The population of the country does not always speak the same language. In almost all countries of the world, residents of different regions have either some differences in the pronunciation of some words or a big difference. For example, in Greece, Germany and China, people from neighboring regions often cannot understand each other.

There are also dialects in Russian. And, it is worth noting that there are more than a dozen of them in it. With all the variety of classifications of Russian dialects, there are three main groups of them, which are called dialects: northern, southern and central Russian. Let's take a closer look at them and get acquainted with their distinctive features.

South Russian dialect

This dialect settled in the territory of southern and southwestern Russia. The following dialectical features are inherent in it:

The presence of the endings -and (s) in neuter plural nouns in the nominative case: spots, windows.

Soft -t- in verb endings: he says [t ’], she carries [t’].

Akana and yakan: I lead instead of whisking, I carry instead of nyas, etc.

Unique words inherent exclusively to this dialect: poshkandybat (go), zyrit (look), bummed (scratched), etc.

The presence of the verbs "not", "go", "weave".

P [a] shenitsa instead of wheat.

North Russian dialect

The pronounced features of this dialect spread in the northern and eastern regions of Russia. Of these, the most common:

O instead of E in the pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables: oz [o] ro, s [o] stra, holy [o] blood.

The verb "etat" is an analogue of the English "do", it can be used in any sentence.

The absence of the sound [j] in the pronunciation and the contraction of vowels in the endings -a, -ae, -th, -th, -th: a new apartment, a young girl, etc.

Full okanie, that is, when pronouncing a word in all unstressed syllables, -o is not replaced by -a-: v [o] yes, g [o] l [o] va, etc.

Instead of [bm] - long [m:]: o [m:] en instead of deception, o [m:] en instead of exchange, etc.

Nouns with suffixes -ushk-, -ishk- mostly end in -o: grandfather [o], hut [o], winter [o], etc.

Central Russian dialect

the most common in Russia is the Central Russian dialect. It is used mainly in the middle zone of the country. It is distinctive in that it included the features of both the northern and southern dialects. It is the basis of the official Russian language, known throughout the world.

Throughout its development, the Russian language has continuously adopted names and expressions from dialects of other peoples and countries. As a result, the “great and mighty” became richer, brighter and more intense. In almost any region of the country, you will come across unique words and special speech, a kind of pronunciation. The difference can be both negligible and quite tangible. This is a feature of every spoken language on earth.

When going on a trip to Russia, study this small phrasebook - the subtleties of translation "from Russian into Russian" in some areas of our Motherland may seriously puzzle you [infographics]

Photo: RUSSIAN LOOK

The wealth of a language lies in its diversity. Russian in this regard is really "powerful". And if everyone has heard about the St. Petersburg "curb" and "front", then the Perm "kerkat" and the Kirov "pazgat" really confuse the visitors! For the sake of understanding, together with the regional editions of KP (from Krasnodar to Vladivostok), we conceived this Russian-Russian dictionary. In it you will find a "translation" of unusual local words into an understandable, literary language.

And if we undeservedly ignored any local words, we are waiting for them in the comments. So our phrasebook will become even more "lively" and useful for all Russians!

EXPERT COMMENTARY

Scientists believe that fighting regional spoken language is harmful and pointless

Our regional correspondents have collected a decent harvest of unusual words. We asked Anatoly Baranov, Professor of the Department of Linguistic Semantics at the Institute of the Russian Language named after A.I. Vinogradov.

You have collected very different words. By the way, there are not so many dialectisms. There is slang vocabulary, but mostly regionalisms. That is, various territorial variants of the Russian language (regionalisms are used by all residents of the region, in contrast to dialect words that are more often used by the population of rural areas - author). For example, in Siberia, instead of the word "extension" they say "annex". Or take "curb" - this is a word from the southern dialect that turned out to be in St. Petersburg and is used in the northern capital to refer to the sidewalk. This is an example of how dialectal forms can be fixed as territorial forms. A travel card for the metro or any other form of transport in St. Petersburg was called a "card". This is also a specific thing characteristic of this area.

How did these words survive in conditions when uniform norms are cultivated in educational institutions of cinema, literature, and the media?

The fact is that the territory in which people who speak Russian live is very large. Despite the fact that information and transport means allow you to reduce the distance, there are various regions that are very far from the center: Siberia, the Far East ... They were settled in different ways. These territories have different conditions of social, cultural, natural and everyday character. And very often specific words are used for these areas. This is how territorial variants of the language arise.

- Is it necessary to fight this case in the localities?

What are you, no way! Actually, this is impossible. Of course, there is literary Russian, but it is used in its own field. And the words in question are part of the spoken language of their region. People clearly distinguish between these two areas: no one will use the "curb" in an official speech. Moreover, I and other researchers believe that regional differences concern not only vocabulary, but also syntactic constructions. But it is completely wrong to say that with regionalism this is a disfigurement of the Russian language. On the contrary, this is the potential for its development. Because the language needs to have some sources, reserves from which you can draw words, constructions and morphemes to reflect new phenomena and processes.

Altai region

A photo: Anna LATUKHOVA

Let's start with the Altai Territory. Here (however, as in all of Siberia) the transparent file we are used to is called ... "Multiphoria"... This is probably from the Latin "Multifora", which translates as "having many holes." Or simply from the name of the Multifor company, which actively promoted its products beyond the Urals. Be that as it may, do not be alarmed when you hear this unusual word.

But be alarmed if you are: a) a woman and b) you have been named "Hardy"... So here they say only in relation to wreckers. "Victoria" here and in other Siberian cities all types of garden strawberries are called.

"Lyvoy" locals call a puddle "Homosexual" - purse, "Kulemoy" - a slow person, "Hedgehogs" - meatballs, "Pounded" - mashed potatoes, "Shanezhkami" - buns, "Pimami" - winter shoes, and "Okolotkom" - the area of \u200b\u200bthe settlement.

If you are asked, "Why did you get lost?" hence, they are accused of slowness. But with a sonorous word "Hius" here they dubbed the piercing wind.

Bashkiria

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"Complete uptragun!" - a colorful phrase that people like to use in Bashkria. "Aptragan" - here they say instead of the bored "nightmare", "kapets" and other synonyms for the well-known obscene word. It comes from the Bashkir verb "aptyrarga". It translates as "to be in difficulty, confusion, bewilderment."

You can immediately be invited to "Sabantuy"... In fact, this is the name of the Bashkir and Tatar plow festival, which ends all spring agricultural business. But at other times of the year - why should a good word be wasted? So they use "sabantui" in the meaning of "gathering", "crowd".

In Bashkiria and Tatarstan, they also often use "Let's go" in the meaning of "come on, let's go." This is from the Türkic verb "to drive", "to prod", "to hurry".

