The excess of phosphorus affects the plant. Lack or excess of elements in a plant
Nutrient Excess
An excess, like a deficiency, of nutrients leads to a disturbance of biochemical processes in the plant. Signs of poisoning plants with certain substances often coincide with the symptoms of a lack of certain nutrients.
Nitrogen
With an excess flow of nitrogen into the plant, there is a delay in flowering and maturation. Externally, the overfed plant has dark green foliage, an overly thick stem. The growing season is extended, the tissues become juicy and soft, more susceptible to fungal diseases.
In a cucumber with an excess of nitrogen the leaves turn dark green. Middle and old leaves bend. Transparent spots between the veins merge and become yellow or gray-brown. Fruits are smaller than usual, they accumulate more nitrates. With a strong nitrogen poisoning plants die within a few days. Excess nitrogen retards potassium uptake by the plant.
Phosphorus
Excess phosphorus in the plant leads to a general yellowing, bright necrotic spots appear, leaves fall. The development of the plant accelerates, it quickly ages. High doses of phosphorus increase the sensitivity of the plant to water deficiency. Excess phosphorus retards potassium uptake by the plant.
Potassium
With an excess of potassium, nitrogen is delayed in the plant. Its accumulation in tissues leads to a delay in plant growth. The internodes lengthen, the leaves brighten. In later phases, mosaic spots appear on the leaves. Leaves wither and fall off. Damage is local, necrotic tissue. Excess potassium impairs the absorption of magnesium or calcium (especially with high acidity of the soil).
Magnesium
If there is a lot of magnesium in the soil, the leaves of the plants sometimes become darker and curl.
Calcium
Excess calcium causes interstitial leaf chlorosis. The spots are pale, necrotic, sometimes concentric circles filled with water appear on them. With an excess of calcium, the availability of trace elements such as boron and manganese for plants decreases.
Copper
An excess of copper leads to chlorosis on the lower leaves, then to the formation of brown spots and leaf fall. Interstitial chlorosis of young leaves is also noted.
Manganese
The veins of old cucumber leaves with an excess of manganese become dark red, between them appear light green or transparent spots. Necrosis gradually develops, the leaves die. With a strong manganese poisoning, plant growth stops, cuttings and leaves are covered with a mass of dark red dots. The development goes from older to younger leaves. You can not get involved in frequent spraying and dressing under the root of potassium permanganate.
Boron
With the accumulation of boron in the soil at the edges of the lower leaves of cucumbers, a yellow stripe appears, the leaves are wrapped down and take a dome-shaped form. Harvest is declining.
Chlorine
With an excess of chlorine leaves coarsen, become hard, small, but green. Stem hardens. On the old leaves of some plants appear purple-brown spots, then the leaves fall.
Everything is good in moderation. Excess nutrients provoke a violation of the growing season, leads to the formation of nitrates and tissue death. Overdose is not good, it is harmful. It will be a question of mineral fertilizers, as the concentration in them in comparison with organic matter is rather high and mistakes occur more often.
Do no harm!
It is important to understand that non-observance of norms, proportions and terms of introduction, especially of nitrogenous substances, is dangerous. Therefore, you need to carefully and correctly use mineral supplements, do not use them "by eye", not guided by conjectures and good intentions. As agricultural technicians express: “a lack of knowledge cannot be compensated for by an excess of fertilizers”.Non-observance of norms and intervals reduces quality, leads to yield losses and even to the death of plants. Often the gardener, noticing the deterioration of the seedlings, decides to make another podkorm. As a result, the soil is oversaturated and the crop dies. Unreasonably high doses of nitrogen - accumulation of nitrates. An interesting fact - the same harmful process occurs in fertile soil with a deficiency of phosphorus, potassium, molybdenum.
Why does plant absorption of nutrients occur? Consider the principle of action. All fertilizers are transformed in the soil into inorganic salts, fed in the form of an aqueous solution. The basis of the dynamics of nutrition is the balance of salts. If the sap of the plant is more salty than the soil, then the root system absorbs the soil solution. The same concentration stops the absorption of moisture from the soil. If the soil is salty more than the sap of the plant, then the most terrible thing happens - the outflow of fluid from the stem and the death of the crop.
How to identify signs of poisoning
The excess of each substance has its own symptoms, so you need to know the signs and be able to diagnose. Consider all the options glut.
