How to grow white mushrooms at home. How to grow boletus in open spaces. Cep: description

Creating conditions for the development of the mycelium as close as possible to natural ones. Borovik usually grows on dry soils with the possibility of drainage and, depending on the species, creates mycorrhiza with spruce, pine, oak or birch.

A fairly well-lit area with moderate humidity next to one of these trees is the most optimal place to lay the future plantation.

This is best done from May, when the soil has already warmed up to September (in the southern regions, this period is shifted to the end of October), before it freezes, in a period of even weather without sharp temperature drops and prolonged rains. If there are trees of the required breed at least 10 years old on the household or summer cottage, the area around them will be a suitable site for growing white mushrooms.

Cultivation technology

Once the choice of location, you can begin to arrange it and work with planting material. There are 2 ways of cultivation: from mycelium and using spores. Consider them in more detail.

From mycelium

For the cultivation of white mushrooms in the open ground, you can use the mycelium, which is purchased in specialized stores, or harvested independently. A few pieces of mycelium, each the size of a pigeon's egg, brought from the forest will provide wonderful natural material for the formation of mycorrhiza. It should be dug out very carefully, so that later the mushrooms can easily reestablish communication with the new satellite tree. The tree from which material is taken should be healthy, not having dried branches.

Attention! A symbiotic tree (partner tree), on the plot of land, should be the same breed as in the former habitat of white mushrooms: for example, the boletus spruce is planted next to the spruce, birch - with birch.

The center of the plot with a radius of about 1.5 m is chosen for a tree, at the roots of which mycorrhiza will develop.
Then a layer of earth is removed along this circumference, going deeper into the soil by 20 cm (until the roots are exposed).
In the resulting trench lay a layer of thickness of 2 - 5 cm compost from grass, wood rot and bark, or peat soil.
On top of a staggered order with an interval of 25 - 30 cm have parts of the mycelium.
The soil, which was removed during the formation of the trench, is poured over the landing site and carefully, through a watering can or sprayer, is poured over with two - three buckets of water.

Attention! When buying white fungus mycelium, you need to properly evaluate its appearance and smell.

The color of the mycelium should be orange with a slight yellow tinge. At the slightest hint of the smell of ammonia, abandon the purchase: this material was stored in inappropriate conditions and will not take root. Carefully follow the recommendations on the package for maintaining the moisture and temperature regimes for the material if planting is not planned on the day of purchase.

Using dispute

For this method, caps and white mushroom hymenophore are used. It will take 5 - 10 mature specimens with large hats and a greenish tinge of flesh at the break. The sequence of actions will be as follows.

In a bucket of rainwater soak the caps of mushrooms for a day.
Directly in a container to knead them until a homogeneous mass.
Filter the substance through the gauze, do not throw away the settled pieces of pulp.
Dig up a landing area in the same way as using mycelium.
Strain the solution evenly pour the bottom of the trench at the rate of 2 liters per 1 square. m of soil.
Put the remaining pieces of mushroom tissue on the roots.
Fill the hole with the previously excavated soil, pour out of the sprayer with water consumption 4 - 5 buckets per tree.

Regardless of the method of planting, further care of the mushroom plantation should provide:

timely watering to maintain humidity (4-5 buckets of water per 1 tree once a week);
for protection from low temperatures, sheltering in a radius of approximately 2 m.

Recently, information has been quite actively promoted, according to which the technology of cultivation of white mushrooms in a greenhouse or basement gives successful results. In practice, the tempting prospect of growing white mushrooms as vegetables, unfortunately, is doomed to failure. This is explained by the fact that the vital activity of mycorrhizal fungi, which include boletus mushrooms, is closely connected with the satellite tree, on the roots of which the mycelium is formed and develops. The most complex interrelation of biochemical processes occurring in the body of the fungus and wood is established. And if, in the absence of a symbiont, mycorrhiza is still viable, the formation of the fruit body itself without the participation of the tree is impossible.