Bryansk region

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The Bryansk region borders on two states - Ukraine and Belarus. That is why the local dialect is a "explosive" mixture of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, generously seasoned with the professional jargon of old and modern folk craftsmen.

Here, for example, disorder is often called here "Gaynom", sheep wool, from which they make ("roll") felt boots - "Outwardly", beets - Beetroot (beetroot or beetroot is called this vegetable in many southern regions of Russia, in Belarus, Poland and Ukraine), onion - "Red mullet", moonshine - "Midshipman", and borscht - and at all "Wrinkled".

"Makhotka" - this is a small clay jug in the Bryansk region, "Hidden creature" - a train. A man may be called here "Chuzom", a villager - "Jack". And if they want to offend, they will say "Shmurak" (the same "fool"). If you need to make up, they can use the phrase "Trouble"... It's something like "well, okay!" And be careful, non-locals can be called here "Suckers"... Do not be offended ... Better learn these words - pass for your own!

Note that most of the above words are from the language of the Bryansk Shapovals.

Vladivostok

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Let's move on to the Far East. In Vladivostok, for example, they often go to "Chifanki"... These are Chinese eateries and cafes.

And the usual word for us "Merge" used here in unusual ways. Jeans can be spliced \u200b\u200bin a store (“get it, find it”). And you don't have to merge, what we are talking about here (in the meaning of "understand").

Word "Beacon" means to let know. For example, you may be asked to "beacon" when you are free. And if you are asked "Burn in" along the way the newspaper, then it is about buying. Worse if you are told not "Shy away"... This means that you are suspected of being idle. Or no "Execute" (can mean to show off).

"Spectacles" in Vladivostok they call hard-to-reach places, remote areas of the city, "shugan" - something terrible, "Zusman" - cold, Seagulls - freebie lovers, "On the side" - the embankment.

Word "Lamppost" used here in the meaning of "very simple", and "Smart" - "funny, great." If you also like Vladivostok words, then the locals would shake your crab ( "Shake the crab" - this is "shake hands").

Volgograd region

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The Volgograd region is very rich in local words! And they are funny here. For example, many Volgograd residents (mostly elderly) call a dried pear ... "Muzzles"... Old-timers still often say: "Cut off the sausage stroller for me." Word "Stroller" in this case means - a piece. And the early herring (spring) was disowned here "Break"... And to finish the conversation about food, let's say about the word widespread in Volgograd "Kaymak"... It is not Volgograd, it came to these regions from the Caucasus, but took root in the region. "Kaymak" is sour cream baked in the oven or oven.

And the headboard is called here "Bedside"! Often Volgograd residents can recommend you not to climb "in the bushes". Don't be alarmed. "Kushchari" mean bushes, dense thickets or a dark, scary place that is best avoided. That is, they wish you well, and not just scare you with strange words ...

Purely Volgograd word - "Spread"... This is the name of a clumsy person who has everything falling out of hand. And the bun in which women often collect their hair is called in Volgograd "Kulya"... Moreover, in different regions, they even emphasize in different ways: in the south they say kulya, but in the northern regions it is already kulya.

Izhevsk

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"Go by there, by here" - so they can explain the way to Izhevsk. Calm! Everything is very simple to understand - you just need to remove the preposition "by". So you will get to the famous Monument of Friendship of Peoples.

Word "Odnorka" in Izhevsk it is used in the meaning of "one", "one". Initially, this was the name of the tram, which runs on route 1. But then it got accustomed.

"Kaganka" ("Kagonkoy") is called a baby or an infant. The word comes from the common people "kaga" (Perm) - a child, a baby.

Funny word "Kuteshata" ("Kutyata") puppies are called here. Most likely, it comes from the word "kudlaty".

No less funny "Poppy" called babies or cute people. This is such a compliment. One more praise - "Chebery" (it means - beautiful, wonderful, bright). And if you hear "let me love you!", That's all - you have won someone's heart. "To love" - hug, kiss, show affection.

And even small bottles with alcohol-containing liquid in Izhevsk were dubbed with a sweet word "Fufirik" (usually they ask for a bottle of "Hawthorn Tincture" in a pharmacy).

Good luck with the phrase "Let's get on with it" (stress on the second syllable). This is something like "no fluff, no feather."

Another interesting point. In Izhevsk, the word “why” is used instead of “why”. In this case, the Udmurt language influenced Russian - in Udmurt the words "why" and "why" are the same root, so it doesn't matter which one to use. Therefore, do not be very surprised if you hear: "For some reason I did not recognize you on the street ..."

Irkutsk region

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There are many words in Irkutsk that are unusual for the inhabitants of European Russia! Some of them are very ancient, of Turkic origin (here the situation is similar to Ufa and Kazan), because the first inhabitants of Siberia were Turkic-speaking peoples. Some remained from the first Russian settlers. Some - from the Buryat population. There are also very recent options. For instance, "Autowinter" (road for travel in winter), "Shankhaika" - the market where the Chinese and Kyrgyz trade. And relatively recent, from the war - take at least the curse word "Japanese god!" (used when something fails).

Here, as in Tatarstan, the word is used "Let's go" in the meaning “let's go” (from the Turkic Ayd). A bad person in Irkutsk can be called "stramina". If you are a noisy scandal, then you will be asked not "Buragozit"... If you scream heart-rendingly - don't "Basal"... But if they say: “Enough "Flatten", then this is in a sense a compliment. So you work hard.

It's funny, but if you are invited to Irkutsk "Tea", then do not think that they will just give you tea at a party. No, "to have tea" here means "to have dinner." And if they say that they will come to visit you "routine", then you should not worry about where to put your dear guest to sleep. "Going as usual" means - not for long, in one day.

"Backs" here they call the outskirts. "Flock" - barn. "Verkhonkoy" - a working mitten, "Milestone" - a loofah. And a simple head of cabbage bears a proud name in the Irkutsk region "Forks".

If you are offered "Poses", do not fantasize. This is just a Buryat dish, vaguely reminiscent of dumplings. AND "Gorloder" - not a curse, but a spicy tomato sauce twisted with garlic.

Kirov region

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The Kirov region has long been famous for its marvelous Vyatka dialect. Here is the manner of pronouncing sounds, and placing stress in words - everything is different! And, of course, specific Vyatka words are present.

Among the most popular words in Vyatka are - "Basco", "Basque". It means beautiful, beautiful or good, good. In Kirov, an attractive girl hears admiration: "What a basque!" But if a young lady is windy, fickle, she will be called here with condemnation "Sip".

Word "Puzzle" (stress on the second syllable) in Vyatka is used in relation to children who run and run quickly and without stopping. "Sopet" - means to eat something quickly (has a judgmental intonation). "Vengat"- this is whining, pestering, begging for something from adults. AND "Get dirty" - show off while eating.

If the residents of Vyatka want to scold you, but not much, they can say: "You are still that nail!" Swearing here, of course, "nail" (stress on the first syllable).