Nitrogen
Excess nitrogen is determined visually. The plant looks overfed, has an overly mighty stem, dark green tops. The growing season is lengthening, the time of flowering is delayed, the collection time is postponed, the quality of the fruits deteriorates. Increases susceptibility to fungal infections.
Tomatoes on the edges of the foliage appears chlorosis with brown necrosis, passing between the veins. Bending of petioles, coagulation of leaves occurs. In cucumbers, the old leaves are deformed, covered with transparent spots, which then turn yellow or become gray-brown. Fruits accumulate nitrates and grow smaller than usual.
Phosphorus
In the production of vegetables, an overdose of phosphorus leads to the appearance of necrotic spotting, to a general yellowing, leaf fall. There is a rapid aging, increased sensitivity to water scarcity. In tomatoes, the ends of old leaves turn brown or yellow, although the fabric remains intact, even in the presence of necrotic spots.
Potassium
excess potassium
Signs of excess potassium are elongated internodes, growth retardation, light leaves. There is a delay in the absorption of nitrogenous compounds. The later stage is characterized by tissue necrosis, mosaic stains, wilting and foliage dumping.
Magnesium
If an excess amount of magnesium is introduced into the soil, the leaves react by twisting and become saturated dark. In tomatoes, tops are reduced in size, the ends of the leaves become longer and die.
Calcium
Calcium poisoning stimulates enhanced growth of shoots that quickly fade. On leaves, interstitial chlorosis appears with pale spotting in the form of circles, sometimes filled with liquid.
What to do with improper fertilization?
lack of calcium
If you make a mistake and exceed the rate of fertilizer application, it will affect the condition of your pets. Observing the plants, you will determine by the external signs the excessive presence of any element.
Operational assistance will help correct the situation. Watering is needed, and it is recommended to spill the soil once with plenty of water (12-15 liters per square meter). This technique helps to wash the active substances from the upper layer and transform them into deeper layers, 20-30 cm is enough. If the plants are compact, experts advise to shed several times with simultaneous transplantation and depositing another hole into the hole. In any case, washing the soil gives results, and the condition of the crops improves.
Conclusion
To achieve maximum growth, large and high-quality harvest can be achieved with the right balance of the right elements. Every gardener should strive to learn the rules of fertilizer application. Proportions are selected individually based on the state of the soil, the ratio of the use of organic matter and mineral fertilizers. Each person should have their own dimensional accounting system - it will save from errors and increase yields. Excess, like deficiency, of nutrients leads to disruption of biochemical processes in the plant, for example, growth slows down, tissues die. Signs of poisoning plants with certain substances often coincide with the symptoms of a lack of certain nutrients.
With excess admission nitrogen flowering and maturation are delayed in the plant. Externally, the overfed plant has a dark green tops, an overly thick stalk. The growing season is extended.
Due to the accumulation of organic forms of nitrogen compounds, especially proteins, tissues become juicy and soft, more susceptible to fungal diseases and accessible to pests. The product quality of many cultures is deteriorating.
Tomatoes are signs of excess nitrogen similar in many ways to potassium deficiency. Chlorosis develops first along the edges of the leaves, then between the veins and is accompanied by brown necrosis. At the same time, the ends of the leaves roll up at the edges, the stalks also bend.
Cucumber with excess nitrogen leaves turn dark green. Middle and old leaves bend. Transparent spots between the veins merge and become yellow or gray-brown. Fruits are smaller than usual, they accumulate more nitrates. With a strong nitrogen poisoning plants die within a few days.
Excess phosphorus when growing vegetable crops, it leads to a general yellowing of the plants, bright necrotic spots appear on them, leaves fall. The development of plants accelerates, they quickly grow old. High doses of phosphorus increase the sensitivity of plants to water deficiency.
In some plants, symptoms of excess phosphorus similar to signs of potassium starvation, in others - to signs of excess nitrogen. The ends and edges of older tomato leaves become yellowish or brown, necrotic spots sometimes appear on them, but the leaf tissue remains intact.
With an excess potassium nitrogen is delayed in the plant. Its accumulation in tissues leads to a delay in plant growth. The internodes lengthen, the leaves brighten. In later phases, mosaic spots appear on the leaves. Leaves wither and fall off. Damage is local, necrotic tissue.