How to increase the chances of mycelium settle down

With the observance of all the rules of site preparation, planting and maintenance, a first crop of white mushrooms can be obtained in the garden each year. At first it will be single copies or small groups. In subsequent seasons, with favorable climatic conditions, yields will be increasingly abundant. And so that the mycelium successfully began and developed, the following rules will help.

It is not necessary to choose marshlands, sandstones and loams for planting white mushrooms.
Do not try to use frozen parts of mushrooms for planting: such material is not viable.
When growing spores, caps should be soaked no later than 10 hours after collection, but it is best to start right away.
At 10 liters of water for soaking, pre-add 50 g (2.5 tbsp.) Of granulated sugar or 4 tbsp. As an additional feed. l alcohol.
Prepare a disinfectant solution to reduce the activity of pathogen fungi and bacteria harmful to planting material. Water it for 2 - 3 hours before sowing a previously excavated area. Disinfect make, or boil for an hour oak bark (30 g per 1 liter of water), pouring water to the original volume when boiling away, or brewing 100 g of black tea with a liter of boiling water. Cool and water them at the rate of 2 - 3 liters per tree.
Sow the white fungus spore no later than mid-September: this will ensure better survival and good wintering.

A plantation in the country will provide yields for three to four years. After this time, mycelium will degenerate. But, using the already own material for planting and the experience gained, you can create new mushroom fields.

For white, it is not necessary to go to the forest; Consider two ways of reproduction: from the caps and mycelium. Details on how to get their own planting material, planting, care and tips for beginners.

Growing from mycelium

This method is used in the absence of natural mushrooms. Having the Internet to find mycelium is easy. You will also need compost and growing 8-10 summer trees. Landing events are best planned in the May-September interval.

Near the selected tree (coniferous or deciduous) the top layer (10-20 cm) is removed in a circle. The diameter of the bare plot should be 1-1.5 meters, the tree is in the middle. We pour the compost into the formed circle (1-2 cm) and place the mycelium on it. It is advisable to comply with the "chess" with an interval of 25-30 cm. Now we cover the planting with a layer of soil, which we dug and richly water. Use a watering can, so as not to blur the soil. For one tree will be enough 3-4 buckets of water.

The next stage is a shelter that will hold moisture in the ground. You can use straw, old fallen leaves, or mowed grass. The layer is made quite thick (20-30 cm). The treatment consists of regular watering and maintenance of humidity, at the level of the planted mycelium, not less than 50%. To improve germination, it is recommended to periodically use Baikal EM-1 for irrigation or any microbiological additives to improve fertility.

At the end of autumn will require insulation. The plot with mycelium is covered with moss, straw, and spruce branches. The radius must be greater than the landing area (2 m). In the spring "cover" is removed. The first mushrooms appear a year after the landing of the mycelium. At one place, fruiting lasts 3-4 years. You can extend this period to 7 years, if you occasionally water the land with a solution of mycelium. How to get it read on.

Growing fresh hats

A good seed will come from ripe mushrooms. So go to the forest and look for whites, the caps of which are large and open in diameter (10-20 cm). At the break, the tubular flesh should have a faint greenish tint. In your case with the larvae of insects and worms too suitable. On the plot, as in the first method, you will plant near a deciduous or coniferous tree.

Seed preparation

Take 5-10 mushrooms intended for planting, place in a bucket and cover with water. In a day they will be soaked, and you will need to, in the same bucket with your hands, simply stretch the mushrooms with your hands until a homogeneous mass. After filtering through a sieve, you get a solution with spores and separated mushroom tissue.

Sowing

Around the selected tree place is prepared in the same way as the previous case. Planting will be carried out by watering. Only not over the entire prepared area, but directly onto the open roots of the tree. Solution with disputes should be enough to 1 square. meter got 2 liters.

After this “sowing”, spread out the mushroom tissue that was left after straining on the roots and the adjacent ground. Now it remains to cover the landing ground, which was removed, and pour. It is necessary to saturate the ground well with moisture, so one tree will take at least 5 buckets of water. When watering can not blur the top layer, so use a watering can with a small spray. Now cover with plant material to retain moisture. The treatment is the same as when planting mycelium with regular watering. For the winter, shelter is created only in the first year after landing.