Krasnodar region

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Our linguistic journey across Russia led to the warm and cozy Kuban.

"Blue" - this is what eggplants are often called in the south. The vegetable got its sonorous nickname simply because of its blue-purple color.

"Garbuz" locals call pumpkin. This is the Ukrainian version of the name of the fruit. They call it in the Kuban so, because the basis of many local dialects is Ukrainian. After all, many people from Independence live in the region.

"Zherdela" is an apricot. This is the original Kuban name of this fruit. Formed from the words "pole", "pole". As a rule, small fruits hanging on long branches are called poles. AND "Apricot" - the same apricot, only with the peculiarities of the local pronunciation. According to the researchers, the inhabitants use the name of the fruit in the feminine gender for convenience. Thus, it is easier for them to divide the word into open syllables.

Krasnoyarsk region

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When you are going to Siberia, gentlemen, keep in mind that it is even indecent to say “what” here. Want to be recognized as your own? Chock! And if you are not understood, your opponent does not agree or you do not understand his logic, proudly “cut off” in response with the classic Siberian "What for?".

And if you want to give dynamics to the story, use the expression - "Toshi-boshi" and synonymous with it "Tyrym-pyrym"... Here's just for a bunch of words.

As in many cities of Siberia, Krasnoyarsk residents use "Milestone"... AND "T-shirt" here is a small plastic bag, "Coat hanger" - clothes hanger, "Flock" - barn, "Shuffle" - rub.

Russians, especially from St. Petersburg, are also confused by another steady expression here "Loaf of bread"meaning "one loaf of bread". For St. Petersburg residents, rolls are white bread.

By the way, Krasnoyarsk students and teachers call the classes at the university "Ribbons"... Why not a couple? Linguists shrug their shoulders. Moreover, in neighboring Khakassia they speak exclusively "couple". And what is more curious, the "tape" is used in Ukraine, for example, in Dnepropetrovsk... There are other words that are common to both Krasnoyarsk and Ukrainians. There is a popular assumption that the vocabulary of Siberians in the middle of the last century was replenished by graduates of Ukrainian universities who came to the Komsomol construction sites.

Nizhny Novgorod Region

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The original Nizhny Novgorod dialect can be heard now, perhaps, in villages and villages. But even those words in which the locals do not see anything special, visitors can be confused.

For example, the phrase: "Tea, I'll have time." A visitor to the capital will think that someone is simply not in a hurry to drink tea. Meanwhile, word "tea" in the meaning “I hope, probably” has long been a litmus test - you hear him from a person and you understand that he is from Nizhny Novgorod. It comes from the outdated verb "to expect" - to hope, to expect.

Word "Get out" has different meanings in different parts of our country. For example, in Veliky Novgorod, with which Nizhny is all the time confused, "make up" is used in the meaning of "spoil, dirty". And the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod may well ask you to "make a TV. That is, "arrange, fix, fix."

Or here's another phrase: "Imagine, Lead, we bought a sofa, but it doesn't clean!". Any Muscovite will be speechless: what kind of miracle of technology is this - a sofa that puts things in order. But any Nizhny Novgorod resident will explain to him that the point is not at all the fantastic talents of local engineers, but that a huge sofa does not fit in a typical kitchen of 9 square meters. Here the word "Clean up" is used to mean "fit into something."

And if you go out into the streets of Nizhny Novgorod with a saucepan on your head, then do not be surprised at the phrase "some kind of Lyakhovsky." The fact is, there is the village of Lyakhovo. It became famous once as a colony for the mentally ill. The colony gradually turned into the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Psychoneurological Hospital. And among the inhabitants of Nizhny, the word "Lyakhovsky" established itself as a synonym for clouding the mind.

Omsk region

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But, let's say you are in the Omsk region. Arriving to look at the Cathedral of the Assumption, urgently be offended if you are asked: “What are you doing? From the first line, or what? " Because "From the first line" means "fool". The fact is that in Omsk, on Kuibyshev Street (after it there is the 2nd Line, but there is no 1st Line) there is a regional psychiatric hospital.

But if you are asked to "yell", you better agree. "Shout" - Omsk synonym for the word "laugh". This local rethinking of the word is a mystery shrouded in darkness.

Meanwhile, any funny, funny moment, the phrase is called here "Plum" (and sometimes also "crust"). The situation with the "sink" is a little clearer. There is an opinion that in this sense the word came into use of Omsk people from warm regions, where "plum" is sometimes used in the meaning of "beautiful".

Another interesting local word is Choyce... So in Omsk they call any instant noodles. It's just that the first products of the Chinese production “Choice” got to the local market. So it stuck ...

Perm region

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There is a cloud of strange words in the harsh Urals! There is even a whole dictionary "Speaking in Perm". It contains nearly three hundred words and expressions that distinguish Perm. Here are just a few of them.

"Argatsya" in Perm means quarreling, swearing, scandalizing. "Baragozit" - to be naughty, misbehave. "Varegoy" they call a mitten (somehow without tenderness with them ...) But they christened the chin affectionately - "Chushka".

"Burn" - this is messing around, taking a long time to do something. With a similar meaning word "Move" - to hesitate. "Zyurgat" - sip noisily when eating or drinking. AND "Kerkat" - cough.

They say sorrel here "Kislitsa", a round bun with crushed potatoes was dubbed Shangoy, and pies with meat filling - "Posikunchikami".

I wonder what the word "Anything" in Perm it acts as a synonym for “of course” (in the meaning of affirmation and consent).

You can strain if they call you "Dunkoy s Bakharevka"... This expression is used to describe a strange, abnormal, exotic-looking young lady.

Pskov region

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If you go to the Pskov region, do not be alarmed when you hear the letter "c" instead of the usual "h" in familiar words. There was even such a saying “from Opotska three verstotsk and one skatzok to the bock…”. And the influence of the Belarusian, Latvian, Estonian languages \u200b\u200bis also very strong here. Why? Because the Pskov region borders on these countries. Pskov's sack is often called "Bag", and the rooster "Peunom" - all these are words from the Belarusian language.

They collect in the swamps here "Zhuravinu" - cranberries. The word, strange as it may seem, comes from the outdated Estonian kuremari (translated as "crane berry").

And another berry of the Pskov forests is called "Gonobel" or "drunkard"... It's about blueberries. It is believed that she is called a "drunkard" because of the godmother, among whom the berries are picked. And the word "gonobel" came from "gonobol" - the same bogulnik can cause headaches and dizziness.

Pskov grandmothers knit their own grandchildren "Diyanki"... This is what mittens are called. This word comes from the verb "put on".

Samara Region

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Every self-respecting Samaritan every day utters a bunch of incomprehensible residents not from the city of these words. For instance, "Kurmyshi"... This is a distant place, a slum. The word comes from the name of the eponymous Volga Tatar town of Kurmyshi, all of whose inhabitants in the 17th century were evicted to eternal housing in Korsun by the order of the tsar, and the town was immediately deserted and turned into an abandoned place.

