science that studies the structure of language. Consists of two sections: morphology and syntax. Morphology studies the parts of speech in a language and their derivation and inflection. The syntax studies phrases and sentences. Note that punctuation is closely related to the syntax, which studies the rules for using punctuation marks.

Periodically, in the course of language learning, schoolchildren also study other sections of linguistics: lexicology and phraseology, stylistics.

Lexicology is a science that studies the vocabulary of a language, establishes the meaning of words, the norms of their use. In lexicology, synonyms and antonyms, paronyms, the lexical composition of the language by origin, social use are considered.

Phraseology is a section that studies phraseological units, that is, stable expressions of a particular language.

Stylistics is the science of speech styles and means of linguistic expressiveness. At school, students constantly get acquainted with the artistic and journalistic, scientific, epistolary styles of the language. They learn not only to recognize them, but also to independently create texts in a particular style.

Special sections

Upon entering the university at the Faculty of Philology, students continue their acquaintance with linguistics, learn what linguistics is and how many sections and sciences it actually contains in itself.

So, linguistics is divided into theoretical, which deals with the problems of linguistic models, and applied, aimed at finding solutions to practical problems associated with the study of the language and its use in other areas of knowledge. In addition, they distinguish practical linguistics that deals with the problems of transmission and knowledge of the language.

Theoretical linguistics includes the previously mentioned sections of linguistics, such as morphology and syntax, lexicology, stylistics, and others.

Applied Linguistics

The applied sections of linguistics include cognitive linguistics, dialectology and history of language, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, lexicography, linguodidactics, terminology, translation, computer linguistics.

Each of these sections is engaged in the study of a particular sphere of the language, its application.

So, ethnolinguistics is engaged in the study of language in its connection with the culture of the people.

Psycholinguistics is a science at the intersection of psychology and linguistics. She studies the relationship of language, thinking and consciousness.

Cognitive linguistics is engaged in the establishment of connections between language and human mental activity, its attention and memory, and perception of language.

Computer linguistics deals with the problems of machine translation, automatic text recognition, information retrieval, and even linguistic expertise.

Quite interesting is lexicography, the science that compiles dictionaries.

The history of language is engaged in the study of the development of the language, and another linguistic discipline - dialectology - significantly helps in this.

As you can see, this is not a complete list of sections and disciplines that modern linguistics studies. Every year more and more linguistic disciplines appear, more and more linguistic problems are studied, associated with the development and improvement of the language.

conclusions

Linguistics is a science that studies languages \u200b\u200band their structure. It has many language sections, and every year there are more and more of them. We get acquainted with some linguistic disciplines at a school bench, but their bulk is studied at philological faculties.

Now you know what linguistics is and what its main sections are.

Abbreviation  - a way of forming nouns by reducing words or phraseological phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun (cf. special from specialist, unsuccessful  of unsatisfactory tanks  of whiskers, gas mask  of gas mask, demi-season  of light overcoat  etc.).

Ablative  - existing in some languages \u200b\u200bdepositional (or initial) case, equivalent to our genitive with the prepositions from, s, from. In language, it coincided with the genitive, and some of its forms were lost, while others were preserved as forms of the genitive case.

Agent value - the value of the actor.

Akane. In a narrow sense, akanyi means the coincidence of the sounds o and a in the pre-stressed syllable in one sound [ʌ], which is acoustically close to stressed a. The development of Akanya in the Russian language in the monuments of writing is reflected from the XIV century. In those cases when the spelling followed the pronunciation, sometimes “illegal” a occurred in the place of the etymological o in spelling (see clumsy, kalach, ferry  etc.).

Anthonyms  - first names, patronymics and last names.

Aorist  - a species-tense verb form in Indo-European languages, used to indicate a past action as such as instantaneous, i.e., regardless of its development or completeness, limit.

Argo  - conditional expressions and words used by any separate social or professional group, its conditional language.

Morphological and syntactic method of word formation  - the emergence of new words as a result of the transition of lexical units or their forms from one part of speech to another (see tailor, idol, essence, combustible, almost  etc.).