A year later, if the mycelium originated, you will gather the first harvest. The area of one tree will give up to 5 kg white. The interval from planting to harvest is exactly one year, so keep in mind that if you put the caps in the fall, then you need to wait for the harvest only in the autumn of next year. One mycelium will bear fruit for 3-4 years. To extend growth will need to be planted in 2-3 years.

Planting activities in the southern regions are best carried out from May to the beginning of June, in the middle zone of a temperate climate from August to the beginning of September. When collecting "planting" mushrooms try to find them under the same trees, near which you plan to plant. If you have spruce or birch on the plot, then you are looking in the forest under such species.

Soaking caps should occur no later than 10 hours after cutting the mushroom. In the water with caps you can add a little alcohol (10 liters - 3 tablespoons / l) or granulated sugar (10 liters: 50 g). Mycelium is better to take root, if before planting, shed the soil with a tannic solution: 80-100 g of black tea brew in a liter of boiling water. You can cook a decoction of oak bark: 3 liters - 100 g. On one tree consumes 2-3 liters of tannic water.

It is not recommended to bookmark the mycelium at the end of September, since the probability of mycelium survival is too low. Depending on your region, you need to calculate the interval from sowing to frost 1.5 months. In hot weather, watering is needed weekly for 3-4 buckets on the site with mushrooms.

Which of us sometimes does not want to taste fragrant and tasty white mushrooms. Any dish they turn into a royal treat! But in the shops of fresh white mushrooms in the afternoon with the fire can not be found, and on the market they are sold only in the fall. By the way, the cost of this valuable product is impressive - it is one of the most expensive "domestic" mushrooms. For these reasons, many gardeners decide to grow white mushrooms at home or on the site. If you want to open your small mushroom business or simply savor fragrant dishes at any time of the year, this article is sure to come in handy. Today we will talk about how to grow porcini mushrooms.

Cultivation of the white fungus in large volumes often does not pay off, so the small “mushroom farms” mainly belong to private gardeners. The main difficulty lies in the close interaction of white fungi and certain tree species, and such conditions are quite difficult to recreate in the factory. Another thing - your own small area or a separate room. White mushrooms are "friends" with conifers, oaks and birches. They feel great in mixed young plantings or shady spruce plantations.

Not so long ago, Dutch breeders were able to bring special white mushrooms that can be grown in greenhouses, greenhouses and other rooms with artificial environment. Having bought such planting material, anyone can become a mushroom gardener. However, not everyone can cope with the specifics of breeding white fungus. This work requires careful preparation and great patience.

There are two cultivation technologies:

Extensive - breeding in natural conditions (forest, plot, open air). The most economical and easiest way, but the yield is highly dependent on weather conditions.
Intensive - the creation of artificial habitats. This method requires significant financial investments, the allocation of a special room with climate equipment. Yield with proper care will be consistently high, and the rapid rate of ripening of mushrooms will allow you to return the money spent in a short time.

Preparatory work

Today, there are many methods of preparing planting material, but we will consider the most simple and effective. According to the first method, white mushrooms can be propagated with the help of maternal caps.

It is necessary to plant material from caps under those tree species near which they were collected. That is, if you tore a mushroom under a pine tree, then it is necessary to sow disputes under a pine tree (a special relationship with the trees we mentioned). The caps are soaked in a weak solution of potassium permanganate and rainwater in the ratio of 1 g of manganese per bucket of water. From 10 to 15 caps with a diameter of up to 20 cm will fit in one bucket. If you are unable to get large beautiful mushrooms, you can take dried up and even wormy pieces.

Helpful Hint: Put about 10 cubes of sugar into the water to create a saturated environment.

When the caps are in solution, mash them with your hands so that the spores are evenly mixed in the water. Knead until a smooth, homogeneous mass is formed in the bucket. After that, you can leave the mash to infuse for several hours.