You can also find the word here "Lytki" in relation to the calves of the legs. AND "Homono" - about the wallet. However, the word "homosexual" can be heard quite often in Siberia. There is a version that it came from the "hubbub" - the sound that the wallet made when a change was carried in it.

St. Petersburg

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Perhaps everyone has heard enough about the peculiarities of the speech of Petersburgers. Therefore, we will give only a few important explanations. For example, the word "Badlon" (Baudell and Banlon are allowed). Let's not torment you - these are just thin sweaters with a high neck. In Moscow they are often called turtlenecks. In the Soviet Union, the fashion for them came in the 60s. And the first such sweaters in the USSR were brought by the Leningrad blacksmiths. The labels then had the inscription "100% ban-lon" (banlon is the name of the material). By the 80s, the "banlon" had evolved to the "badlon". Over time, the proximity to the original source throughout the country lost its meaning and other names were used. But the Petersburgers remained faithful to the original.

And now about "Curb"... Perhaps none of the Muscovites and Petersburgers will tell you exactly where the place between the two cities is, where the curb (the dividing stone between the sidewalk and the roadway) turns into a curb. But the builders have an exact answer how these words differ. Curb - if the stone is installed with an edge and a step is formed. Curb - if it is dug in with the side part up so that a step is not formed. There is no fundamental difference in the meaning of these words, but it was the curb that took root in St. Petersburg, while Muscovites borrowed the French word.

Concerning "Front"... Recall that in tsarist times, the main entrance to the house was called the main staircase. Over time, the second word disappeared and just the front door remained. Petersburgers are sure that the word "entrance" is absolutely wrong. It is used, but it denotes a place on the street along which you can drive up to the house. After all, the entrance is only outside - you cannot drive inside the house - neither by carriage, nor by car. And if you go into the houses in the historical center of St. Petersburg, you will immediately understand that these luxurious staircases simply cannot be called an entrance. These are the most ceremonial ones.

A photo: Anna LATUKHOVA

Let's move on to the mysterious Sakhalin. The local language was naturally influenced by the proximity to Asia.

For example, noodles in Sakhalin are called a funny word. "Kuksa"... This is a Korean food; Koreans themselves pronounce it as "Kuksi". And the Far East people have adapted the word and are now applying it to any instant noodles. So do not especially round your eyes if they ask you here in a friendly way: "Will you be Kuksu?"

One more word - "Argamak"... This is an ordinary snow scooter: skis, seat and steering wheel. Two people can fit on such a roller coaster. But it is worth considering that the engine is not provided in it, so you will have to drag the 7-kg sled back up the hill.

A photo: Anna LATUKHOVA

One of the popular words in Tambov - "Pantyhose"... It means to fuss, worry. For visitors this old Russian word hurts our ears. As well as its derivatives. Here, for example, you may be asked: "Why are you so tights?" Or criticize: "Here is a tights!"

Also in the Tambov region, a girl can be called "Thorny"if she is absent-minded, unkempt, or ill-mannered. Occasionally you can hear the word "Hothouse"... This is what they say about the warm wind.

Khabarovsk region

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In the Far East, you can often hear the word "Chuni"... These are boots without soles. They are used, as a rule, by hunters. Because they are warm, comfortable and quiet when walking through the forest.

"Five minutes" in the Kharabovsk Territory, they call slightly salted caviar of pink salmon, chum salmon or sockeye salmon. It is done immediately after gutting the fish. The caviar is poured with cool salt water and in five minutes the delicacy is ready!

AND "Whack" here they speak of an ordinary gadfly. They called him that because he chases cows and cattle in the summer: "zip got under the tail!"

"Chifanka" for locals, this is any eatery or cafe where you can have a quick snack. Derived from the Chinese word Chi Fan (to eat).

A photo: Anna LATUKHOVA

In a harsh city, words are harsh. For example, the mop is called here "Lazy"... As you can imagine, certain conclusions are drawn about the hostess who washed the floor without bending over in Chelyabinsk.

"Lorry" here they christened a one-room apartment, always with a kitchen and a bathroom. Chelyabinsk philologists have not been able to figure out where this word came from.

AND "Brilliant green" - This is a document for the right to own property. The fact is that earlier this paper was only green, hence the word. By the way, now the document is printed on both yellow and pink paper, but the Urals people still call it “green paint”.

A photo: Anna LATUKHOVA

"Give yourself up!" - you may be asked in Yaroslavl. Do not be afraid, nobody pretends to you. Here this phrase is harmless. And that means just "move away, move away." So - you better “surrender”.

The locals also say "balloon" for a three liter bottle, "Misunderstanding" - on a loop in clothes, "Mosly" - on large bones, "Cold weather" - to boiled water, which is diluted with a hot drink.

Word "Mess up" in the Yaroslavl region is used in the meaning of confusing, "Overshadow" - take with dirty hands, get dirty, "Get greasy" - cough, choke while eating.

You can laugh here "For a spin"... It means loudly, uncontrollably, until you drop. And if they want to answer you with consent to some offer, then use the phrase "Duc-yes"... Such a colorful synonym for the word "of course".

And what do you say? Leave your comments under the article. And we will gladly add to our dictionary!

Found something interesting.

Am I reading Temko Moskvich or a provincial? and there is a test to determine belonging to the native Muscovites. This is how they define those who come in large numbers from the indigenous, and Muscovites from Petersburgers. And it is written that the recognition accuracy is at the level. You can check anyone. And then you can easily calculate from which region.
Aha, I think I'll check it out ...
And for sure! Everything is correct. My answer corresponds to the place of birth :))

Continue the sentence "Greedy-beef - ...

1. You chose the first option - my congratulations. You are a Muscovite! ("Greedy beef, Turkish drum, Who plays it - Vanka cockroach." Instead of Vanka, you can use any other name, the one who was teased. Distributed mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region.

2. You have chosen the second option - you are definitely not a Muscovite! (Greedy beef. Pickled cucumber, Lying on the floor. Nobody eats it. Very familiar from childhood. It is predominant in a significant part of Central Russia, in the South, in the Lower and part of the Middle Volga region, in Siberia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia and Kazakhstan.)

3. You have chosen the third option - you are not a Muscovite, you are a Petersburger! (Cultured people say this: Greedy beef, Empty chocolate, stuffed with sausages, So that you are not angry. It prevails in St. Petersburg, Karelia, Nizhny Novgorod region. And Estonia, also known in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, Ukraine and in Moldavia.)

"Weld me a wrinkle, otherwise I bought a fork" - an ordinary provincial Muscovite, it puts you in a stupor no worse than a curb or a sucker. Or here - pantyhose.

