Where are the Nogays? Origin, resettlement and formation of the Nogais

Stavropol region: 22 006 (2010)

• Neftekumsky district: 12,267 (trans. 2002)
• Mineralovodsky district 2,929 (translated in 2002)
• Stepnovsky district 1,567 (translated in 2002)
• Neftekumsk: 648 (trans. 2002)

Karachay-Cherkessia: 15 654 (2010)

Astrakhan region: 7 589 (2010)

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug: 5 323 (2010)

Chechnya: 3,444 (2010)

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: 3 479 (2010)

Ukraine: 385 (2001 census)

Language Religion Racial type Included in Related peoples Origin

Nogais(self-name - nogai, pl. - nogailar listen)) are a Turkic-speaking people in the North Caucasus and the Volga region. They speak the Nogai language, which belongs to the Kypchak group (Kypchak-Nogai subgroup) of the Turkic languages. The literary language was created on the basis of the Karanogai dialect and the Nogai dialect. The writing is connected with the ancient Turkic, Uighur-Naiman scripts; from the 18th century Until 1928, the Nogai alphabet was based on the Arabic script, from 1928-1938. - in Latin script. Cyrillic has been used since 1938.

Number in the Russian Federation - 103.7 thousand people. ().

Political history

In the middle of the 16th century, Gazi (son of Urak, great-grandson of Musa) took part of the Nogais who roamed in the Volga region to the North Caucasus, where there were traditional old nomads of the Mangyts, founding Small Nogai.

The Nogai Horde between the Volga and the Emba fell into decline as a result of the expansion of the Muscovite state in the Volga region and wars with neighbors, of which the war with the Kalmyks became the most destructive. The descendants of the Nogai, who did not move to the Small Nogai, disappeared among the Bashkirs, Kazakhs and Tatars.

Anthropology

Anthropologically, the Nogais belong to the South Siberian small race, transitional between the large Mongoloid and Caucasoid races.

resettlement

Currently, the Nogais live mainly in the North Caucasus and South Russia - in Dagestan (Nogai, Tarumovsky, Kizlyar and Babayurt regions), in the Stavropol Territory (Neftekumsky region), Karachay-Cherkessia (Nogai region), Chechnya (north of the Shelkovsky region) and Astrakhan region. From the name of the people comes the name Nogai steppe - an area of ​​​​compact settlement of Nogais in the territory of Dagestan, the Stavropol Territory and the Chechen Republic.

Over the past decades, large Nogai diasporas have formed in other regions of Russia - Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Language

In the cultural heritage of the Nogays, the main place is occupied by musical and poetic art. There is a richest heroic epic (including the poem "Edige")

Religion

Nogai girls in national costumes. Beginning of XX century.

Cloth

dwelling

History

The Nogai are one of the few peoples of modern Russia that have centuries-old traditions of statehood in the past. Tribes from the state associations of the Great Steppe of the 7th century took part in the long process of Nogai ethnogenesis. BC e. - XIII century. n. e. (Saki, Sarmatians, Huns, Usuns, Kangly, Keneges, Ases, Kypchaks, Uigurs, Argyns, Kytai, Naimans, Kereites, Kungrats, Mangyts, etc.).

The final formation of the Nogai community with the tribal name Nogai (Nogail) took place in the 14th century as part of the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde). In the subsequent period, the Nogai ended up in different states that formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde - Astrakhan, Kazan, Kazakh, Crimean, Siberian Khanates and the Nogai Horde.

Nogai ambassadors first arrived in Moscow in 1489. For the Nogai embassy, ​​the Nogai yard was allocated across the Moskva River not far from the Kremlin in a meadow opposite the Simonov Monastery. In Kazan, a place was also set aside for the Nogai embassy, ​​called the “Mangyt place”. The Nogai Horde received tribute from the Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs, and some Siberian tribes, and played a political and trade-intermediary role in the affairs of neighboring states. In the 1st half of the XVI century. The Nogai Horde could field more than 300 thousand soldiers. The military organization allowed the Nogai Horde to successfully defend its borders, help combatants and neighboring khanates, the Russian state. In turn, the Nogai Horde received military and economic assistance from Moscow. In 1549, an embassy from the Turkish Sultan Suleiman arrived in the Nogai Horde. The main caravan road connecting Eastern Europe with Central Asia passed through its capital, the city of Saraichik. In the first half of the XVI century. Moscow went for further rapprochement with the Nogai Horde. The exchange of goods has intensified. The Nogai supplied horses, sheep, livestock products, in return they received cloth, ready-made clothes, fabrics, iron, lead, copper, tin, walrus bone, and writing paper. The Nogais, fulfilling the contract, carried out cordon service in the south of Russia. In the Livonian War, the Nogai cavalry regiments under the command of Murz - Takhtar, Temir, Bukhat, Bebezyak, Urazly and others acted on the side of the Russian troops. Looking ahead, we recall that in the Patriotic War of 1812 in the army of General Platov there was a Nogai cavalry regiment that reached Paris, about than A. Pavlov wrote.

Crimean period of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

After the fall of the Golden Horde, the Nogais roamed in the lower Volga region, however, the movement of the Kalmyks from the east in the 17th century led to the migration of the Nogais to the North Caucasian borders of the Crimean Khanate).

As part of Russia since the 18th century.

The Nogais scattered in scattered groups across the Trans-Kuban near Anapa and throughout the North Caucasus up to the Caspian steppes and the lower reaches of the Volga. About 700 thousand Nogais left for the Ottoman Empire.

By 1812, the entire Northern Black Sea region finally became part of Russia. The remnants of the Nogai hordes were settled in the north of the Taurida province (modern Kherson region) and in the Kuban, and were forcibly transferred to a settled way of life.

Nogaists

Notes

1. Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
2. All-Russian population census 2010. National composition of the population of the Russian Federation 2010
3. All-Russian population census 2010 Ethnic composition of the regions of Russia
4. The ethnic composition of the population of Dagestan. 2002
5. The ethnic composition of the population of the KChR. 2002
6. The ethnic composition of the population of Chechnya. 2002
7. All-Ukrainian population census 2001. Russian version. Results. Nationality and mother tongue.
8. Minahan James One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. - Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. - P. 493–494. - ISBN 978-0313309847
9. The peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book. Ch. ed. Yu.V. Bromley. Moscow "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1988. Article "Nogais", author N.G. Volkova, p. 335.
10. KavkazWeb: 94% of respondents are for the creation of the Nogai district in Karachay-Cherkessia - referendum results
11. Nogai district officially created in Karachay-Cherkessia
12. Nogai district created in Karachay-Cherkessia
13. Nogai district created in Karachay-Cherkess Republic
14. Esperanto news: Conference on the future of the Nogai people
15. Traditional clothes and uniforms of the Terek, Kuban Cossacks
16. Nogais
17. Nogais
18. Russian military and diplomats on the status of Crimea during the reign of Shagin Giray
19. Vadim GEGEL. Exploration of the Wild West in Ukrainian
20. V. B. Vinogradov. Central Kuban. Countrymen and neighbors. NOGAIS
21. Vladimir Gutakov. Russian way to the south (myths and reality). Part two

see also

Links

• IslamNGY - Blog of the "Nogais in Islam" group. Islamic analysis of the history of the Nogais, the appeal of Nogai preachers, articles, poems, books, videos and audio about Islam and the Nogais.
• Nogaits.ru - Information site dedicated to the Nogais. History, Information, Forum, Chat, Video, Music, Radio, E-books, Poems, and much more about the Nogais.