Prosthetic sound  - a new consonant formed at the beginning of a word before vowels to facilitate pronunciation. Such sounds in the Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwere consonants in and j. The sound developed in front of b, s, o (see yell eight get used to  etc.), and j - in front of b, e, ě (yat), a (see ulcer, lamb, etc.).

Rederivation  - a way of word formation, with the help of which new words are created in the same way as when suffixing and prefixing, but in a direction perceived as the opposite (compare an umbrella - from an umbrella, a flask - from a flask, scare - from puff, etc.). )

Reduplication  - the same as.

Actually Russian. Actually Russian words are words known only in Russian. In the vast majority of cases, these are words that arose in the Russian language in the era of the separate existence of three East Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(mainly from the 15th century to the present).

Complication  - the transformation of a word that had a non-derivative basis into a structural unit of a derivative character (see umbrella, flask, etc.).

Ellipsis  - Skipping an expression element that is easily restored in a given context or situation

Enantiosemia  - development in a word of opposite meanings (see probably honor the notorious  etc.).

Enclitic form  - not a complete, but a short form of personal and reflexive pronouns in some indirect cases.

A Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

Muallif:    R. Nabieva

{!LANG-b91f194c5a97901480a08bac8ad2836b!} : {!LANG-56cd3ed085e8b5e0784d2fab92a45a31!}

{!LANG-29838cf407208ce9f492597f7f930f0a!}{!LANG-f955c99e2b6c42083145a3ee28e7e90d!}

{!LANG-7db2f2a2329f7e6bb78907e81e702f8c!}{!LANG-58d106c0077a10ca3ba85f326d4eda6c!}

{!LANG-bdf9eb77dbf8c97068f811e006af2c6a!}: {!LANG-d18fd7dc89280480bb4b953a57c67f5c!}

{!LANG-7586a75b3e033ee9b1a8dbbfa1824ac7!}{!LANG-d06550381ebe0601c2a5b60b9f4b92bf!}

{!LANG-4498065055dbf16981e0ead453509e1f!}{!LANG-3f4114420a715f8f88ef6235efd5500e!}

{!LANG-8e4f33dfd5abbd866a3acdec60d49757!}{!LANG-6e8637519f4eb4ba5710f7e386fc2efe!}

{!LANG-81e107963e6f39ba1435d55b6cff6fd6!}

{!LANG-1582b91f3a6eb325e5ff79cffa0b70f3!}

{!LANG-853322a30462f95581f5ed70e0f11027!}

{!LANG-c1cce285a5987e39f5c60faa0ed07d24!}

{!LANG-efcecb4ca1502762de9f683923f4f52e!}

{!LANG-358a256a96a9f24c8e974f9f4dfbfd0b!}

1. 
   {!LANG-7c4471d931a95aa0fe953af3e3e5c215!}
2. 
   {!LANG-e8c13cba30032ab74d3256fbd1e459d9!}
3. 
   {!LANG-81a5a3744d011a6de3199707cf381b4f!}

{!LANG-a3ca63c13a445a1fe194ea445d6c4be6!}

{!LANG-c2dcf27a2c68af2cb1285789532cfbbe!}

Abbreviation{!LANG-9fa7891d6698fafe9602c3207a6afe48!} {!LANG-f4149ee7a32d56e0754ef741e5b8b21e!}.

{!LANG-3eab78bbe59d9a31a1d5a872d5be46f0!}{!LANG-a2b1ccd2fdc3b5ba3bbb34f005e446d1!} {!LANG-e79ca37bef138c8a9ed6f3620eb767a2!} {!LANG-39662eb0f90809b0861a9b04ce4cb853!}{!LANG-c528d54a113fc9d83f3c4ba1921ec6b9!} {!LANG-fa7bdd840bf402221932197035625ab0!}{!LANG-09f655d961c4982666d9a9e44b02d129!} {!LANG-584add045ce87df0b0dc4f7e6ae4cb6c!} .