21 regions of our great and mighty Motherland are gathered here. The most popular words are unknown to many, but well-known in their region or region. Many I hear for the first time. Let's offer words that are still known only in your region. What is it from me - "gyro"? I'll go buy a white roll and fire the blue ones.

As they say in ...

Altai region
Let's start with the Altai Territory. Here (however, as in the whole of Siberia) the transparent file we are accustomed to is called ... "multiphora." This is probably from the Latin "Multifora", which translates as "having many holes." Or simply from the name of the Multifor company, which actively promoted its products beyond the Urals. Be that as it may, do not be alarmed when you hear this unusual word.
But be alarmed if you are: a) a woman and b) they call you a "wrestler." So here they say only in relation to wreckers. All types of garden strawberries are called "Victoria" here and in other Siberian cities.
The locals call "Lyvoy" a puddle, "Homonk" - a purse, "Kulemoy" - a slow man, "Hedgehogs" - meatballs, "Pounded" - mashed potatoes, "Shanezhki" - buns, "Pimami" - winter shoes, and "Okolotkom" - the area of \u200b\u200bthe settlement.
If you are asked, “why did you get distracted?”, It means that you are accused of being slow. And here they dubbed the piercing wind with the sonorous word "khius".

Bashkiria
"Complete uptragun!" - a colorful phrase that people like to use in Bashkria. "Aptragan" - here they say instead of the bored "nightmare", "kapets" and other synonyms for the well-known obscene word. It comes from the Bashkir verb "aptyrarga". It translates as "to be in difficulty, confusion, bewilderment."
Right there you can be invited to "sabantui". In fact, this is the name of the Bashkir and Tatar plow festival, which ends all spring agricultural business. But at other times of the year - why should a good word be wasted? So they use "sabantui" in the meaning of "gathering", "crowd".
In Bashkiria and Tatarstan, “aida” is also often used to mean “come on, let's go”. This is from the Türkic verb "to drive", "to prod", "to hurry".

Bryansk region
The Bryansk region borders on two states - Ukraine and Belarus. That is why the local dialect is a "explosive" mixture of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, generously seasoned with the professional jargon of old and modern folk craftsmen.
Here, for example, disorder is often called here "gain", sheep wool, from which they make ("roll") felt boots - "vovnoy", beets - "beetroot" (beetroot or beetroot is called this vegetable in many southern regions of Russia, in Belarus , Poland and Ukraine), onion - "red mullet", moonshine - "midshipman", and borscht - "wrinkled".
"Makhotka" is a small clay jug in the Bryansk region, "skrygotnik" is a train. A man here can be called "chuz", a villager - "jack". And if they want to offend, they will say "shmurak" (the same "fool"). If you need to make up, you can use the phrase "trouble". It's something like "well, okay!" And be careful, non-local residents can be called "suckers" here. Do not be offended ... Better learn these words - pass for your own!
Note that most of the above words are from the language of the Bryansk Shapovals.

Vladivostok
Let's move on to the Far East. In Vladivostok, for example, they often go to Chifankas. These are Chinese eateries and cafes.
And the word "splicing", which is common for us, is used here in unusual meanings. Jeans can be spliced \u200b\u200bin a store (“get it, find it”). And you don't have to merge, what we are talking about here (in the meaning of "understand").
The word "beacon" means "let know." For example, you may be asked to "beacon" when you are free. And if you are asked to “vtarit” a newspaper on the way, then we are talking about buying. It’s worse if you’re told not to shy away. This means that you are suspected of being idle. Or not "perform" (it can mean "show off").
"Spectacles" in Vladivostok are called hard-to-reach places, remote areas of the city, "shugan" - something terrible, "zusman" - cold, "seagulls" - lovers of freebies, "nabkoy" - the embankment.
The word "lantern" is used here to mean "very simple", and "smart" means "funny, great." If you also like Vladivostok words, the locals would shake your crab (“shake the crab” is “shake hands”).

Volgograd region
The Volgograd region is very rich in local words! And they are funny here. For example, many Volgograd residents (mostly elderly) call a dried pear ... "dulki". Old-timers still often say: "Cut off the sausage stroller for me." The word "stroller" in this case means - a piece. And the early herring (spring) was disowned here with a "crease". And to finish the conversation about food, let's say about the word “kaymak”, which is widespread in Volgograd. It is not Volgograd, it came to these regions from the Caucasus, but took root in the region. "Kaymak" is sour cream baked in the oven or oven.
And the headboard here is called a "bed"! Often Volgograd residents can recommend you not to climb "in the bushes". Don't be alarmed. "Kushchari" means bushes, dense thickets or a dark, scary place that is best avoided. That is, they wish you well, and not just scare you with strange words ...
Purely Volgograd word - "rastyka". This is the name of a clumsy person, in whom everything falls out of hand. A bun, in which women often collect their hair, in Volgograd is called "kulya". Moreover, in different regions, they even emphasize in different ways: in the south they say kulya, but in the northern regions it is already kulya.

Izhevsk
“To go there, this way” - this is how they can explain the way to Izhevsk. Calm! Everything is very simple to understand - you just need to remove the preposition "by". So you will get to the famous Monument of Friendship of Peoples.
The word "odnorka" in Izhevsk is used in the meaning of "one", "one". Initially, this was the name of the tram, which runs on route 1. But then it got accustomed.
"Kaganka" ("kagonka") is here called a baby or a baby. The word comes from the common people "kaga" (Perm) - a child, a baby.
Puppies are called here with a funny word "kuteshata" ("kutyata"). Most likely, it comes from the word "kudlaty".
No less funny "poppies" are called babies or cute people. This is such a compliment. Another praise is "cheberist" (which means - beautiful, wonderful, bright). And if you hear "let me love you!", That's all - you have won someone's heart. "To love" - \u200b\u200bto hug, kiss, show affection.
And even small bottles with alcohol-containing liquid in Izhevsk were christened with the affectionate word "fufyrik" (usually this is how they ask in a pharmacy a bottle with "Hawthorn Tincture").
They wish you good luck with the phrase “let's do it” (stress on the second syllable). This is something like "no fluff, no feather."
Another interesting point. In Izhevsk, the word “why” is used instead of “why”. In this case, the Udmurt language influenced Russian - in Udmurt the words "why" and "why" are the same root, so it doesn't matter which one to use. Therefore, do not be very surprised if you hear: "For some reason I did not recognize you on the street ..."