Hello politforums community.
First of all, I want to wish all the indigenous peoples of Russia prosperity, the revival and flourishing of their national culture. Of course, good health to you and your loved ones. All this will be possible under one condition: partnership, good-neighbourly relations of all the indigenous peoples of Russia. May representatives of other nations not be offended by me.
(Removed the hooligan avatar, somehow it looks bad with such a serious topic)
And now back to my main topic. This question concerns the indigenous citizens of Russia. In particular, I will write about the tragedy of the Nogai People. What kind of people is this, and what is its tragedy? You should be patient and spend some time reading a short reference about Nogai history. I am not a historian, and I hope they will forgive me for possible inaccuracies in the information. But even such unprofessional reference will help draw attention to the existing problem.
Nogai people. Nogais.
The Nogai people belong to the Turkic-speaking group of peoples. The history of its development is very difficult. Self-name of the Nogais: "Nogaylar". Nogais live in various regions of the North Caucasus, Dagestan and the Astrakhan region. Linguists refer the language of this nationality to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, within which, together with Kazakh and Karakalpak, it forms the Kipchak-Nogai subgroup.
The ethnonym "Nogai" goes back to the name of Khan Nogai, who began his activity under the Golden Horde Khan Berk. Nogai's grandfather was the seventh son of Jochi Khan. From his father, Nogai inherited the lands located between the Dnieper and the Dniester. For 30 years, Nogai fought for power in the Golden Horde with varying success. Actually, such a struggle for power is very characteristic of that time. There is various information in the literature about the circumstances and time of Nogai's death. According to some sources, Nogai, wounded, fled and between 1294 and 1296. was killed. According to others, he was captured and killed in 1300. However, even after the defeat of Nogai, hostilities continued on the territory of the ulus. The remnants of Nogai's troops were led by his sons and for three years they waged an armed struggle against the Golden Horde, which ended with the victory of Khan Toktai over the ulus. Thus, the unity of the country was temporarily restored in the Dzhuchiev ulus. However, one of Nogai's nephews left the ulus with three thousand horsemen; many moved to the Caspian steppes.
At the end of the 14th century, a state was formed, headed by Edigei. Separated from the Great Horde and once belonging to the ulus of the Nogai temnik, the Horde began to be called the Nogai Horde, and the word "mangyt" remained as the name of one of the eighteen tribes that were part of it. The universal recognition of Nogai's military merits and the fear of his name could not but affect the ulus inhabitants of the state he created. They began to call themselves "people of the Nogai ulus", and the state he created "the old yurt of Nogai." From the autumn of 1391, Edigei became an independent ruler of the Mangit ulus. “Having returned,” M. G. Safargaliev wrote, “to his ulus, the Mangit tribe, Edigey, as the head of this tribe, declared himself the prince of the Mangit yurt, on the basis of which the Nogai Horde was later organized”
Owning the Mangit ulus, Yedigey simultaneously remained the unlimited ruler of the entire Golden Horde under Timur-Kutluk. His main rival was the son of Tokhtamysh - Kadyr-Berdi, who later, having equipped a huge army with the help of Vitovt, opposed Edigei at the beginning of 1420. The battle took place on the land of the Horde. It was the last and decisive one both for the still young warrior Kadyr Berdi and for the wiser Edigei. Kadyr-Berdi died, Edigey remained alive. The numerical growth of the Nogai population under Edigei and the spread of the ethnonym "Nogai" to all tribes of the ulus led to the renaming of the Mangitsky ulus into the Nogai Horde under Edigei's successors. By this time, the name "Nogai" was already widely used in the ulus among such large tribal associations as Kipchak, Kangly, Keneges, Kongrat, Kireyt.Kiyat, Konklyk, Argyn, Syryn (Shirin), Sun (Uysun), Naiman, Toguchan, Chublak and others who were part of the Nogai Horde.
In a fierce struggle with the Crimean khans, the Nogais restore peaceful relations with Moscow. The first embassy was sent by the Nogai prince Shedyak to Ivan IV, who had just ascended the throne.
At the end of the 15th and especially in the 16th centuries. among the uluses that separated from the Golden Horde, the Nogai Horde begins to become most famous. “Nogai move forward between their fellow tribesmen and attract the attention of their neighbors,” G. Peretyatkovich noted.
The Nogai Horde had significant land resources. The more ancient and main nomad camp on its territory was the area of ​​the river. Yaik, since in its lower reaches was the capital of the horde - the city of Saraichik, which remained the winter residence of the Nogai rulers until the final
disintegration of the horde.
In the west, the border of the Nogai Horde ran along the left bank of the Volga lowland, which was then called the Nogai side, or the Nogai border. The Nogai Horde occupied the right bank of the Volga after the final collapse of the Golden Horde. Since the end of the first quarter of the XVI century. The right bank of the Volga became the permanent lot of the Nogai princes. One of the Nogai murzas Alchagir in 1508 in a letter to Vasily III wrote: "... otherwise my camp is the Volga"
“Nogai,” noted P.I. Ivanov, “occupied an advantageous position between the Golden Horde and its eastern regions, which were called the White Horde. In this regard, the Nogai had the opportunity to play a very significant political and trade-intermediary role, both in the Kazakh steppes and in the territory of the Middle Volga region.

In the years of strife, the country suffered famine. 1557 and 1558 were lean years, as a result of which a significant part of the horde's population went to the Crimean side. Russia provided great material assistance to the Nogai Horde. In his letters to Ivan the Terrible, Prince Ishmael expressed feelings of gratitude for the assistance rendered.
Relations between Ivan the Terrible and Ishmael were extremely friendly. Shortly before his death (1563), Ishmael entrusted his children to the king, who had to decide “who should be in which ulus; and about all that he ordered them to look at you (i.e., at the king) and listen in everything. And from their enemies I ordered you to protect them. Ivan the Terrible "treated Ishmael as a reliable ally, gave him trust and assistance in Nogai affairs, often on his advice and in his interests, and in some other cases, showed personal concern for him and his family"
In the 17th century, they left the Volga steppes, in 1670 the Yedisan Siyunch-Murza Sedulov, with his ulus of 15 thousand wagons, left the power of the Kalmyks and united with Stepan Razin in the vicinity of Astrakhan. The Nogai detachment took part in the capture of Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, in the assault on other cities of the Volga region.

Thanks to the victories of the Razintsy in the Volga region, the Nogai nomads gained freedom, but they did not enjoy its fruits for long.
The migration of the Nogai population from the Volga to the Kuban continued at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1715 Kuban Bakty-Girey-Sultan made a trip to the Volga and took away the Yedisans and Dzhemboylukovites who remained among the Kalmyks. On the eve of the last departure from the Volga, there were 12,000 tents from Yedisans, and 3,000 tents from Dzhemboylukov.
After the end of internecine wars among the Kalmyks in 1724, the Astrakhan governor Volynsky ordered the new ruler "not to keep any Tatars in their uluses and not to return those who left without the sovereign's decree"
In the first half of the XVIII century. The Belgorod Horde was replenished at the expense of Edisans settlers. In 1728, in order to avoid further clashes with the Kalmyks, Murza Bakty-Girey took part of the Yedisans from the Kuban through the Crimea to the Belgorod Horde. In the second half of the XVIII century. an attempt was made to return them back to the Crimea, but the international situation did not allow this intention to be carried out.

In the 19th century, the Russian army under the command of Michelson entered Bessarabia. To negotiate with representatives of the Belgorod Horde, a delegation was formed from the Nogais, who lived at that time in the Milky Waters region. “After brief negotiations, the entire Budzhak Horde, in the amount of 7000 souls about. etc., agreed to move to Russia,” wrote A. Sergeev
In the North Caucasus, the leader of the Lesser Nogai Horde, Kaziy, pursued a policy directed against the Great Nogai Horde, and in this he found the constant support of the Crimean Khan. Kaziy with his warriors repeatedly went to the Volga and took away the people of the Big Nogai from there. His actions were also directed against those uluses that went from the North Caucasus to Astrakhan to join the Great Horde.

More accurate information about the settlement of the Nogais in the Crimea and the North Caucasus appears only in the 18th century. In a document dated 1770, the Nogai nomads are defined by the following land plots. The Yedisan Horde owned the flat lands of the southern part of the Kherson province. Its population in the literature was sometimes called the Ochakov Horde. The Yedishkul Horde occupied the lands of the Dnieper and Melitopol districts of the Tauride province. These areas were allotted to the horde in 1759 by Krym-Girei to protect the border from the Cossacks.

The Azov Nogais roamed east of the Crimea and the Kuban Nogais roamed the Kuban. The nomad camps of the Kuban Nogais are detailed in the documents. It says that the Edisan Horde of the right generation roamed from the mouth of the Sasyk-Ey and Buglu-Togay downstream and near the Yeisk Bazaar, as well as along the Chembur and in the upper reaches of the Kagalnik. The left generation of the Yedisan Horde occupied the territory from the mouth of Yesieniei and Chelbas upstream along the rivers and along the Kabash and Kuyuntune. Dzhemboylukovtsy roamed from the mouth of Sasyk-Ey and along the Big Yey. Representatives of the Budzhak Horde led a sedentary lifestyle on Chebakla. An insignificant part of the Yedishkul branch lived along the Dry Chembur, among the Edisans of the right generation. Four tribal associations of the Yedishkul Horde had their allotments. The mouths of the Kirpil and Zengeli rivers were assigned to members of the Myn clan, the Chinese clan roamed along Ongalan, Kontor, Karakuban and Kuban. The Burlatsky group was located between Kopyla, Temryuk and Achuev, and the Kipchak group occupied the Taman Peninsula.