If there is a lot of soil magnesium, the leaves of plants sometimes become darker, curled. In tomato, they are slightly reduced in size, then their ends are drawn out and die.
Excess calcium causes interstitial chlorosis of leaves. The spots are pale, necrotic, sometimes concentric circles filled with water appear on them. On some plants, enhanced leaf growth begins, but the shoots die off.
Signs of plant poisoning are similar to the symptoms of magnesium or iron deficiency. On tomatoes, chlorosis develops in the form of whitish necrotic spots, which can be colored, with concentric rings filled with water.
Very carefully it is necessary to make trace elements! There is a rather small interval between the indicators of deficiency and excess. The symptoms of this and other phenomena are the same. For example, with an excess and with a deficit between the veins, chlorosis develops, later the leaves turn yellow and turn pale. Diseased plants either do not give a complete harvest, or give a very low.
Excess copper leads to chlorosis on the lower leaves, then to the formation of brown spots and leaf fall. Interstitial chlorosis of young leaves is also noted.
If there is a lot of soil manganese, between the veins of young leaves chlorosis appears, various necrotic spots. The leaves are bent, shriveled and poured. The development of the disease goes from older to younger leaves. You can not get involved in frequent spraying and dressing under the root of potassium permanganate.
Veins of old cucumber leaves with excess manganese become dark red, between them appear light green or transparent spots. Necrosis gradually develops, the leaves die. The lesion spreads from the bottom up through the plant. With a strong manganese poisoning, plant growth stops, cuttings and leaves are covered with a mass of dark red dots.
In greenhouses are widely used fertilizing boric fertilizer. When accumulating bora a yellow strip appears in the soil at the edges of the lower leaves of the cucumbers, the leaves turn down and take a dome-shaped shape. Harvest is declining.
Very sensitive to excess bora potatoes. The edges of the leaf slices turn yellow and are wrapped up in a boat, starting from the lower tier.
On excess bora Tomatoes react. Old leaves usually suffer, on which depressed dry spots bordered by concentric circles develop. The curved lobes of the leaves become dry as paper. The top of the plant first has a normal appearance, then curls along with the damaged leaves.
To help the plant in this case can be abundant watering. Boron It binds poorly to the soil and is easily washed into the lower layers. Adding to peat or humus plants is useful in greenhouses, which will cause the formation of additional roots.
Remember: boron - It is a carcinogen, its content in the soil should not exceed 1.5-2 mg per 1 kg of soil for cucumbers and 2-2.5 kg for tomatoes.
Some plants have excess zinc leads to transparent areas at the base of the main veins, which remain green. Chlorosis develops between the veins. Upper buds die off, old leaves fall off without signs of wilting. The veins on them are painted red or black. The early stage of poisoning is similar to signs of iron deficiency.
In tomatoes, the stem becomes thinner, the plants do not grow well, and the leaves are unusually small. Inter-vein necrosis develops, the lower side of the leaves becomes purple, the old leaves are strongly bent down, the lower side is colored purple from the edges to the center.
Cucumber plants lag far behind in growth. Chlorosis appears on the youngest, resembling iron deficiency. Later, these symptoms spread to old leaves.
With an excess chlorine leaves grow coarse, become rigid, small, but green. Stem hardens. On the old leaves of some plants appear purple-brown spots, then the leaves fall.
In tomatoes, the leaves become dull green, the stems harden. Signs of potato chlorine poisoning appear during or after flowering. The stalk thickens, remains short, the leaves roll along in a boat along, later a light brown rim of dying tissue appears at their edges. The leaves wither and the tubers lose their starch.
Typically, these signs appear along with signs of nitrogen deficiency. In this case, fertilizing with ammonium nitrate at the rate of 10-20 g per 1 m 2 with subsequent irrigation helps. The harmful effects of chlorine can be reduced by the addition of magnesium.
There are no special remedies for excess nutrients. It can be prevented by strictly observing the agrotechnology of vegetable crops and especially the system of mineral fertilizer application.
Bibliography
- An excess of nutrients is also bad / A.T. Lebedeva // Family. Land. Harvest - 2002. - № 9. - p. 2-3.