Irkutsk region
There are many words in Irkutsk that are unusual for the inhabitants of European Russia! Some of them are very ancient, of Turkic origin (here the situation is similar to Ufa and Kazan), because the first inhabitants of Siberia were Turkic-speaking peoples. Some remained from the first Russian settlers. Some - from the Buryat population. There are also very recent options. For example, "auto winter road" (road for travel in winter), "shankhaika" - a market where the Chinese and Kyrgyz people trade. And relatively recent, from the war - take at least the curse word "Japanese god!" (used when something fails).
Here, as well as in Tatarstan, the word “ayda” is used in the meaning “let's go” (from the Turkic Ayd). A bad person in Irkutsk can be called "stramina". If you are a noisy scandal, then you will be asked not to "boragoz". If you scream heart-rendingly - do not "basl". But if they say: "Enough to" lay down ", then this is in a sense a compliment. So you work hard.
It's funny, but if you are invited to “have tea” in Irkutsk, then do not think that they will simply give you tea at a party. No, "to have tea" here means "to have dinner." And if they say that they will come to visit you "routine", then you should not worry about where to put your dear guest to sleep. “Going out of the ordinary” means not for long, in one day.
Outskirts are called "backs" here. "Flock" - a barn. "Verkhonkoy" - a working mitten, "vekhotka" - a washcloth. A simple head of cabbage in the Irkutsk region is proudly called "forks".
If you are offered "poses", do not fantasize. This is just a Buryat dish, vaguely reminiscent of dumplings. And "gorloder" is not a curse, but a spicy sauce of tomatoes twisted with garlic.

Kirov region
The Kirov region has long been famous for its marvelous Vyatka dialect. Here is the manner of pronouncing sounds, and placing stress in words - everything is different! And, of course, specific Vyatka words are present.
Among the most popular words in Vyatka are “basco”, “bask”. It means beautiful, beautiful or good, good. In Kirov, an attractive girl hears admiration: "What a basque!" But if a young lady is windy, fickle, she will be called with condemnation "a little bit."
The word "pazgat" (stress on the second syllable) in Vyatka is used in relation to children who run and run quickly and without stopping. "To snore" means to eat something quickly (has a judgmental intonation). "Vengat" is whining, pestering, begging for something from adults. And "to get dirty" means to show off while eating.
If the residents of Vyatka want to scold you, but not much, they can say: "You are still that nail!" Swearing here, of course, is "nail" (stress on the first syllable).

Krasnodar region
Our linguistic journey across Russia led to the warm and cozy Kuban.
"Blue" - this is how eggplants are often called in the south. The vegetable got its sonorous nickname simply because of its blue-purple color.
The locals call the pumpkin "Garbuz". This is the Ukrainian version of the name of the fruit. They call it in the Kuban so, because the basis of many local dialects is Ukrainian. After all, many people from Independence live in the region.
Zherdela is an apricot. This is the original Kuban name of this fruit. Formed from the words "pole", "pole". As a rule, small fruits hanging on long branches are called poles. And "apricot" is the same apricot, only with the peculiarities of the local pronunciation. According to the researchers, the inhabitants use the name of the fruit in the feminine gender for convenience. Thus, it is easier for them to divide the word into open syllables.

Krasnoyarsk region
When you are going to Siberia, gentlemen, keep in mind that it is even indecent to say “what” here. Want to be recognized as your own? Chock! And if you are not understood, your opponent does not agree, or you do not understand his logic, proudly "cut off" in response to the classic Siberian "cho to what".
And if you want to give dynamics to the story, use the expression “toshi-boshi” and the synonymous “tyrym-pyrym”. Here's just for a bunch of words.
As in many cities of Siberia, the people of Krasnoyarsk use the “vekhotka” instead of the “washcloth”. A "T-shirt" here is a small plastic bag, a "coat hanger" is a clothes hanger, a "flock" is a shed, a "shuffle" is to rub.
Russians, especially from St. Petersburg, are also confused by another local expression "loaf of bread", which means "one loaf of bread." For St. Petersburg residents, rolls are white bread.
By the way, Krasnoyarsk students and teachers call classes at the university "ribbons". Why not a couple? Linguists shrug their shoulders. Moreover, in neighboring Khakassia they speak exclusively "couple". And what is more interesting, the "tape" is used in Ukraine, for example, in Dnepropetrovsk. There are other words that are common to both Krasnoyarsk and Ukrainians. There is a popular assumption that the vocabulary of Siberians in the middle of the last century was replenished by graduates of Ukrainian universities who came to the Komsomol construction sites.

Nizhny Novgorod Region
The original Nizhny Novgorod dialect can be heard now, perhaps, in villages and villages. But even those words in which the locals do not see anything special, visitors can be confused.
For example, the phrase: "Tea, I'll have time." A visitor to the capital will think that someone is simply not in a hurry to drink tea. Meanwhile, the word "tea" in the meaning "I hope, probably" has long become a litmus test - you hear it from a person and you understand that he is from Nizhny Novgorod. It comes from the outdated verb "to expect" - to hope, to expect.
The word "make up" has different meanings in different parts of our country. For example, in Veliky Novgorod, with which Nizhny is all the time confused, "make up" is used in the meaning of "spoil, dirty". And the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod may well ask you to "make a TV". That is, "arrange, fix, fix."
Or here's another phrase: "Imagine, Lead, we bought a sofa, but it doesn't clean!". Any Muscovite will be speechless: what kind of miracle of technology is this - a sofa that puts things in order by itself. But any Nizhny Novgorod resident will explain to him that the point is not at all the fantastic talents of local engineers, but that a huge sofa does not fit in a typical kitchen of 9 square meters. Here the word "get out" is used to mean "fit into something."
And if you go out into the streets of Nizhny Novgorod with a saucepan on your head, then do not be surprised at the phrase "some kind of Lyakhovsky." The fact is, there is the village of Lyakhovo. It became famous once as a colony for the mentally ill. The colony gradually turned into the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Psychoneurological Hospital. And among the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod, the word "Lyakhovsky" was fixed as a synonym for clouding the mind.

Omsk region
But, let's say you are in the Omsk region. Arriving to look at the Cathedral of the Assumption, urgently be offended if you are asked: “What are you doing? From the first line, or what? " Because "from the first line" means "fool". The fact is that in Omsk, on Kuibyshev Street (after it there is the 2nd Line, but there is no 1st Line) there is a regional psychiatric hospital.
But if you are asked to "yell", you better agree. "Shout" is an Omsk synonym for the word "laugh". This local rethinking of the word is a mystery shrouded in darkness.
Meanwhile, any funny, funny moment, the phrase is called "plum" (and sometimes also "crust"). The situation with the "sink" is a little clearer. There is an opinion that in this sense the word came into use of Omsk people from warm regions, where "plum" is sometimes used in the meaning of "beautiful".
Another interesting local word is choyce. So in Omsk they call any instant noodles. It's just that the first products of the Chinese production “Choice” got to the local market. So it stuck ...