The earliest information about the number of Kuban Nogais appeared in 1782. According to the military department, there were 20 thousand cauldrons (i.e., families) of Yedisans, 11 thousand of Dzhemboylukovs, 25 thousand of Eedishkulians and 5400 of Kara-Kitais.
In 1783, the annexation of Crimea to Russia was officially announced. In this regard, in order to remove the Nogais from the influence of Turkey, the authorities decided to resettle the Kuban Nogais to the Ural, Tambov and Saratov steppes. At the end of June 1783, preparatory work for the resettlement was completed. For this event, 200 thousand rubles of allowance were allocated to the Nogais. In the same month, over 3 thousand Nogais gathered near Yeisk, who then headed for the Don. Meanwhile, the Crimean Khan Shahin-Girey began to excite the Nogais to indignation "by means of secretly sent letters." The Nogai Murzas, who succumbed to agitation, decided to return people to the Kuban.
From the very beginning of the 19th century. the military and civil authorities of the Tauride province began to demand from the leaders of the Nogai to pursue a policy of settling everywhere.

The military events that unfolded in the Caucasus in the 18th century did not leave the Nogai population aside. In 1722, Peter 1, returning from the Iranian campaign, instructed to resettle part of the Sulak Nogai, led by Dovey-Murza, to the Volga. The tsar's order was carried out, but did not affect the Nogais, who were headed by Murza Emanchiev. The nomads subject to him at that time were in the possession of the Tarkovsky shamkhal. Settlers from Sudak, having spent a year on the Volga, again migrated to Dagestan, with the exception of the ulus people of Kaspulat Agaisheev
The stay of Peter I in the Caucasus and, in particular, in Dagestan was of great importance for the Sulak Nogais. In the lower reaches of the Sulak, on the orders of Peter I, a fortress was erected, called the Holy Cross. A military garrison from Terka was transferred to the fortress, and part of the Terek Nogais were resettled on its deserted outskirts. Their example was followed by the Tarkov Nogais. Thus, a stable mass of the Nogai population has developed here, which still exists today. In the 19th century the nomads of these places began to be called Aksaevsky and Kostekovsky Nogais.

Kostekovsky and Aksaevsky Nogais lived east of Kizlyar, occupying the coast of the Agrakhan Bay of the Caspian Sea. Once the border of the Nogai steppe in the east ran from the mouth of the Novy Terek to the northern outskirts of the Kizlyar Bay.
The Nogais roam in the lower reaches, near the mouth of the Aksai, Amansu and Kazma rivers.
Regarding the number of coastal Nogais and their settlement in the early 1770s, I. A. Gildenshtedt reported: “Eight villages (villages of these Nogais) are subjects of the Yaksai prince; 12 villages belong to Prince Andreisky, and 24 auls or villages belong to Tarkum Shamkhal. In former times, these Nogais were more populous, but during the reign of Peter the Great, about 1000 families of them moved to Russia, which now still roam on the left or northern side of the Terek. Up to 5,000 tents or families are considered to be still in Kumyk possession.

In the first half of the XVIII century. in the space between the Terek and Kuma, a stable, but larger in size, mass of the Nogai population is isolated, which has survived to this day (mainly the current Nogai region of the DASSR). Its population in the pre-revolutionary literature of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. were called Karanogays.
Karanogay, by order of the gene. Levashov, "received land from the Konai (the old Terek south of Kizlyar) and the Atai Bakhtan River to the Kuma itself and from the Caspian Sea to the Jelan tract and Stepan-Bugor, with complete freedom from any payments and other duties"
A significant numerical growth of the nomadic population in the North-Eastern Caucasus forced the provincial administration to urgently start creating a managerial apparatus. In 1793, four presidencies were formed on the lands of the Nogais: Kalaus Sablinskoye, Kalaus-Dzhemboylukovskoye, Achikulak-Dzhemboylukovskoye and Karanogayskoye.
The Kalaus-Sablinskoe bailiff was divided off the lands along the upper reaches of the Kalaus and its upland side, as well as the area between the lakes Big and Small Yankuli. In addition, the district of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody went to the police department. Edisan, Yedishkul and Kasai Nogais roamed this territory.

The lower reaches of the Kalaus and the areas of the basins of such small rivers as the Aigur, Barkhanchuk, Kambulat and Kugulta were assigned to the Kalaus-Dzhemboylukovsky police department. The Dzhemboyluk people lived here with the following divisions: the Kanglin Kararyum and the Mesit.
The territorial borders of the Karanogay bailiff were formed much earlier than in the three previous bailiffs. The border of the Karanogay office in the southeast reached the coast of the Caspian Sea, in the northwest - to the Kuma River and in the southwest to the Stepan-Bugorsky tract.
Only in August 1800, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs established the position of chief bailiff over the Nogais, Kalmyks, Turkmens and Kabardians with direct subordination to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.
In 1803, the Caucasian administration won from the government the establishment of an independent bailiff for the Nogais living in four bailiffs. The Nogai prince Sultan Mengli-Girey from the Trans-Kuban region was placed at its head, conferring on him the rank of major general at the same time.
The chief Nogai bailiff Baluev, together with his assistants, began to collect material related to the customs, rituals and social structure of the Nogai people. This information subsequently formed the basis of the newly developed in 1827 "Regulations on nomadic foreigners", later included in the second volume of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire.

Beginning in the 1820s, a number of administrative reforms were carried out in the North Caucasus. The Caucasian province was transformed into a region with the center in the city of Stavropol, and in 1847 the Caucasian region was transformed into the Stavropol province. At the same time, all the Nogai bailiffs were included in the Stavropol province, and only in 1888 the Karanogai bailiff with the Kizlyar district was transferred to the Terek region.
In the 19th century The development of Nogai culture was facilitated by the introduction of the teaching of the Nogai language based on Arabic script in the school of Nogaisk, the publication of books in the Nogai language in Astrakhan, the opening of schools teaching Russian and Nogai languages ​​in Achikulak in 1869, in Nizhne-Mansurovsky in 1877.
The connections of the Nogais with the Russians, as well as the neighboring peoples of the North Caucasus - the Abazins, Circassians, Karachais, Kumyks, Ossetians, uniting with them around the same administrative, economic and cultural centers left a certain imprint on the national development of the Nogai people. As a result of mutual influences, new elements appeared in the economy, settlements, housing, food, clothing, and spiritual culture of the Nogais.
The history of the Eastern Nogais from the 19th century. was inextricably linked with the history of the Stavropol province. The revolutionary changes that took place later did not pass by the Nogais either.

The decisive role in uniting the revolutionary forces of the Nogai and other peoples with the Russian revolutionary masses was played by the Bolshevik organizations of the Kuban, especially the cities of Ekaterinodar and Armavir. On the territory of the Batalpashinsky department, Soviets began to be created at the beginning of 1918. Their organization was led by the Bolsheviks of the Krasnodar Party Committee A. Sanglibaev. Serious work was carried out by the Bolshevik group of the village of Otradnaya, which united front-line soldiers, revolutionary-minded youth from farm laborers and the poor.
During the years of the Civil War, the former staff captain of the tsarist army, Nogai Akhlau Mussovich Akhlov (1891-1937), went over to the side of the Soviet government. In April 1918, A. M. Akhlov was appointed commander of the First Kazan Muslim Socialist Regiment. Under his command, the regiment repeatedly smashed the Whites on the Volga. In June 1919, A. M. Akhlov already commanded the First Bashkir Consolidated Division, which participated in the military operations of the Southern Front, and in December 1919 defended revolutionary Petrograd.

Later came the stage of collectivization. The transition to complete collectivization in the region took place in a fierce class struggle. Despite the fierce resistance of the propertied classes, already at the end of 1920 the first cooperative associations arose. At the beginning of 1921, 52 agricultural collectives were created in the Batalpashinsky department. They united 12,144 peasants and disposed of 27,324 dess. earth.
Since 1931 collective farms became the predominant form of socialist agriculture in the region.
During the years of Soviet power, the Nogais survived all the stages of its formation. The Nogais, along with all the peoples of the USSR, worked, worked, fought. Then they restored the economy destroyed by the war. I had to visit the North Caucasus many times, including the Nogai steppe. And I know firsthand about the hospitality, kindness, and decency of the Nogais. From the old people, I heard more than once about how, in the famine years, Russians and Nogais helped each other out. Literally saved from hunger and cold. The Nogai people have outstanding people, their achievements and cultural monuments. This is generally a separate huge topic, it is impossible to talk about it casually. So life went on, changed, houses and roads were built, and the Nogai people remained divided by administrative borders.
In the 1990s, the Birlik movement for unity and its own state independence began.