As mentioned earlier, neither organic compounds already present in the soil, nor industrial fertilizers added to the soil, are a true food for plants. Plants simply use this raw material to produce carbohydrates, fats and proteins. These complex organic substances are the source of nutrition and energy for the plant. There are 16 essential nutrients for plants. These include the following elements, usually found in the soil: iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, chlorine, boron, and molybdenum (see lecture.
None of the 17 essential elements required by a plant can be absorbed by plants in its elemental form. Before the plant can use them, these elements must react with other elements, must be converted to oxidized or reduced forms. Here are the properties of some elements:
Pure nitrogen is an inert gas and cannot be used by plants.
Pure phosphorus, when in contact with air, ignites spontaneously and cannot be used by plants.
Pure metallic potassium should be stored under a layer of kerosene to prevent its oxidation. Potassium is rapidly oxidized in air and, when combined with water, forms a caustic compound, caustic soda. Consequently, commercially available industrial fertilizers are compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Plants absorb nutrients in the form of inorganic salts (compounds) dissolved in water. Therefore, for plants there is no difference what kind of fertilizers are used: industrial fertilizers or such organic materials as animal dung, compost, and plant (crop) residues. It is really important to maintain plant growth and harvest is another - it is important that plants receive the necessary nutrients in the exact and correct ratio.
Recently, in a number of regions, more and more farmers are facing a deficit of cobalt. This is the seventeenth element, absolutely necessary for plants. It is required in macroscopic quantities, and often enough of the amount of cobalt, which is introduced in the form of impurities with basic fertilizers. However, growers must be prepared to make this trace element as soon as the need arises.
For chemists, the minerals found in rocks or their fragments are chemicals or chemical compounds. Others call these compounds minerals. For the most part, chemical fertilizers and minerals are in various concentrations in the soil and rocks.
SOURCES OF FERTILIZERS
Of the 17 nutrients required by plants, 13 are mined from rocks. These are potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, boron, calcium, zinc, copper, iron, molybdenum, cobalt and chlorine. Three batteries come from air and water: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One element, nitrogen, initially comes from the air through complex biological or chemical fixation and eventually returns to the air when the cycle ends.
The rotting and rotting organic materials found in the soil are a possible source of nitrogen that plants can use. Currently, industrial nitrogen fertilizers are produced from by-products from the processing of fossil fuels and from the atmosphere.
COMPARISON OF GARDENING IN ORGANIC AND GARDENING WITH THE USE OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Does Dr. Mittlider practice gardening on organic matter and believing in it? Those who grow vegetables exclusively on organics usually adhere to the following dogmas:
Inorganic (chemical) fertilizers and pesticides poison the soil and soil organisms.
Vegetables grown with the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are harmful to people, in any case less useful than vegetables grown only with the use of organic fertilizers.
People who advocate gardening on organics usually declare the exceptional and extraordinary merits of natural organic sources.
Dr. Mittlayder believes:
Regardless of how the soil is fertilized, whether composted with organic matter or industrial fertilizer, the elements used by the plants are the same. At the molecular level, nitrogen is nitrogen, regardless of its origin. Plants use the same chemical process to convert starting materials into carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, regardless of whether they are derived from a chemical or organic source.
The batteries used by Dr. Mittlider are from industrial sources. Substances in most industrial fertilizers are found in natural soil and are extracted from rocks. Then these fertilizers are packaged and sold.
There is no evidence to support the opinion that the use of industrial fertilizers is harmful to health. On the contrary, people live longer and have better health where such fertilizers are used.
Usually, Dr. Mittlider does not teach students some agrotechnical techniques, such as composting, because it is difficult to determine how many specific nutrients are contained in organic materials. Whatever fertilizer is used, it is necessary to know exactly which batteries are applied with this fertilizer and in what quantity.
Such techniques as composting often lead to other complications for plants: to diseases, rot, excessive development of weeds. Pesticide use can be minimized by using the gardening methods outlined in this course. Dr. Mittlider’s gardens are very clean and do not attract many insects. However, situations arise (see Lecture 6) when it is difficult to offer an alternative to the use of pesticides that could save yields. In such situations, care must be taken when using pesticides and be guided by the accompanying instructions.
HOW FERTILIZERS ARE PASSENGED AND SOLD
Everywhere in the world, fertilizers are sold with standard labels. The marking on fertilizer 10-10-10 means that it contains 10% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus and 10% potassium.