Perm region
There is a cloud of strange words in the harsh Urals! There is even a whole dictionary "Speaking in Perm". It contains nearly three hundred words and expressions that distinguish Perm. Here are just a few of them.
To "argue" in Perm means to quarrel, swear, and scandal. "Baragozit" - to be naughty, misbehave. A mitten is called "Varega" (somehow without tenderness in them ...) But the chin was affectionately dubbed - "chushka".
"Burning out" means messing around, doing something for a long time. With a similar meaning, the word "move" is to hesitate. "Zyurgat" - sip noisily while eating or drinking. And "kerkat" means coughing.
They say sorrel here "kislitsa", a round bun with crushed potatoes was dubbed "shanga", and pies with meat filling - "posikunchiki".
It is interesting that the word “anything” in Perm is synonymous with “of course” (in the meaning of affirmation and agreement).
You can strain if they call you "Dunka s Bakharevka". This expression is used to describe a strange, abnormal, exotic-looking young lady.

Pskov region
If you go to the Pskov region, do not be alarmed when you hear the letter "c" instead of the usual "h" in familiar words. There was even such a saying “from Opotska three verstotsk and one skatzok to the bock…”. And the influence of the Belarusian, Latvian, Estonian languages \u200b\u200bis also very strong here. Why? Because the Pskov region borders on these countries. The Pskovites often call the sack "sack", and the rooster "peun" - all these are words from the Belarusian language.
In the swamps, they collect "zhuravina" - cranberries. The word, strange as it may seem, comes from the outdated Estonian kuremari (translated as “crane berry”).
And one more berry of the Pskov forests is called "gonobel" or "drunkard". It's about blueberries. It is believed that she is called a "drunkard" because of the godmother, among whom the berries are picked. And the word "gonobel" comes from "gonobol" - the same bogulnik can cause headaches and dizziness.
Pskov grandmothers knit diyanki for their grandchildren. This is what mittens are called. This word comes from the verb "put on".

Samara Region
Every self-respecting Samaritan every day utters a bunch of incomprehensible residents not from the city of these words. For example, "Kurmyshi". It's a distant place, a slum. The word comes from the name of the eponymous Volga Tatar town of Kurmyshi, all of whose inhabitants in the 17th century were evicted to eternal housing in Korsun by order of the tsar, and the town was immediately deserted and turned into an abandoned place.
Here you can also find the word "lytki" in relation to the calves of the legs. And "homon" - about the wallet. However, the word "homosexual" can be heard quite often in Siberia. There is a version that it came from the "hubbub" - the sound that the wallet made when a change was carried in it.

St. Petersburg
Perhaps everyone has heard enough about the peculiarities of the speech of Petersburgers. Therefore, we will give only a few important explanations. Here, for example, is the word "badlon" (bodlon and banlon are allowed). Let's not torment you - these are just thin sweaters with a high neck. In Moscow they are often called turtlenecks. In the Soviet Union, the fashion for them came in the 60s. And the first such sweaters in the USSR were brought by the Leningrad blacksmiths. The labels then had the inscription "100% ban-lon" (banlon is the name of the material). By the 80s, the "banlon" had evolved to the "badlon". Over time, the proximity to the original source throughout the country lost its meaning and other names were used. But the Petersburgers remained faithful to the original.
And now about the "curb". Perhaps none of the Muscovites and Petersburgers will tell you exactly where the place between the two cities is, where the curb (the dividing stone between the sidewalk and the roadway) turns into a curb. But the builders have an exact answer how these words differ. Curb - if the stone is installed with an edge and a step is formed. Curb - if it is dug in with the side part up so that a step is not formed. There is no fundamental difference in the meaning of these words, but it was the curb that took root in St. Petersburg, while Muscovites borrowed the French word.
As for the "front door". Recall that in tsarist times, the main entrance to the house was called the main staircase. Over time, the second word disappeared and just the front door remained. Petersburgers are sure that the word "entrance" is absolutely wrong. It is used, but it denotes a place on the street along which you can drive up to the house. After all, the entrance is only outside - you cannot drive inside the house - neither by carriage, nor by car. And if you go into the houses in the historical center of St. Petersburg, you will immediately understand that these luxurious staircases simply cannot be called an entrance. These are the most ceremonial ones.
And, of course, it is worth mentioning that the chicken in the northern capital is called "chicken", minibus - "teshka", and shawarma - "shaverma". And the invoice for payment of utilities is often called “affectionately” as “fat”.

Sakhalin
Let's move on to the mysterious Sakhalin. The local language was naturally influenced by the proximity to Asia.
For example, noodles on Sakhalin are called the funny word "kuksa". This is a Korean food; Koreans themselves pronounce it as "Kuksi". And the Far East people have adapted the word and are now applying it to any instant noodles. So do not especially round your eyes if they ask you here in a friendly way: "Will you be Kuksu?"
Another word is “argamak”. This is an ordinary snow scooter: skis, seat and steering wheel. Two people can fit on such a roller coaster. But it is worth considering that the engine is not provided in it, so you will have to drag the 7-kg sled back up the hill.
“We are going today at 5 for a fanza” - such a phrase can be heard from the Sakhalin children. "Fanzami" are usually called headquarters - shelters that children build all over the country. The word comes from the Chinese "fanzi", which literally translates as a house and means "a light building without windows, a barn or a large hut."

Tambov Region
One of the popular words in Tambov is "tights". It means to fuss, worry. For visitors this old Russian word hurts our ears. As well as its derivatives. Here, for example, you may be asked: "Why are you so tights?" Or criticize: "Here is a tights!"
Also, in the Tambov region, a girl can be called a "kolchushka" if she is absent-minded, unkempt or ill-mannered. Occasionally, you can hear the word "hothouse". This is what they say about the warm wind.

Khabarovsk region
In the Far East, you can often hear the word "chuni". These are boots without soles. They are used, as a rule, by hunters. Because they are warm, comfortable and quiet when walking through the forest.
"Five minutes" in the Kharabovsk Territory is called light salted caviar of pink salmon, chum salmon or sockeye salmon. It is done immediately after gutting the fish. The caviar is poured with cool salt water and in five minutes the delicacy is ready!
And "zipper" here speaks for a common gadfly. They called him that because he chases cows and cattle in the summer: "zip got under the tail!"
Local “Chifanka” is any eatery or cafe where you can have a quick snack. Derived from the Chinese word Chi Fan (to eat).
The word "kunya" also came from the Chinese. Khabarovsk residents call not very attractive girls this way.
“Jewish woman” - so loudly local call the neighboring region - the Jewish Autonomous Region.

Chelyabinsk region
In a harsh city, words are harsh. For example, the mop is called "lazy" here. As you can imagine, certain conclusions are drawn about the hostess who washed the floor without bending over in Chelyabinsk.
A one-room apartment with a kitchen and a bathroom was dubbed "a lorry". Chelyabinsk philologists have not been able to figure out where this word came from.
And "zelenka" is a document on the right to own property. The fact is that earlier this paper was only green, hence the word. By the way, now the document is printed on both yellow and pink paper, but the Urals people still call it “green paint”.
Don't be surprised if the store offers you “gorbulka” (short for “city roll”). It is white bread of a certain shape. Previously, this was not baked in the villages. The city bun was named after the place where it was brought from - from the city.
"Makhrami" in Chelyabinsk is what sticks out, sticks out, gets in the way. Redesigned from the "whirlwind". Applicable to threads on an unstitched edge of fabric.