The founding congress of the Nogai people called for: recognizing the need for closer cooperation between the Nogais and the peoples of the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, the Stavropol Territory and the Chechen Republic in order to achieve peace and prosperity in the places where Nogais are densely populated; believing that the peoples of the North Caucasus and the Astrakhan region, with their identity, have in many respects a common heritage in traditions, customs, ideas, understanding of freedom and human rights; proceeding from the fact that the participation of the general public in the development of a legal and economic mechanism for the implementation of the main provisions of the Federal Treaty, taking into account the peculiarities of the above-mentioned subjects of the Russian Federation, where the Nogais live as an indigenous people, will contribute to the implementation of the provisions of this agreement; announces the creation of the inter-regional political public association "Birlik" ("Unity") and adopts this charter.
Excerpt:
The charter of the association "Birlik" contains the following provisions:
Art.1. Name and legal status.
The interregional political public association "Birlik" (hereinafter: the Association) is a voluntary public association of persons living or having family ties with the region of the North Caucasus, the Astrakhan region, who wish to establish peace and mutual understanding between all peoples living next to the Nogais of the above mentioned subjects of the Russian Federation, strengthening intra-regional and inter-regional ties in the economy, science, education and culture, preserving the unique nature, reviving folk traditions, developing democratic forms of state and public life, taking into account national and historical characteristics. The Association operates in the Astrakhan Region, the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, the Stavropol Territory, the Chechen Republic and in other regions of Russia, both directly and through its regional, district, city and rural (primary) branches. When achieving its goals and objectives provided for in this Charter, the Association operates within the framework of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Treaty, the Federal Law "On Public Associations" and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation.
The tragedy of the Nogai people.
The above reference does not reflect the large-scale history of the Nogai people. It does not reflect its original culture, traditions, customs at all. It is written for people who know absolutely nothing about the Nogais. The problem is also that in many pre-revolutionary descriptions, the Nogais were often called nomadic Tatars. This is shown by the General Map of the CAUCASUS REGION and the LANDS of the MOUNTAIN PEOPLES, compiled in 1825. In Soviet times, the land was redistributed with the establishment of new administrative boundaries of the newly formed republics. What evil will divided the united Nogai people? Why, part of the Nogais ended up in the Astrakhan region, part in Dagestan, part in Stavropol, part in Karachay-Cherkessia, part in the Chechen Republic, part in the Kuban?
Who was the author of this blessing?
The number of Nogais:
According to the 2002 census, the number of Nogais in the Russian Federation is 90,666 people: - in the Republic of Dagestan, 38 thousand people; - in the Chechen Republic, 3.5 thousand people (as of January 1, 1989, in the Shchelkovsky district, out of more than 47 thousand people, Nogais accounted for 11 thousand people); - 15 thousand people in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic; - in the Stavropol Territory 20.6 thousand people; - in the Astrakhan region 4.5 thousand people. Since 1989, for thirteen years, the number of Nogais has grown by 300-400 people.
From 1990 to 2002, there was a massive outflow of Nogai youth in the Southern Federal District. In search of a better life and due to total unemployment, in the absence of opportunities for civil and professional self-realization, out of hopelessness, leaving the lands of their ancestors, Nogai youth in droves leave to work in Siberia, the Far East, the Far North, the Central Black Earth and other regions of the Russian Federation. As of January 1, 2002, in the Tyumen region: - 2.5 thousand Nogais live in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug; - 1.7 thousand Nogais live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Only from the village of Tamaza-Tyube, Babayurt District (according to the 1989 census, 851 Nogais lived), 212 Nogai families left for various regions of the Russian Federation to work. But in all regions where the Nogais live, the data of the 2002 census do not correspond to reality, reliable figures are distorted everywhere.
5 thousand Nogais (mostly from the Nogai district of the Republic of Dagestan) in 2002 lived in Makhachkala itself.
The situation in the North Caucasus is explosive. Any redistribution of land is equal to bloodshed. However, the current situation cannot be tolerated. In accordance with the legislative framework of the Russian Federation, it is possible to solve the Nogai issue by creating the Autonomous Kayasulinsky (Achikulaksky) Nogai region on the basis of
the current Neftekumsky district of the Stavropol Territory. The Neftekumsky district is adjacent to the administrative border of the DR, and to the Nogai district of the Republic of Dagestan. The most reasonable option would be the Nogai Administrative Center on the territory of the Neftekumsky district of the Stavropol Territory, where there is a high density of the Nogai population. Other indigenous inhabitants of the area, Russians, and representatives of other nationalities, get along well with the Nogais.
Relationships and good neighborly relations have long been established. Almost all the villages of the Neftekumsky district are ancient Nogai settlements. It is stupid to dispute this, because even the names of the settlements themselves are Nogai: Beisei, Kayasula, Achikulak, Artezian-Mangit, Karatyube (Karatobe), Makhmud-mekteb, Kokbas.
Achikulak has historically been one of the Nogai bailiffs. Achikulak also has a very advantageous geographical location.
If the Nogais themselves are more satisfied with Kayasula, then so be it. This will be the greatest act of justice to the ORIGINAL Nogai people, who shared all the troubles and fates of past centuries with the Russians and other peoples of Russia.
We will support the indigenous Nogai people, we will support all the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, including the Russian!
Here are some interesting links on this subject:

GENERAL CARD
CAUCASIAN REGION 1825. The map is huge, so I make a small copy.
Follow the link yourself.

In the old Nogai song-toast there are simple and touching words:

May this house be happy and rich.

His abundance will come.

Let them give you a camel

All eight of your camels.

May the creator send abundance to you.

Let there be carts of heavy luggage.

Let your sheep be born

Only twins.

Let it be pleasing to him and handy

Arrange everything so that the dream comes true

To be happy in fat pastures

All four kinds of cattle grazed.

Not everyone knows now that this song is a spell (like many others, praising not only the nurse of the steppe, but also “the sources of a cold mountain stream”, “a gorge where the wind blows from the heights”, mountains that are “clothed with gray snow” ) were sung for several centuries by the Nogais, who lived for a long time and in full prosperity in the Middle Kuban, on both of its banks - the high right and the low left, to the very Laba River and the soles of the wooded Black Mountains.

Today you can only occasionally meet them in the cities and villages of the Krasnodar Territory. However, part of this almost 75,000 people lives in the neighborhood - in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory. Moreover, the roots of many Nogai surnames go back to our places, to the once populous and active environment of the “Kuban Tatars”.

General information about the Nogais looks like this: “NOGAI (self-name - Nogai) are the oldest inhabitants of the North Caucasian steppes. The roots of the Nogai ethnos go back to the Golden Horde. The ethnonym Nogai comes from the name of one of the military-political figures of this state - Khan Nogai, who, under Khan Berke, separated from the Golden Horde and formed an independent political association - the Nogai Horde. At the end of the 14th century, it included a number of large tribes that roamed the vast territory of the steppes of the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. A number of Mongolian and Turkic tribes that lived in the expanses of the Irtysh region, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia took part in the ethnogenesis of the Nogais. In the process of formation of the Nogai ethnos, the Cumans (Kipchaks, Cumans) played an important role, whose language formed the basis of the Nogai. The main type of economic activity of the Nogais was nomadic cattle breeding. The Nogai ethnos is an important element of the world nomadic civilization. By religion, the Nogais are Muslims, they carried this religion out of the Golden Horde.

Since the 18th century, the Nogai were ruled by specially created bailiffs, who preserved and respected their tribal traditions. In the 1860s, after the end of the Crimean War, a significant part of the Nogais, especially from the Azov region, emigrated to Turkey. Some of those who left later returned. In 1864, the re-emigrants founded the Nogai village of Kangly, the largest in the central part of the North Caucasus.

The Nogai language belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages. In business correspondence, the Nogais used the Arabic script for a long time. Own grammatical system was created only in the XX century. In 1928, the Nogai educator A.-Kh. Sh. Dzhanibekov, who at one time worked as a school teacher in the village of Achikulak, created the Nogai script based on the Latin script, and in 1938 the Nogai literary language was translated into the Russian alphabet. Scientists, writers, public figures came out of the Nogai environment.

According to the 1989 census, 75,180 Nogais lived in the USSR, of which 73,703 lived in the RSFSR. Soviet demographic statistics incorrectly attributed the Nogais to the peoples of Dagestan, under the rubric that they passed in the All-Union censuses. Only about a third of the Nogai ethnic group lives in Dagestan, the rest live in a number of regions of the Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkessia and the Shelkovsky region of Chechnya.