{!LANG-dd88a80930441a41fd0b17ce3ddca30e!}{!LANG-b91d60d2641fa831c1dcd7aeb4f74b3d!} {!LANG-8a8e494bd3462842f58e95b87e5b0421!}

Active vocabulary{!LANG-c8cb7f0f5811b8154f70bd2578079710!}

{!LANG-4066fc3314064fcfb3722647fdc1694a!}{!LANG-7a8eb7abfada93bf2b4ff09d160d6961!} {!LANG-b266291b36c1d3b69b95680abcae2671!}{!LANG-43cabd9f6cc6b92545682149e096a280!}

{!LANG-029fc78c03fde7b26acd0f22949fc006!}{!LANG-67ed7325400200b5db3084eeff1a5343!} {!LANG-591a810ca6441d6d94321ebdafec7156!}

{!LANG-b10b581dcb9828c1f77bab613a9985f9!}{!LANG-0ffff87330f0163a44f7cb6d82a25bb6!}

{!LANG-454c61a2a231647ee9ef6dae4045bc00!}{!LANG-4f9fb52b61f7380d46093099f74d3a9c!}

{!LANG-ecc89568cd2be2aab4347b6cf958ffb2!}{!LANG-a21891337226f00ac48a003e35fa360c!} {!LANG-040100645995c8bf9746a80776e64c91!}

{!LANG-bc3655f9d1a41097714e65dff26cf673!}{!LANG-8f2560c3ac6ef559e4b524851abd16ed!} {!LANG-bc2eb3e25ad56925f4611e8c6db958f3!}

{!LANG-7fe971158ab0991c35acc732a64ee934!}{!LANG-a4dbf61cbea3ebced6a1b8b69e0c205f!}

{!LANG-43b471771d6d688ac7b9b2598faded4c!}{!LANG-27dbf50c99c9d5d65638362ce9a8c3fe!} {!LANG-0636e0869b07159f36dbb6171fe2e27c!}

Argo{!LANG-de370bc91d9da536ebd0e7cd53856e88!} {!LANG-5bea0408b7ba0c726c78775a8565a0d1!}

{!LANG-2bfdc837ed8adbb681cb85d4fd0fa07d!}{!LANG-c0d1696360e8948843b705b17ff85a7d!} {!LANG-7f845b98d380ee04a3fb2b9e6857c920!}

{!LANG-522067ba22d53fb6bb816d20b8e6dcee!}{!LANG-658f6085dfb7ffb130894bcdc26569d3!} {!LANG-6c5dd6470970288e70f0a4b1c3f50a4b!}

Assimilation{!LANG-dd7a973c20e8b701f040a72a5de079da!} {!LANG-4ced7a1a3e55aaea143c44f490ddc0d9!}

{!LANG-1339482742cc8a35dcee764f783f5e13!}{!LANG-4218824f4e888e8ffaf26223ec47f33f!}

{!LANG-4cc286ff67ca8a7d6f041ab3deeaf1a2!}{!LANG-6812099236dd524c2a3d4238ad0a112a!}

{!LANG-6d7890febdfe8faf33f466144938c51f!}{!LANG-f4adadf72469b1ee12ee975fddb1b630!}

{!LANG-f4743fb48974dbcee205dc3405db2f9b!}{!LANG-9b36e7e5b82a369ee5bcd541ab0fb9df!} {!LANG-efe01485088effdcb1b9720784af9e62!}

{!LANG-e88bb94d0d5309630361aafbd1e75b15!}{!LANG-c29eb1cbf2933405fa4d7355c4ab9dbd!} {!LANG-e7b56c3ae9b5194d66569ced013465a5!}

{!LANG-d608016190170bf4792f3e0b8469c5c7!}

{!LANG-35dfbe785ca67ab8ee5bb3924364d823!}{!LANG-b41453154883152a6cad43fe94987436!} {!LANG-21dd517989c1efb7a0923edcd7b3fc65!}

{!LANG-d8ad5985031a23f23242ed3936785046!}

{!LANG-e3637c2b981d63b9cd9f8e24f2e9adb8!}{!LANG-305fcdf55e829bd8bdc9d708d8f8802d!} {!LANG-40445ba5aa080acf87901e66d9b08acf!}{!LANG-cb5eae377004333124f3219a02e16c01!} {!LANG-1cf31d04c94abff9d7ac3010cce8c1dc!}