In total, this gives 30% of plant nutrients. Consequently, 100 kg of fertilizer 10-10-10 (K-PK) contain 10 kg of nitrogen, 10 kg of phosphorus (in terms of P2O5) and 10 kg of potassium (in terms of K20), which is in the amount of 30 kg of 100 kg.
Packed fertilizer
The remaining 70% (70kg out of 100 kg) consists of accompanying ions and inert materials that serve as carriers and fillers. For example, in potassium sulfate, the weight of sulfate
ion is part of the considered 70%. Actual quantities of K-PK batteries are always indicated on the bags with fertilizer. Similarly, a 21% nitrogen label will appear on the ammonium sulphate bag, meaning that 100 kg of fertilizer contains 21 kg of nitrogen.
If you need to add 170 kg of nitrogen per hectare of land, remember that every 100 kg of fertilizer contains only 21 kg of nitrogen. To get 170 kg of nitrogen (with a nitrogen content of 21 kg per 100 kg of fertilizer), you will have to purchase 809 kg of fertilizer.
The urea fertilizer, labeled 46% nitrogen, contains 46 kg of nitrogen in every 100 kg of fertilizer. If it is required to deposit 170 kg of nitrogen per hectare, then a farmer who uses urea will need to purchase (170: 46) x 100 = 370 kg of urea for application per hectare.
WHY NEED TO FERTILIZE?
Together with each crop a certain amount of nutrients is taken out of the soil. For example, from one hectare at a corn yield of 90 c / ha along with the crop: 260 kg of nitrogen, 100 kg of phosphate (P205), 200 kg of potassium (K2O), 27 kg of sulfur, 44 kg of magnesium, 55 kg of calcium, 2.7 kg of iron , 2.2 kg of manganese, 1.1 kg of boron, 550 g of zinc, 110 g of copper.
This amount of nutrients is removed from a hectare of soil with a corn yield of 90 c / ha
Rain and erosion cause additional soil depletion. Soils cannot always be restored simply by adding organic materials. Although organic materials such as animal manure or green manure (green manure) are very useful, the fact remains that they do not always fully restore the balance of nutrients in the soil. Due to their uncertain composition, it is impossible to fully rely on organic materials to compensate for nutrient deficiencies in the soil.
HIDDEN HUNGER
When plants do not detect any obvious symptoms of starvation, but they do not grow as they should, because the level of available nutrients in the soil limits their growth, then the plants suffer from hidden hunger. For example, a field of corn for latent starvation can only give 19-30 centners of corn, while well-fed plants in the same field can yield from 45 to 55 centners of corn. Hidden hunger greatly reduces the quality and quantity of the crop.
(arrows: up - increase in productivity, to the right - increase in soil fertility)
With the hidden hunger of plants it is impossible to achieve maximum results.
HOW DO FERTILIZERS
The Earth cannot produce more than what its main limiting factor allows, be it fertilizer, water, heat or sunlight. Plants will even grow more or less satisfactorily over a wide range of fertilizer shortages, provided that the content of all fertilizers is equally low. The key to this phenomenon is the limiting factor. For example, if there are no fertilizer deficiencies that limit plant growth in a one-hectare field and all the necessary factors are in place to get a good harvest, 100 hectares of cabbage will be obtained from this hectare. However, if one of the fertilizers (one nutrient) is too small, then this nutrient becomes the limiting factor and will inhibit plant growth. The harvest will be no more than this limiting factor will allow. Suppose that in our case the first limiting factor is phosphorus. Soil contains only 1/8 of the required amount of phosphorus. This means that if
fertilizers will not be applied, the yield per hectare of land will not exceed 12.5 tons (100: 8 = 12.5).
The most limiting factor is phosphorus.
To eliminate this obstacle and make the farm more profitable, the farmer scatters 330 kg of double superphosphate over his land. Due to the introduction of superphosphate, the farmer eliminated phosphorus deficiency, and now phosphorus is no longer the limiting factor. The harvest reaches 50% of the maximum possible level of the ^ -th, i.e. 50 tons. By applying fertilizer, the farmer increased his crop by 37.5 tons.
This is close to a potential yield of 100 t / ha, however, the farmer seeks to achieve the highest yield. The next fertilizer he introduces is 330 kg of potassium chloride. Having taken this step, the farmer discovers that his harvest has increased to 75 tons. The increase in yield made the purchase of potassium a reasonable investment.