The territorial disunity of the Nogai ethnos hinders the development of the Nogai culture. The centers for studying the Nogai language, history, ethnography, and culture are Cherkessk and Makhachkala. Literature in the Nogai language is published in these cities, radio and television programs are conducted ... A society for the revival and development of the Nogai culture "Birlik" has been created. (In Cherkessk, for the fifth year now, the socio-political and artistic-literary Nogai magazine "Polovtsian Moon" has been published - V.V.). The Nogai problem is one of the complex ethno-social problems of the North Caucasus. At present, its real solution is possible only on the principles of extraterritoriality, since the programs put forward by some leaders of Birlik to create one form or another of Nogai territorial autonomy affect the interests of Dagestan, the Stavropol Territory and Chechnya.

In the latest scientific development, the idea is that it was in the Kuban that the ancestors of the Nogais roamed “at least since the time of the Huns. The fact is that the Huns included the Uysun tribe, attributed by researchers to the pre-Hun era. Among modern Nogais, the Uysuns bear the surname Isupov. The ethnonym Sirak also exists among the current Nogais and its name goes back to the tribe of the same name of the Sarmatian era, which lived on the banks of the Kuban. Among the Nogais, the tribe “Kobanshylar”, that is, the Kuban ones, with their original tamga, is widespread, and they bear the surname Kubanov ... "All this emphasizes the deep roots of the Nogais in the North-Western Caucasus, which fed on the early Turkic-speaking environment, which included, in addition to the Huns, also ancient Bulgarians, Khazars, Pechenegs (Kangly), Guzes, etc.

Subsequently, no later than the 16th century, the right bank of the Kuban (from the mouth to the beginning of the upper reaches), as well as the flat interfluve of the Kuban and Laba, were inhabited by tribal divisions of the Nogais. Until the end of the 18th century, they tightly entered the orbit of military-political actions and the interests of the essentially predatory policy and practice of the Crimean Khanate and Sultan Turkey, which stood behind it. in the lower reaches of the Laba, along the Urup and both Zelenchuks, adjacent to the Adyghe tribes, the Besleneyites, the Abaza and the East Slavic population of the Cossack villages and serf settlements.

In the history of their ancestors (since the time of the Golden Horde!) there were many pages illuminated by fires, stained with the blood of innocent victims and marked by tears and cries of an uncounted number of people of different peoples and tribes, orphaned, captured and sold to a foreign land by Nogai Murzas and sultans, their ruthless, indomitably warlike environment.

Generations changed, but, as before, the ambition of the Nogai leaders longed for glory, and the horse-drawn crowds of "private" rushed after them in the hope of prey. The Black Sea and linear Cossacks, which were born from the end of the 18th century, also suffered a lot from the Nogais. But deeply, however, it is wrong to write off (as pre-revolutionary historians did more than once) precisely not at the expense of "the peoples of Turkic origin who converted to Islam, the deep discord between the Slavic-Russians and the Caucasian highlanders."

On the contrary, the Kuban Nogais, together with the Circassians, Abazins and other inhabitants of the local shores, more than once had to wage a cruel and heroic struggle against the troops of the Crimean Khan and the Turkish Sultan in the Trans-Kuban region. And when, for the last time in 1790, the 30,000-strong Turkish army was defeated by Russian troops in the shores of the Upper Kuban, the Caucasian militias also fought under Russian banners, including the Nogai detachment, led by Lieutenant Colonel Mansurov, whose “kind” inhabited the lands between Zelenchuk and the right bank of the Urup, adjacent in the first third of the 19th century to the possessions of another Nogai figure - a Russian officer, writer and educator - Sultan Kazy-Girey, whose works were published in his Sovremennik and highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Sultan Kazy-Girey from the village of Prochnookopskaya (where he commanded a linear Cossack regiment) confidently wrote in his “Notes” to the governor of the Caucasus: “Russia has become my second fatherland, no less dear, and its benefits are no less precious, especially since from the benefit of Russia only the good of my native land can expire. He raised the question of the development of local natural resources and the development of trade in the Kuban. In his opinion, first of all, it would be necessary to form a special village on the banks of the Laba, which would become an economic, social and cultural center that would attract Caucasian youth. Over time, it would begin to fulfill the functions of the city (in essence, this is the foresight of the city of Maykop!). Kazy-Girey expressed concern that the “zakubappy” valued their land little and proposed measures to “stir up” their interest in the industrial development of natural resources, hatching the idea of ​​gradually involving the local economy in the all-Russian economic life.

A similar path of difficult insight into the true prospects of their people was made by many other Nogai contemporaries. Recently, some pages of the biography of the “Trans-Kuban hero Izmail Aliyev, the prince of the Mangat Nogais”, whose “life and death” were described by a certain nameless friend of his, a Russian officer who served in the “Prochno-Okopskaya Fortress”, became known. He published his memoirs anonymously as an "excerpt from a letter" dated May 1, 1829 in the Moscow Telegraph (1829, No. 12).

Izmail Aliev lived in one of the villages beyond the Kuban, seven miles from the fortification of the Durable Okop. Having an outstanding appearance and natural "decency", the prince was distinguished by extraordinary physical strength and amazing courage. “The fame of him thundered on both banks of the Kuban, on both sides of the Kuban Line. At first he was the most dangerous and worst enemy of the Russians, but then he went over to their side, moved closer to the Strong Trench and faithfully served Russia, evoking the admiration of the Caucasian figures of the Russian army and the military-civilian administration.

The apogee of his faithful service is 1827-1829, when he met and became friends with his biographer, unknown by name. At that time, when the fate of the Black Sea coast, liberated from the centuries-old occupation of Turkey, was being decided, the Pasha of Anapa - Gasan, in vain called Ishmael to his side, into the ranks of those Trans-Kuban feudal lords who secretly swore allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan against the Russians. Izmail Aliev did not betray Russia, and “in the campaigns for the Kuban he was inseparably with General A. A. Velyaminov”, who was the right hand of the formidable “governor” of the Caucasus, General A. P. Yermolov.

At the end of the winter company of 1828, the Nogai prince was presented with awards - a gold medal and the rank of staff captain. These signs of military courage did not find Ishmael alive: on April 17, 1829, while visiting the seriously ill Nogai prince Kaplan in his village (the modern village of Kaplanovo in the Novokuban region), I. Aliev rushed to save his kidnapped by a detachment of 20 non-peaceful Circassians, the uzden Igi-Temir and his family. He went in pursuit with only 8 Nogais. An unequal battle took place on the Sinyukh River (Sinyukha). The kidnappers were utterly defeated, but Ishmael also laid down his head and was buried the next day. The loss of this highly enlightened (he read and wrote Turkic well, knew Arabic, was well versed in Sharia law) figure of a firm and honest Russian orientation was great for the Nogais. No wonder the old Nogai saying, evaluating the heroes of the past, says:

“Men have two arts: One is to shoot and knock down the enemy, The other is to open and read a book...”

However, against the background of these noble examples, there were many other incidents, mutual claims and enmity, bloody strife between those who inhabited and considered their Kuban land. The closer the Crimean Khanate went to sunset, the stronger its pressure on the Nogai nomads became, in which the khans saw a powerful reserve to counter Russian consolidation in the Caucasus. The well-known Russian historian V.N. Tatishchev, when he was the Astrakhan governor at that time, repeatedly reported in his official correspondence that the Nogais, along with other “Yurt Tatars”, often go to the Kuban and the Crimea. These movements occurred "for various reasons."

At that time, the Kuban Nogais had about 62,000 "cauldrons", that is, families feeding from one boiler. This means that the total number of people in the Kuban reached many hundreds of thousands, creating considerable difficulties and obstacles to the conduct of Russian policy in the North-Western Caucasus. The already mentioned V. N. Tatishchev stubbornly offered (including to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in 1743) a list of various measures in order to “keep” the Nogais “from escaping to the Kuban”, explaining the task of returning them from the Kuban “to our considerable benefit”. However, the freedom-loving steppe dwellers did not respond well to “sovereign domestication”.

Finally, in the bowels of the domineering St. Petersburg, the idea of ​​​​resettlement of the Nogais from the Kuban region to the distant Ural steppes was born and embodied in the decree of Catherine II. Its implementation was entrusted to the outstanding Russian commander A. V. Suvorov. Negotiations began, mutual assurances of peace and friendship... The tsarist authorities did not shy away from open bribery of the feudal elite, coaxing it with feasts and gifts. For example, during the gathering on July 9, 1783, arranged by A. V. Suvorov regarding the annexation of Crimea to Russia, the Russian commander gathered 6,000 Nogais, to whom he explained: from now on, all the possessions of the Crimean Khanate, including the steppe Kuban-Don interfluve, are under the citizenship of Russia . For the present Nogai nobility, a grand multi-day feast was arranged, at which, as the source testifies, 100 bulls, 800 rams were eaten and 500 buckets of vodka were drunk. This feast was also depicted in Russian painting a little later (A.F. Morozov).