{!LANG-b51d92c5894605b29b913f9236cd72fb!}{!LANG-df7b8fd571d837128b95089eaf9e8854!} {!LANG-e871f0a664843b2a41caec60ec62bf5d!}{!LANG-cb5eae377004333124f3219a02e16c01!} {!LANG-7ede98049ecc9d535b61c41053a4ff0a!}{!LANG-1650bbc8bdf7f6d67e81f5ca2423efa7!} {!LANG-9fe5adf9ba0bcfab81aa335f69f39119!} {!LANG-5f85176cbc601df72ad0ed35c0cf2402!}{!LANG-f1c5e104cb299dcdc8356fd6321cf676!} {!LANG-e0f57cf163c0c25dbce19fed54f7824e!} .

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Grammatical form{!LANG-fad7ab062dcd2dead115969fb39e6077!}

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Two-part offers{!LANG-3f75a23c8130a5046aa32f8679f4aa4a!}

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{!LANG-3a8f3db173179097f11be15075051f85!}

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Book vocabulary{!LANG-d7e63ad8b40a9a4d9845f7a15ccf2e6a!}

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Root{!LANG-95c3285b36a64237fef30e197e4adc23!}

{!LANG-88c8816da13b397fc1b18749ccc5e076!}{!LANG-d3d3149fae22ef1213133c0bb246d144!} ): , .

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{!LANG-d5157f3f41edef59a4a4284b303ba24f!} (
Literary language{!LANG-7e0eb5cfac98db6782b91bc2fa8b66e4!}

Logical stress{!LANG-f28f904dd6aba4326707d839c00b388e!} {!LANG-e74abf21e8394ebfbcd9ea987252d0ca!} today{!LANG-7721ab04ddf0842550fc2b3283017e10!} {!LANG-0df4bd79639c55880b3bf0b7cce18de8!}.

Speech melody{!LANG-d644c982038fd3cae0111689fdb88fde!}

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Norm{!LANG-58b29853957cd2c859da03f0abb2408a!}

Nasal vowels{!LANG-617c734ea769cea59e8e710d170f9692!}

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Circumstance{!LANG-10968e96f03c21677fd24dd5e62c2fd0!} {!LANG-376511df4bd4ded52ff5d42c2d04a906!} {!LANG-ac5f6ade321b07f2e58d45b476163514!}

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{!LANG-ce3cc9ed25bac81a011886648fbe8929!}{!LANG-499f94c56adc791a2d60e46ee576946e!} : {!LANG-c3657b66c60a307292aae11f07b04ae7!} {!LANG-95c9dc44bf1eb8fb01c63629f624c879!}{!LANG-a2652c36b2d6b4c4cf388ddc70f7f2fe!} {!LANG-ef76ba8a6c359b127c0994fcae86df32!}{!LANG-edb27df0c76c1e977680215189584556!} {!LANG-df43c68d409e517899bdf9e67f7581d4!}{!LANG-e492d8ac31e70f5be4d51f439088690f!} {!LANG-a5bde55df28ac231472a6ccc49c7d24b!}

{!LANG-3d47a5d5a1928e8d1257a2d0c2c0c2b0!}{!LANG-88bfef38095ab4c44576131eed55a847!} {!LANG-192b07d4e9177a64ffd7bdfe1e33bcf4!}.

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{!LANG-bf010ab00781a9f3166d92d35e03b70d!}{!LANG-c8be8787b30e415d0b7c6180649746de!} {!LANG-416540d3ea39d3791c47490cc9650f7b!}

{!LANG-9c76ebd83059a6fc08f4b1390c303ec0!}{!LANG-4e0a6b01c43de00f083fbf243c39b906!} {!LANG-8be55d01eae8684036353dc360e66a7c!}

{!LANG-3fb7e6822209fef82609cd87902a2a65!}{!LANG-3ee56d9737411df2874f6eb8fa4a5aa6!}

Open syllable{!LANG-fb9632b311f5fc98ca85f55d8aa73df9!} {!LANG-924f9001bce27106c51af01b46d28ace!}

{!LANG-682b26357f711b8fe5676541a27c15d4!}{!LANG-3eaea4608a71a50de06a5a16c05111fc!}

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