The second method of preparing the mushroom mixture is a bit more complicated. It should be prepared about a month before disembarking a dispute. This mixture should include leaves and rotted oak wood 5%, horse manure. Put the leaves with mushrooms and manure in a bucket in layers every 20 cm, then pour a solution of 1% ammonium nitrate and leave for a week. Then heat the contents of the bucket to 36-40 ° C and mix it all up into a uniform nutrient mass.

For the cultivation of white fungus at home, you can use both methods. The main thing is to adhere to general principles. The preparation of the substrate in which it will need to be planted is in second place after preparation of the mycelium. There are also two ways here - xerothermic (dry steam treatment) and hydrothermal (wet boiling water treatment). The main objective of both options is to saturate the substrate with the maximum amount of moisture, while maintaining breathability.

The air permeability of the substrate is extremely important - without this, the mycelium cannot fully develop and will be constantly at risk of infection with mold. The substrate may consist of straw, sunflower husk, buckwheat, dry corn stalks, etc. Sawdust of hardwood is very popular, but it is best to start with straw or husk.

Important: The substrate must be dry, free from mold and rot. Try not to overmoisten it, especially if you have chosen a hydrothermal treatment method. If the water still got too much, leave the substrate in limbo for 2-3 days, so that the glass has excess moisture.

After processing, the substrate should be crushed so that it can, like a sponge, retain moisture. A high-quality substrate resists pressing, but does not emit moisture — then it is safe to lay mycelium in it.

As more and more amateur gardeners begin to grow mushrooms, unscrupulous sellers can play on the inexperience of their customers and give up low-quality goods.

In order not to be trapped, follow our tips:

Before buying mycelium, consult with experienced mushroom pickers and ask where you can find a trusted seller.
It is best to deal with foreign suppliers and buy trial batches of goods in small quantities.
When buying, specify the grade and strain of the fungus.
Find out the rate of fouling of the grains, how much the fungus is resistant to mold.
Find out the storage period.
Be sure to check the temperature inside the package, because if the mycelium overheated upon delivery, it could die. The optimum temperature is + 20C.
The mycelium should be a rich red color with slight yellow patches. If black or greenish spots are visible on it and an unpleasant ammonia odor emanates, then the product is damaged.
After purchase, store the mycelium in the refrigerator at a temperature of no more than 3-4 ° C (do not put in the freezer). In such conditions, it can be up to 3 months, and in the form of a substrate - from 6 to 9 months.
Immediately after the purchase, cool the packets with mycelium, and then fold them, leaving access to oxygen.
Before laying it is very important to crush chilled mycelium right in the bag without getting it from there. Otherwise, the planting material may get a temperature shock and deteriorate.
Be sure to observe maximum sterility when working with spores - wear gloves, cover the surface with oilcloth, before opening the bag, treat it with an antimicrobial agent.

We offer to watch a useful video about the cultivation of white mushrooms and all the intricacies of this process:

Growing house

To begin, consider how to plant white mushrooms in an artificial environment, that is, at home, in a barn or greenhouse. The whole process consists of several stages: preparation of planting material, processing of the substrate and preparation of the room.

Substrate material must be boiled for 60-80 minutes (you can not remove it from plastic bags), then drain the water and place the substrate under pressure, where it will cool to 25 ° C. If you boil it in bags, you can not open them, but simply make a few holes for water flow. When the substrate has cooled, transfer it to a sterile room, where the preparation of mycelium took place (to do this, it is enough to treat the room with 1% chlorine solution). Place the mycelium in the substrate with the ventilation system turned off (if there is one) so that the spores do not spread. Doors and windows should also be closed.

Pour out the substrate and mycelium on the disinfected table and mix them. If you bought domestic planting material, it should be 3-5% of the total mass of the substrate, if imported - 1.5-2.5%. Put the grafted substrate in bags of 5-15 kg, tamping as tightly as possible. For home cultivation, it is better to take smaller bags in order to make it easier to regulate the temperature exchange inside. It remains only to flatten the bags from one side and make several small holes on the sides to ensure air flow.