Moreover, A. V. Suvorov himself, in his political maneuvers, proceeded from a rather biased attitude towards the “Kuban Tatars” - the Nogais, who differ, de “always inconstancy, frivolous, dainty, deceitful, unfaithful and drunk ...” A similar characteristic justified these crafty influences on the leaders of the people, and seemed to promise a speedy and lasting success. The Nogais, indeed, partly moved along the route indicated by the authorities to the northern Caspian steppes. But it is difficult to reconcile with the loss of the land that for several generations has been a native breadwinner! In addition, Turkish agents were also actively zealous, with renewed vigor launched agitation among the Nogais, moreover, now against the Crimean Khan, who fell under the dependence of Russia. The results were not long in coming. By the beginning of the 1780s, up to 130 families of the "Kasaev Nogais" crossed to Romania on Turkish ships. Following them, the Budzhak Nogays (18,000 people) went over to the side of Turkey and migrated to Akkerman. And the Nogais who remained in the Kuban, without the knowledge of the Crimean Khan, chose a seraskir for themselves and began to prepare for the "deposit" from the Crimea.

An attack on the Yeysk fortress was provoked. And then the usual Suvorov motto turned out to be discarded - “wise generosity is more useful than a headlong sword”!

On October 1, 1783, in the Trans-Kuban region, between the rivers Laba and Urup, in the area of ​​​​an abandoned ancient settlement (Kremenchuk), a battle took place between the Nogais and the troops of Suvorov. In the words of the commander himself, there was a "complete felling of the Tatars." At the same time, a detachment of Major General Leontiev inflicted a terrible defeat from the flank of the Kuban River. According to historians, in the Urup and Laba valleys, the Nogais then lost more than 7,000 people killed alone. And how many wounded and crippled, captured?!

Similar "reprisals" against the Nogais were undertaken later. Suffice it to recall the report of General P. Tekelli in 1789, who reported on a new expedition against the Nogai, "settled in the circumference of Anapa, especially the Nogai Tatars living near the sea, as well as other peoples living from the Laba River and beyond." And the "deliberately cruel" actions of another general - Portnyagin - aroused indignation even among his colleagues, who accused the commander of "crimes and injustice" and demanded that he be brought to a military court.

Shocked by the misfortunes that had fallen, grief and fear, the Nogais of the Kuban began to massively and irresistibly move to Turkey, and partly migrated deep into the wooded foothills, to the Adygs and Abazins. Already by the turn of the 19th century, as eyewitnesses confirm, “The Kuban region from the Caucasus line to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov remained completely deserted ...” At the same time, the “trans-Kuban plains”, sung by A.S. Pushkin, also became deserted.

But not everyone left. At the beginning of the last century, the situation changed somewhat due to the emerging orientation of part of the Nogais towards Russia. It was adhered to by the most far-sighted leaders and figures from among the Nogais of the Middle Kuban, such as Sultan Kazy-Girey, Izmail Aliev and others, who were named above. In 1828-1829, "Trans-Kuban Nogai owners with subjects and peasants" 64 auls, consisting of 1089 families (3325 souls of both sexes), swore allegiance to Russia. The oath, in particular, was taken by the sultans Batar-Girey, Selim-Girey, Princess Aisha Kamykayeva, Murza Tespim Aslambekov, Kalmurza Alagyr-Murzi, Kaplan Karamurzin and their relatives. Among those who swore there were 108 families of "Nogai Murzas and common people who fled in the past 1828 from the Kuban" to the mountains and returned again with an expression of peacefulness and "compatibility". As a result, those who lived "on the left bank of the Kuban River, from the mouth of the Maly Zelenchuk River to the mouth of the Urup River" were firmly in the citizenship of the Russian state. A peaceful period of history was approaching!...

But the moloch of hostility has not yet exhausted itself ... During the long military operations in the Trans-Kuban region until the middle of the 19th century, the Nogais were torn apart: a considerable part found peace and settled down within the borders of present-day Karachay-Cherkessia and the regions adjacent to the north (it is interesting that the steppe to the east from the Lower Urup is called to this day by the Circassians "Kazma gubga", which in Nogai means - a cultivated field, that is, the territory where the Nogais lived - settled farmers), and a large one, succumbing to the promises of a paradise life in a foreign land of the same faith, went to Turkey. Eyewitnesses said: “Parting with the homeland and Russian neighbors was dramatic. In the Nogai villages, the crying of women and children was heard. Stunning scenes of farewell to native graves took place in cemeteries. When the Russians persuaded them to stay, the Nogais answered with tears: "It's impossible - everyone is going, it's a sin to stay."

One of the most serious researchers of the ethnography and history of the Nogais emphasizes: “The Nogai poets of those years of national disaster, as can be seen from the literary and folklore works that have come down to us, addressed fiery verses to their native people, urging them not to leave their native lands, not to believe their false speeches. murzas, princes and Turkish sultans. But in vain!...” (A.I.-M. Sikaliev-Sheikhaliev).

Such is the sad fate of "mutual responsibility", which ruined the people, deprived them of a worthy future...

Few dared to drink their share in their native places (like, for example, the Nogais of the village of Kaplanov, which was located opposite the village of Prochnookopskaya, on the other side of the Kuban). And those (as it is believed, about 700,000 Nogais in total) that at different times left the Trans-Kuban region and other places of Nogai habitat in the North Caucasus, got lost, dissolved in the "Turetchina", where today the Nogais proper are only small groups.

But even those who remained in the Fatherland many times, at the insistence of the authorities, changed their habitats: sometimes settling together, sometimes “thinning out” representatives of other peoples. The result turned out to be deplorable: the modern Nogais, who hardly retained historical and cultural unity, were torn apart by the borders of four constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkessia, Dagestan, Chechnya), and only a few thousand people live in the Kuban (Krasnodar Territory). Even the historical name of the expanse Ciscaucasia - "Nogai steppe" - began to be erased from memory by the planting of a strange term - "Black Lands".

So severely has history disposed of a numerous and courageous people, attached (through their Turkic-speaking ancestors and directly) to many achievements and events of world culture and history. The latest research leaves no doubt that the Nogai, including the Kuban, have writing and a written language in the 14th - early 20th centuries, which refutes some traditional ideas. The writing was based on the Arabic script, common to all Muslims. The extensive diplomatic correspondence of the Grand Dukes of Moscow Rus' with the Nogai khans and murzas of the XV-XVII centuries, preserved in the archives of the Posolsky Prikaz, provides vivid examples of the fact that “Nogai letters were usually written in their own language and were translated for the sovereign by the interpreter in the Posolsky Prikaz” (G. Peretyatkovich ). Writing also served the internal Horde office work of the Nogai khanates. Nogai manuscripts of the early 20th century testify that in the past there were historical works “Tarihi Nogai” (“History of the Nogais”) and “Tavarikhi-i-Nogai” (“Nogai Chronicles”). This is confirmed by the opinion of the first in Russia, historical and ethnographic reviews of the "Nogai Tatars" in the first half of the 19th century. There is evidence that the Nogai feudal lords of the Kuban had a written "constitution" that protected their interests...

Is it any wonder the huge craving for the national and cultural revival of modern Nogais - the descendants of a numerous, widely settled people, carriers of an original culture ?!

And now, several times in recent years, representative nationwide congresses of Nogais have been gathering, discussing the topical problems of their existence in the foreseeable future. Recipes for a way out of the national crisis are born difficult, even painful. But the guarantee that the pressing problems will be solved is the entire long and instructive fate of the people, a significant part of its history associated with the Middle Kuban, whose population should know and remember their historically recent countrymen.

Historical and geographical aspects of the development of the Nogai Horde. Makhachkala. 1993.

Kalmykov I. Kh., Kereitov R. Kh., Sikaliev A. I. Nogaitsy. Historical and ethnographic essay. Cherkessk. 1988.

Kereytov R. X. On the history of some Nogai surnames. Cherkessk. 1994.

Kereytov R. Kh. On the stay of the Nogais in the Middle Kuban and some aspects of the study of this issue // Materials of the meeting dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the scientific, creative, pedagogical and social activities of the school of academician V. B. Vinogradov. Armavir. 1994. S. 26-27.

Essays on the history of Karachay-Cherkessia. T. I. Cherkessk. 1967.

Essays on the history of the Stavropol Territory. T. I, II. Stavropol. 1986. 1987.

Polovtsian moon. Socio-literary magazine. Cherkessk. 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994.

Sikaliev (Sheikhaliev) A.I.-M. Nogai heroic epic. Cherkessk. 1994.

Feofilaktova T. M. On the military roads of the Kuban (second half of the 18th century). Krasnodar. 1992.