Yaroslavskaya oblast
"Give yourself up!" - you may be asked in Yaroslavl. Do not be afraid, nobody pretends to you. Here this phrase is harmless. And that means just "move away, move away." So - you better “surrender”.
Local residents also say "balloon" for a three-liter bottle, "scam" - for a loop in clothes, "mosles" - for large bones, "cold weather" - for boiled water, which is diluted with a hot drink.
The word "mess up" in the Yaroslavl region is used in the sense of confusing, "messing around" - to take with dirty hands, get dirty, "curl up" - to cough, choke on while eating.
You can laugh here "on a roll." It means loudly, uncontrollably, until you drop. And if they want to answer you with consent to some proposal, then use the phrase "Duc-yes." Such a colorful synonym for the word "of course".

Based on materials from Komsomolskaya Pravda

The ancient people inhabiting Russia were mostly illiterate, could not check the use of words in the dictionary and did not adhere to certain rules in speech. Therefore, until the XIV century, the pre-literary Old Russian language developed as an oral language: spontaneously.

By the XIV century, Russia was a specific principalities, some of which were captured by the Tatar-Mongols. But the Old Russian language continued to develop.

In geographically close areas, the evolution of speech took place in different ways. Three dialects gradually emerged: Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian. Each of them eventually formed into a separate language, now they are close East Slavic languages.

2. There are three main dialects in Russian

Despite the fact that Russia is so large, linguists distinguish only three groups of dialects: northern, southern and Central Russian, in which the northern and southern features interpenetrate.

Igor Isaev, director of the Institute of Linguistics at the Russian State Humanitarian University, says that the conditional border between dialects in the west and east of Russia can be drawn along the central European part if you draw a line from Kirov, through Nizhny Novgorod and to Saratov in the south.

Natalia Nosova

All dialects east of this border - which means the entire Urals, Siberia and the Far East - were formed on the basis of dialects of the oldest Slavic tribes. This is the language of immigrants from the center of Russia, which has changed slightly over time.

Therefore, in Vladivostok, you are unlikely to feel a strong difference in speech compared to Moscow. For example, the speech of residents of northern Arkhangelsk and southern Krasnodar will differ much more.

3. The literary language formed around the political center

In all large cities of Russia they speak mainly the so-called literary language. Archaic dialects of the late 19th century are gradually being destroyed. Yet it cannot be said that all Russians speak the same way.

Vernaculars will certainly "give out" themselves, especially in villages and small towns, as well as among older people. But these differences will never be as strong as in different regions of Italy and even more so in China. With the exception of some rare words, all Russians will understand each other.

The literary norm is the Central Russian dialect - as they say in Moscow, because it became the capital of Ancient Russia. “If the power remained concentrated in Vladimir and Suzdal, where they spoke in the northern dialect, as it was before the end of the 13th century, then we would now all speak as in the north,” says Igor Isaev.

4. The main differences between the northern and southern dialects from the literary norm

“If you take a train, say, from Petrozavodsk to Sochi, that is, you cross Russia from north to south, you will hear several variations of dialects at once: someone will be okat, someone is akat, someone is clattering or jacking”, - says Nelly Krasovskaya, professor at Tula University. Lev Tolstoy.

Natalia Nosova

Differences are seen at all levels of the language: in phonetics (pronunciation of sounds), morphology (declension and change of words depending on case and number), vocabulary (use of words). Here are just a few of the distinguishing features:

• Gekanye
  One of the most striking differences in the southern dialect (Ryazan, Kursk, Voronezh, Belgorod) is the so-called "gekanye", or, as it is scientifically called, "fricative g". It is designated as the Greek gamma - γ, and pronounced as a soft "he".
  Most often this is the stunning sound "g" at the end of a word before a vowel. For example, snow is said to be sneha. The further south you go, the "r" becomes deeper and more guttural and is used already at the beginning of the word. In Krasnodar, you can hear the pronunciation of "khorod" instead of "city". By the way, even farther south - in Ukraine - “gekanie” is a literary norm.

• Okanye and akanye
  If Central Russian residents often pronounce "a" instead of unstressed "o" ("Maskva", not "Moscow"), then the northerners can be distinguished by a clear "o". By the way, "akane" interferes with Russian pronunciation of English words. For example, Russians pronounce the surname "Obama" as "Abama".

• Substitution of letters "f" and "x"
  This feature is typical for both the north and south of Russia. For example, the peasants of Leo Tolstoy's family estate in Yasnaya Polyana called their master “grakh” instead of “count”.
• Softening some consonants
  In the north, they like to clatter, that is, instead of "h" to pronounce a soft "ts". "Petska" instead of "stove" and "vnutsok" instead of "granddaughter".
  In the south, they don't say that, but they soften the "t" at the end of the third person verbs (often a coincidence with the infinitive form): "he walks" instead of "he walks."
• Substitution of endings for nouns and plurals
  In the southern adverb, plural genitives sometimes add "ov" instead of zero endings. This is a difficult place in the Russian language, many are confused as to how to say “no shoes” or “no shoes”, “kilogram of tomato” or “kilogram of tomatoes”.
  But speakers of the southern dialect intentionally add endings in cases where there is no doubt that they are not needed: "places" instead of "places", "lakes" instead of "lakes". The nominative case in the plural is also replaced by "box" instead of "boxes", "kucha" instead of "heap", all this is often used with the stress transfer to the replaced vowel.
  In the northern dialect, the instrumental plural is sometimes replaced by the dative: “I walked with my own feet”, “I did it with my own hands” instead of “I walked with my own feet,” “I made it with my own hands”.

5. Each region has its own characteristics

In addition to the main dialects, many areas have local characteristics.

Nelly Krasovskaya gives an interesting example: in the Tula region there is a word "kazyuk", as the workers of the Tula arms factories were called. This word came from the word "treasury", because the factories were sponsored from the state treasury, and the work was prestigious and highly paid.

In contrast to the "kazyuk", the "dog" is the one who was not taken to the plant, which means he is a lazy and inept person. Literally "dog" means "stump". In Russian even now, you can find the expression "sits like a tree stump", that is, he is lazy, does nothing.

By the word "zhalik" Tula people call a gingerbread without a filling, baked from the remains of dough, which was probably kneaded for the famous Tula gingerbread.

In Vologda, for example, as Igor Isaev says, the word “flock”, meaning throughout Russia “a flock of birds” or other animals, is also used to designate an outbuilding for small livestock. For example, Vologda residents call the pond “vitsa”.