Good advice: it is better to make punching of packages by a sharp chisel or a knife at an angle of 45 ° and a length of no more than 5 mm.

If you do everything according to the instructions, the mushrooms will grow in dense intergrowths with an abundance of fruit bodies. To make smaller intergrowths, cut the packages in cuts "tick" or "cross" to a depth of two millimeters.

Important: When you install the bags on the setter shelves, make sure that the ventilation holes on the sides do not overlap with the wall or adjacent bags. The air must pass freely from all sides, so keep between blocks of at least 5 cm.

It is very important to maintain a constant comfortable temperature for growing white mushrooms to + 25 ° C (inside the bag the temperature will be slightly higher - to + 30 ° C). If it gets hotter than + 30C, the mushrooms will get a heat shock and may not germinate.

Ventilation during cultivation is very important, but during the incubation of mycelium, the room should not be aired. To prevent mold from forming due to high humidity, clean it every day with a chlorine solution. After 3 weeks, the incubation period will end, the mushrooms will germinate and begin to bear fruit.

The first wave of fruiting begins in about a month, and at this time it is necessary to constantly maintain a high humidity in the room of 85-95%. By adjusting the temperature in the range of + 10C to + 20C, you can "paint" the cap of mushrooms. The hotter the brighter the cap. The taste qualities remain unchanged. Lighting also reflects on the appearance - the brighter the incubator, the darker the mushrooms.

Useful tip: To make the mushrooms dense and not watery, conduct a “dry” watering of the blocks using a spray bottle 1-2 times a day. The water temperature at the same time should be from + 10C to + 25C. At this stage, just need to ventilate the room well, so that the moisture does not stagnate.

2-3 weeks after the first harvest comes the second wave of fruiting. Before this, remove the remaining legs and sort the mushroom bags, taking out the moldy from the room (they will make an excellent organic fertilizer). With proper care, white mushrooms will bear fruit for up to 6 months without interruption, but if you grow them for sale, then focus on the first 2 waves.

Growing outdoors

If you have your own plot with suitable trees (pine, birch or oak), you can grow white mushrooms on the street. We described how to prepare the planting mixture above, and in order to prepare a place for planting, it is necessary to remove the ground layer to a depth of 15 cm 1 m from the selected tree. Make sure that the roots of the tree are not damaged!

It is enough to barely expose the roots and pour seed material in the amount of about 350 ml per 25 cm². Fill the pit with soil, pour water (5-6 buckets under one tree), but be careful not to blur the ground with the mycelium. It is best to slowly pour water down the trunk. Disputes should be planted in this way at the end of summer or at the very beginning of autumn until mid-September.

The second method is a bit more complicated, but no less effective. For it, a mixture of mycelium with oak leaves and horse manure is used, the recipe of which is described above. Choose a shaded area and dig a small trench 30 cm deep and 1.5 m wide. Lay the mixture in layers of 10 cm, alternating with the ground, so that you end up with a high bed (30 cm in the ground and 20 cm above the ground). It is better to make a bed in the form of a sloping hillock, so that water can flow freely and not stagnate.

Planting of the mycelium should be done in a staggered manner, placing it in small holes at a distance of at least 30 cm. To prepare fragments, carefully cut off the soil around the mushroom with an area of 30x15 cm with a spade, divide it into 5-10 pieces and put it in the holes at a depth of 7 cm. After watering the beds cover it with foliage.

If you prefer this method, keep in mind that the harvest will not appear until next year. All summer you need to water the beds once a week, 5-6 buckets of water, and by the end of August fruit bodies will appear. The yield of mushrooms grown by this method is up to 250 kg per season. This is about one full bucket from the tree.

An alternative way to plant white mushrooms on video:

White mushrooms: photo

White mushroom - an exquisite delicacy. This useful and low-calorie food grown in its own area can be a stable and profitable business for every Russian.

A little more about the white mushrooms

Amazing taste, special aroma, the existence of many recipes for cooking - this and much more helped to increase the popularity of white mushrooms. With a very low calorie content, they contain a lot of nutrients. And the name "white" is given for the same color when thermally processing the white fungus.