Stavropol region: 22 006 (2010)

• Neftekumsky district: 12,267 (trans. 2002)
• Mineralovodsky district 2,929 (translated in 2002)
• Stepnovsky district 1,567 (translated in 2002)
• Neftekumsk: 648 (trans. 2002)

Karachay-Cherkessia: 15 654 (2010)

Astrakhan region: 7 589 (2010)

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug: 5 323 (2010)

Chechnya: 3,444 (2010)

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: 3 479 (2010)

Ukraine: 385 (2001 census)

Language Religion Racial type Included in Related peoples Origin

Nogais(self-name - nogai, pl. - nogailar listen)) are a Turkic-speaking people in the North Caucasus and the Volga region. They speak the Nogai language, which belongs to the Kypchak group (Kypchak-Nogai subgroup) of the Turkic languages. The literary language was created on the basis of the Karanogai dialect and the Nogai dialect. The writing is connected with the ancient Turkic, Uighur-Naiman scripts; from the 18th century Until 1928, the Nogai alphabet was based on the Arabic script, from 1928-1938. - in Latin script. Cyrillic has been used since 1938.

Number in the Russian Federation - 103.7 thousand people. ().

Political history

In the middle of the 16th century, Gazi (son of Urak, great-grandson of Musa) took part of the Nogais who roamed in the Volga region to the North Caucasus, where there were traditional old nomads of the Mangyts, founding Small Nogai.

The Nogai Horde between the Volga and the Emba fell into decline as a result of the expansion of the Muscovite state in the Volga region and wars with neighbors, of which the war with the Kalmyks became the most destructive. The descendants of the Nogai, who did not move to the Small Nogai, disappeared among the Bashkirs, Kazakhs and Tatars.

Anthropology

Anthropologically, the Nogais belong to the South Siberian small race, transitional between the large Mongoloid and Caucasoid races.

resettlement

Currently, the Nogais live mainly in the North Caucasus and South Russia - in Dagestan (Nogai, Tarumovsky, Kizlyar and Babayurt regions), in the Stavropol Territory (Neftekumsky region), Karachay-Cherkessia (Nogai region), Chechnya (north of the Shelkovsky region) and Astrakhan region. From the name of the people comes the name Nogai steppe - an area of ​​​​compact settlement of Nogais in the territory of Dagestan, the Stavropol Territory and the Chechen Republic.

Over the past decades, large Nogai diasporas have formed in other regions of Russia - Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Language

In the cultural heritage of the Nogays, the main place is occupied by musical and poetic art. There is a richest heroic epic (including the poem "Edige")

Religion

Nogai girls in national costumes. Beginning of XX century.

Cloth

dwelling

History

The Nogai are one of the few peoples of modern Russia that have centuries-old traditions of statehood in the past. Tribes from the state associations of the Great Steppe of the 7th century took part in the long process of Nogai ethnogenesis. BC e. - XIII century. n. e. (Saki, Sarmatians, Huns, Usuns, Kangly, Keneges, Ases, Kypchaks, Uigurs, Argyns, Kytai, Naimans, Kereites, Kungrats, Mangyts, etc.).

The final formation of the Nogai community with the tribal name Nogai (Nogail) took place in the 14th century as part of the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde). In the subsequent period, the Nogai ended up in different states that formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde - Astrakhan, Kazan, Kazakh, Crimean, Siberian Khanates and the Nogai Horde.

Nogai ambassadors first arrived in Moscow in 1489. For the Nogai embassy, ​​the Nogai yard was allocated across the Moskva River not far from the Kremlin in a meadow opposite the Simonov Monastery. In Kazan, a place was also set aside for the Nogai embassy, ​​called the “Mangyt place”. The Nogai Horde received tribute from the Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs, and some Siberian tribes, and played a political and trade-intermediary role in the affairs of neighboring states. In the 1st half of the XVI century. The Nogai Horde could field more than 300 thousand soldiers. The military organization allowed the Nogai Horde to successfully defend its borders, help combatants and neighboring khanates, the Russian state. In turn, the Nogai Horde received military and economic assistance from Moscow. In 1549, an embassy from the Turkish Sultan Suleiman arrived in the Nogai Horde. The main caravan road connecting Eastern Europe with Central Asia passed through its capital, the city of Saraichik. In the first half of the XVI century. Moscow went for further rapprochement with the Nogai Horde. The exchange of goods has intensified. The Nogai supplied horses, sheep, livestock products, in return they received cloth, ready-made clothes, fabrics, iron, lead, copper, tin, walrus bone, and writing paper. The Nogais, fulfilling the contract, carried out cordon service in the south of Russia. In the Livonian War, the Nogai cavalry regiments under the command of Murz - Takhtar, Temir, Bukhat, Bebezyak, Urazly and others acted on the side of the Russian troops. Looking ahead, we recall that in the Patriotic War of 1812 in the army of General Platov there was a Nogai cavalry regiment that reached Paris, about than A. Pavlov wrote.

Crimean period of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

After the fall of the Golden Horde, the Nogais roamed in the lower Volga region, however, the movement of the Kalmyks from the east in the 17th century led to the migration of the Nogais to the North Caucasian borders of the Crimean Khanate).

As part of Russia since the 18th century.

The Nogais scattered in scattered groups across the Trans-Kuban near Anapa and throughout the North Caucasus up to the Caspian steppes and the lower reaches of the Volga. About 700 thousand Nogais left for the Ottoman Empire.

By 1812, the entire Northern Black Sea region finally became part of Russia. The remnants of the Nogai hordes were settled in the north of the Taurida province (modern Kherson region) and in the Kuban, and were forcibly transferred to a settled way of life.

Nogaists

Notes

1. Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
2. All-Russian population census 2010. National composition of the population of the Russian Federation 2010
3. All-Russian population census 2010 Ethnic composition of the regions of Russia
4. The ethnic composition of the population of Dagestan. 2002
5. The ethnic composition of the population of the KChR. 2002
6. The ethnic composition of the population of Chechnya. 2002
7. All-Ukrainian population census 2001. Russian version. Results. Nationality and mother tongue.
8. Minahan James One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. - Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. - P. 493–494. - ISBN 978-0313309847
9. The peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book. Ch. ed. Yu.V. Bromley. Moscow "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1988. Article "Nogais", author N.G. Volkova, p. 335.
10. KavkazWeb: 94% of respondents are for the creation of the Nogai district in Karachay-Cherkessia - referendum results
11. Nogai district officially created in Karachay-Cherkessia
12. Nogai district created in Karachay-Cherkessia
13. Nogai district created in Karachay-Cherkess Republic
14. Esperanto news: Conference on the future of the Nogai people
15. Traditional clothes and uniforms of the Terek, Kuban Cossacks
16. Nogais
17. Nogais
18. Russian military and diplomats on the status of Crimea during the reign of Shagin Giray
19. Vadim GEGEL. Exploration of the Wild West in Ukrainian
20. V. B. Vinogradov. Central Kuban. Countrymen and neighbors. NOGAIS
21. Vladimir Gutakov. Russian way to the south (myths and reality). Part two

see also

Links

• IslamNGY - Blog of the "Nogais in Islam" group. Islamic analysis of the history of the Nogais, the appeal of Nogai preachers, articles, poems, books, videos and audio about Islam and the Nogais.
• Nogaits.ru - Information site dedicated to the Nogais. History, Information, Forum, Chat, Video, Music, Radio, E-books, Poems, and much more about the Nogais.

Currently, about 103 thousand representatives of the Nogai nationality live in Russia. This is an offshoot of the Turkic people, who historically lived in the Lower Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in the Crimea, the Northern Black Sea region. In total, according to rough estimates, there are about 110 thousand representatives of this people left in the world. In addition to Russia, diasporas have settled in Romania, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Turkey.

Nogai state

The original state formation of representatives of the Nogai nationality was the Nogai Horde. This is the last of the nomadic powers, formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde. It is believed that she had a significant impact on all modern Turkic peoples.

This state was actually formed in the 40s of the XV century in the interfluve of the Urals and the Volga. At the beginning of the 17th century, it collapsed under external pressure and due to internecine wars.

founder of the people

Historians associate the appearance of the Nogai people with the Golden Horde temnik Nogai. This was the ruler of the westernmost ulus, who from the 1270s actually refused to obey the khans of Sarai. As a result, Serbia and the Second fell under him, as well as part of the northeastern and all southern Russian principalities. It is from his name that the Nogai people take their name. They consider the Golden Horde Beklyarbek their founder.

The city of Saraichik on the Ural River became the administrative center of the Nogai Horde. Now this place is a historical monument, and nearby is the village of the same name in the Atyrau region of Kazakhstan.