Inspired by the success, the farmer strives for even greater yield. A farmer purchases fertilizer marked 16-8-16. This means that the fertilizer contains 16% nitrogen, 8% phosphorus and 16% potassium. The farmer contributes an additional 440 kg of this fertilizer per hectare of land. But does the earth require this type of fertilizer? In fact, the next limiting factor may be calcium, not nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium.
Now the most limiting factor is calcium.
Since calcium is now a factor that limits the yield, fertilizer application 16-8-16 was a mistake; This fertilizer does not contain calcium and therefore will not give an increase in yield. In fact, the farmer embarked on a risky path leading to lower yields. To understand why this is so, we must first get a general idea of osmosis.
Osmosis occurs when the salt solution moves through a semipermeable membrane from a region with a lower salt concentration to a region with a higher salt concentration. For example, if a vessel is divided in half with a watertight partition and water is poured from one side, and on the other hand the exact same volume of concentrated sugar solution, then no movement of the liquid between the solutions occurs, because the wall is not permeable to liquid. However, if the wall between the two liquids is semi-permeable, then the water will be drawn out with a concentrated sugar solution. The level of the sugar solution will rise, and the water level will drop, and in the end all the water will be dragged into the sugar solution.
Let's do this experience. Take an apple. Peel the skin. Cut an apple into four or more lobules. Then we sprinkle the slices of the peeled apple with sugar (or salt). Slices from all sides should be covered with sugar.
What will we see?
After 5 minutes - the sugar on the peeled pieces will begin to dissolve.
After 10 minutes - drops of apple juice will drip off the slices.
After 4 hours, almost all the pit juice from the slices will drain out and only the pulp will remain.
This is the effect of osmosis. Sugar, being more concentrated, pulls out the juice from apple slices.
TOO BIG NUMBER OF FERTILIZERS MAY BE CAUSE OF THE DEATH OF AGRICULTURAL CULTURES
In the example above, 440 kg of fertilizer 16-8-16 were scattered per hectare of land. This did not lead to an increase in yield. Since all the ingredients were salts, this means that hundreds of kilograms of real salts were scattered on a hectare of land. The plants did not need these salts and could not use them.
In exceptional cases, excess salts can lead to complete loss of the crop, but in any case they are harmful to it. Excess fertilizer will lead to a decrease in yield rather than an increase in yield. This is because plants absorb nutrients and water from the soil solution due to osmosis. This means that the solution in the plant (juice) must be more saline than the soil solution. If the salt concentrations in the soil solution and in the solution in the plant are the same, the plant will stop absorbing water from the soil.
If the concentration of salts in the soil solution is higher than the concentration of salts in the plant sap, the soil solution will draw the liquid from the plants. Then the plant will wither, and if it is not saved, it will die. To clarify how this happens, suppose that the farmer sees that the condition of his plants is deteriorating. He makes a very serious mistake by assuming that more fertilizer is needed. A farmer purchases urea and scatters 200 kg of salts on the ground, which is already over-fermented. Previously, the farmer brought 440 kg of excess salt to the ground. Now, after adding another 200 kg, it has an excess of salts in the amount of 640 kg. This is enough not only to reduce the harvest, but also to dehydrate the plants (pull moisture out of them), cause wilting and, perhaps, even the death of the crop.
This example clearly shows what can happen when fertilizers are used carelessly. When applying fertilizers, it is dangerous to be guided only by well-intentioned and vague guesses. If fertilizers kill plants, this is not because the substances are poisonous. Fertilizers are nothing more than the raw materials from which plants create the nutrients they need. The percentage of substances marked on the bags with fertilizers indicates that these are concentrated substances. If they are made accurately, in the right proportions and at the right time, the result will be high quality, high yield and profitable crops. Guessing can turn into disappointment and even prove fatal for the crops grown.
NAMES OF USUALLY APPLIED FERTILIZERS
NITROGEN Ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate)
Ammonium sulphate - also contains sulfur
Calcium nitrate (calcium nitrate) - also contains calcium
Diammonium phosphate - also contains phosphorus
Urea Liquid ammonia
Potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate) - also
contains potassium
PHOSPHORUS Diammonium Phosphate - also contains nitrogen.
Simple superphosphate - also contains
sulfur and calcium
Double and triple superphosphates
Phosphoric acid
Monoammonium phosphate - also contains nitrogen
Potassium Potassium Chloride - also contains chlorine
Potassium sulfate - also contains sulfur
Potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate) -
also contains nitrogen
Calcium Calcium sulphate (gypsum) - also contains
Calcium carbonate (lime)
Dolomitic lime - also contains
Calcium nitrate (calcium nitrate) -
also contains nitrogen
Calcium chloride - also contains chlorine
MAGNESIUM Sulphate of magnesium (bitter or English salt) - also contains sulfur
Magnesium Oxide (burnt magnesia)
Dolomitic lime - also contains calcium
SERA Simple superphosphate - also contains calcium and phosphorus.
Ammonium sulfate - also contains nitrogen.
Potassium sulfate - also contains potassium
Magnesium sulfate - also contains magnesium.
Ferrous sulphate - also contains iron
Calcium sulphate (gypsum) - also contains calcium
BOR Boric acid
Sodium borate (borax)
IRON Iron sulfate - also contains sulfur
Iron chelates
Manganese manganese sulphate - also contains sulfur
Manganese oxide
COPPER Copper sulphate (blue vitriol) -
also contains sulfur
Zinc Sulfate zinc (zinc vitriol) -
also contains sulfur
Zinc oxide
Zinc chelates
Molybdenum sodium molybdate - also contains sodium
Ammonium Molybdate - also contains nitrogen
Molybdic acid
LEARN TO USE FERTILIZERS
Learning how to properly use fertilizers is not so difficult and difficult as it may seem at first glance. During the long years of research on plants and their nutritional needs, many difficult problems have been solved. Trustworthy information has become available regarding the amount of fertilizer that different crops carry per unit area for one growing season.
Well-known signs of a lack of each of the plant nutrients. Plants always detect symptoms of nutritional deficiencies before the crop is seriously damaged. Plants also indicate an excess of nutrients. Healthy plants are also recognized by their healthy appearance. You can learn how to grow healthy plants if you learn good technology and intelligently follow it in practice.
Take the time to get to know the plants better. Learn the language of plants by studying them and observing them carefully, day after day. If plants develop nutritional deficiencies, they will show it to you. Avoid excessive fertilization. If you made a mistake and made extra fertilizer, water the soil once with plenty of water to wash the fertilizer from the topsoil to a depth of less than 20 cm, and plant the plants again. After the next crop has been planted, with a few next waterings, let the excess water to keep the fertilizer at a depth of 20 cm or less. If you follow this procedure, the results are usually good. The correct fertilization depends on the weighing accuracy. Every person should develop a good accounting system that is clear to him.
CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Choose the correct answer:
1. “Hidden hunger” in plants implies
a) visible signs of fasting
b) excessive fertilization
c) no visible signs of starvation, but reduced yield
d) none of the above.
2. If the farmer needs 33 kg of nitrogen, how much fertilizer does the farmer need to buy 34-0-0?
a) 45 kg c) 135 kg
b) 90 kg g) 180 kg
3. What will you do if you apply too much fertilizer?
a) add lime to the soil
b) pour plenty of water to wash excess fertilizer
c) add sawdust or sand to the soil
d) remove the culture and start all over again.
1. In order to achieve the fastest possible growth and maximum yield, the plants must receive an exact amount of the necessary nutrients in a properly balanced ratio.
2. Many industrial fertilizers are mined from the ground. Industrial fertilizers are easy to use because you can determine exactly how much each battery should be applied.
3. It does not matter to the plant whether you use organic or inorganic fertilizers, in either case, the plants absorb the nutrients in the form of inorganic salts dissolved in water.
4. When the fertilizer is solid, most of it consists of inert materials. The actual amount of fertilizer is indicated in percent of the total weight.
5. Soils require constant replenishment. The removal of nutrients to the crop, rain and erosion are the reason that the soils are depleted. But if nutrients are replenished, the soil is never depleted.
6. Plants may not detect any visible signs of nutritional deficiencies, already suffering from “hidden hunger”. If one or more batteries are missing, the crop will not be able to reach maximum sizes. Production volume will reach the level determined by the most limiting factor.
7. Excessive fertilizer is harmful to plants and can destroy the crop. If the soil is too saline, water will be pulled out of the plants.