Crimean period

Under the influence of the Kalmyks, who moved from the east, in the 17th century the Nogais migrated to the border of the Crimean Khanate. In 1728 they settled in the northern Black Sea region, recognizing the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire over them.

They also had a great influence on the events that took place at that time on the territory of our country. Domestic military and historians learned the name of the Nogais in 1783, when they raised a major uprising in the Kuban. This was a response to the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire and the forced resettlement of the Nogais to the Urals by decision of the tsarist authorities.

The Nogais tried to take Yeysk, but the Russian guns proved to be a serious obstacle for them. On October 1, the united units of the Kuban Corps under the command of Suvorov crossed the Kuban River, attacking the rebel camp. In the decisive battle, the Russian army won a landslide victory. According to estimates of domestic archival sources, from 5 to 10 thousand Nogai warriors died as a result. Modern public Nogai organizations claim tens of thousands of dead, among whom were many women and children. Some of them claim that it was an act of genocide.

As a result of this uprising, she suffered significant losses. This affected the entire ethnic group, and after that their political independence was finally lost.

According to modern researchers, until the middle of the 19th century, about 700 thousand Nogais crossed into the territory of the Ottoman Empire.

As part of Russia

After a crushing defeat, representatives of the Nogai nationality ended up as part of the Russian Empire. At the same time, they were forced to leave their lands, as they were considered politically unreliable contingent. As a result, they scattered in the Trans-Kuban region, throughout the entire North Caucasus, up to the lower reaches of the Volga and the Caspian steppes. Such was the territory of the Nogais at that time.

Since 1793, the Nogai, who settled in the North Caucasus, became part of the bailiffs, small administrative-territorial units created to manage the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus. In fact, they existed only formally, since the real supervision of them was carried out by the military department.

In 1805, a special provision appeared for the management of the Nogais, which was developed by the Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire. Since the 1820s, most of the Nogai hordes became part of the Stavropol province. Shortly before that, the entire Black Sea region became part of Russia. The remnants of the Nogai hordes switched to a settled way of life, settling in the Kuban and in the north of the Taurida province.

It is noteworthy that the Nogais participated in the Patriotic War of 1812 as part of the Cossack cavalry. They reached Paris.

Crimean War

During the Crimean War of 1853-1856. the Nogais who lived in the Melitopol district helped the Russian troops. After the defeat of Russia, the representatives of this people were again accused of sympathy for Turkey. Their campaign to evict Russia has resumed. Part joined the Crimean Tatars, the bulk assimilated with the Turkish population. By 1862, almost all the Nogays who lived in the Melitopol district emigrated to Turkey.

The Nogais from the Kuban followed the same route after the Caucasian War.

social stratification

Until 1917, nomadic cattle breeding remained the main occupation of the Nogais. They raised sheep, horses, cattle, camels.

The Nogai steppe remained the main area of ​​their nomadism. This is a plain in the eastern part of the North Caucasus between the Kuma and Terek rivers. This region is located on the territories of modern Dagestan, the Stavropol Territory and Chechnya.

From the 18th century, the Kuban Nogais began to lead, who took up agriculture. By the second half of the 19th century, the Nogais of the Achikulak police department were predominantly engaged in the cultivation of agricultural crops.

It is worth noting that agriculture, at the same time, was of an applied nature for the majority, mainly engaged in cattle breeding. At the same time, almost all the cattle belonged to the sultans and murzas. Making up only 4 percent of the total Nogai population, they owned 99% of camels, 70% of horses, and almost half of the cattle. As a result, many poor people were forced to go to work in nearby villages to harvest bread and grapes.

The Nogais were not called up for military service; in return, a special tax was levied on them. Over time, they began to move more and more away from their traditional breeding of camels and sheep, switching to agriculture and fishing.

Modern settlement

Today, the Nogais predominantly live on the territory of seven constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Most of them are in Dagestan - about forty and a half thousand. More than 22 thousand live in the Stavropol Territory, another fifteen and a half thousand in the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria.

More than a thousand Nogais in Russia were also counted in Chechnya, the Astrakhan region, the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs.

In recent decades, fairly large communities have formed in Moscow and St. Petersburg, numbering up to several hundred people.

In the history of the Nogai there were many migrations. Traditionally, many representatives of this people today live in Turkey and Romania. They mostly ended up there in the 18th and 19th centuries. Many of them at that time adopted the ethnic identity of the Turkic population that surrounded them there. But at the same time, the majority retained the memory of their Nogai origin. At the same time, it is not possible to establish the exact number of Nogais living in Turkey today. Population censuses, which have been conducted since 1970, have ceased to collect information about the nationality of citizens.

In 2005, a decision was made to create a national Nogai region on the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia. By that time, a similar entity already existed in Dagestan.

Language

The Nogai language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic family. Due to their wide geographical distribution, four dialects were distinguished in it. In Chechnya and Dagestan, they speak the Karanogai dialect, in the Stavropol Territory - in the Kuma or directly Nogai, in the Astrakhan region - in Karagash, in Karachay-Cherkessia - in Kuban or Aknogai.

By classification and origin, Nogai is a steppe dialect, which belongs to the dialect of the Crimean Tatar language. Some experts also attribute the dialects of the Alabugat and Yurt Tatars to the Nogai dialects, although not everyone is of this opinion.

This people also has the Nogai language, created on the basis of the Karanogai dialect.

From the beginning of the 18th century until 1928, writing was based on the Arabic script. Then for ten years it was based on the Latin alphabet. Since 1938, the Cyrillic alphabet has been officially used.

culture

Speaking about the traditional culture and traditions of the Nogais, everyone immediately recalls the occupation of transhumance and nomadic animal husbandry. It is noteworthy that, in addition to camels and horses, historically the Nogais also bred geese. From them they received not only meat, but also feathers and down, which were extremely highly valued in the production of blankets, pillows, and feather beds.

The indigenous representatives of this people hunted mainly with the use of birds of prey (falcons, golden eagles, hawks) and dogs (borzois).

Crop growing, fishing and beekeeping developed as an auxiliary trade.

Religion

The traditional religion of the Nogais is Islam. They belong to one of the right-wing schools in Sunni Islam, the founder of which is the 8th-century theologian Abu Hanifa and his students.

This branch of Islam is distinguished by a clear hierarchy in the delivery of verdicts. If there is a need to choose from several existing prescriptions, the majority opinion or the most convincing argument takes precedence.

Most of today's Muslims are followers of this right-wing wing. The Hanafi madhhab had the status of an official religion in the Ottoman Empire and in the Mughal Empire.

Costume

From the photo of the Nogais, you can get an idea of ​​​​their national costume. It is based on elements of clothing of ancient nomads. Its features evolved from the 7th century BC to the time of the Huns and Kypchaks.

Nogai ornamental art is well known. Classical patterns - the "tree of life", They go back to the patterns first discovered in the burial mounds of the Sarmatian, Saka, Golden Horde periods.

The Nogai remained steppe warriors for most of their history, so they rarely dismounted. Their features are reflected in their clothing. These are boots with high tops, wide-cut trousers, in which it was convenient to ride, hats must take into account the peculiarities of the season.

The traditional clothes of the Nogais also include a hood and beshmet (a caftan with a standing collar), as well as sheepskin coats and trousers.

The women's suit is similar in cut to the men's. It is based on a shirt dress, hats made of fabric or fur, fur coats, scarves, scarves, woolen shoes, various types of jewelry and belts.

dwelling

It was in the customs of the Nogais to settle in yurts. Their adobe houses, as a rule, consisted of several rooms located in a row.

In particular, such dwellings have become widespread among their neighbors in the regions of the North Caucasus. Studies have confirmed that the Nogais independently created this type of housing.

Kitchen

The Nogai food system is built on the balance of meat and dairy products. They were used in various forms of processing, methods of preparation. It was supplemented with products of hunting, farming, gathering and fishing.

The national character of the dishes originated in the bowels of various empires of Eurasia, and is due to the historically established cultural and economic structure, traditions, and way of life.

Boiled meat is common in their diet; talkan porridge was often prepared from roasted millet, ground into flour. It was consumed in food along with milk. Soup was cooked from ground corn and wheat, and porridge was prepared from cornmeal.

A significant place in the diet was occupied by all kinds of soups with different dressings - noodles, rice. Khinkali was considered a favorite dish of the Nogais. It was made from unleavened dough, cut into small squares and rhombuses, and boiled in meat broth. In the preparation of this dish, the advantage was given to lamb.

From drinks they had five types of tea, koumiss was traditionally prepared from mares' milk, which was famous for its healing properties. Vodka was prepared from mare's milk, another alcoholic drink was buza, which was brewed from millet flour.