He has another name - boletus, due to its large size and fleshy leg, similar to a keg.

The mushroom can reach a height of 25 cm, the diameter of brown hats is 30-40 cm. There are several grades of wild mushrooms: steppe, oak, pine (spruce), pine-forest, and kolovik. Mushrooms in nature are located near trees that correspond to their name.

Borovik like: dry drainage soil, moderate temperature and humidity, plenty of sunlight, short thunderstorms. It enjoys unchanged popularity among those who decide to start growing white mushrooms at home. Fortunately, this process is quite simple and not very laborious.

Our business valuation:

Starting investment - 2 million rubles.

Market saturation is low.

The difficulty of starting a business is 6/10.

Ways to grow white mushrooms

Today, cultivation of white mushrooms at home involves two techniques: extensive (amateur mushroom growers grow them in forest areas - in their natural habitat, caring for artificially reproduced mycelium) and intensive (artificial conditions are created, greenhouses, other special rooms and equipment are used). The second technology is acceptable for commercial mushroom production and will be more interesting for those who are set up with us to trace all the organizational and practical aspects to start a business.

As for the methods of cultivation of mushrooms, there are three:

Growing mushrooms from spores. They take 10-15 caps of mushrooms, large in size, put into water (per liter - 150-200 grams), add 3-4 tablespoons of sugar or alcohol per 10 liters of water and leave for 24 hours in a warm and humid room. Rubbed the caps until smooth, get activated spores of porcini mushrooms . They are then sown on a prepared plot. Around trees (oaks, firs, pines or birches) carefully loosen the ground, remove the top layer of soil (10-20 cm), trying not to damage the roots. Mushrooms are watered with an infusion of spores and covered with soil, which was removed. Periodically watered, without changing between watering time intervals and the amount of water.
Growing mushrooms from mycelium. A plot is formed around trees, removing the top layer of soil, and peat soil or the 5th layer of special compost is laid. At a distance of 5-10 cm from each other, the substrate of the acquired mycelium is laid out and filled with soil removed from the site. Watering - as it dries, its rate - 20-30 liters near one tree. To keep the humidity well, and in the cold period, the site is covered with a half-meter layer of straw.
For the cultivation of delicacy suitable and mycelium of white mushrooms. To do this, it is removed from one place and move to the garden. It is important to study the soil structure under the trees where it grew in the forest. It does not hurt to collect soil from this place, and then bring it to the site in the process of laying the mushroom. We pour it into loose and manure-fertilized soil, once again loose. Having made indentations in the prepared soil, we spread out the fragments of mycelium, sprinkle with a mixture of forest soil, sawdust, sunflower husk, straw, and slightly moisten it. The place where boletus is grown must be constantly, but moderately moisturized.

In the southern latitudes of Russia, white mushrooms are planted in the period from May to June, in the north-western - the most favorable time is from August to September. And fruitful plots in the second year.

Boletus: we grow ourselves at home

By creating the soil of the correct composition, you can successfully master the cultivation of white mushrooms in the garden. For example, an amateur mushroom grower M. Lavrentiev grew white mushrooms on his plantation (area 12 m2). His crop reached up to 50-60 pieces per square meter. Known soil composition for sowing. On a layer of fresh horse manure (12-15 cm), he laid the mixture in which there was 40% turf, 30% of rotten leaves, 20% of rotten wood, 10% of clay.

Many newcomers are interested in how to grow white mushrooms in the country. For this you need to prepare a bed. Buy seed. Having chosen a darkened place under the crown of deciduous trees, we fertilize the bed, level the ground and introduce planting material into the prepared soil using one of the indicated methods.

You can grow white mushrooms (populating with mycelium) and on logs (any, except acacia and black walnut, not infected with other mushrooms). They are, by the way, the most delicious. The log is buried a little in the ground, sprinkled with fertilized soil and, after sowing (making "mushroom dowels"), watered abundantly, sprinkling powdered straw on top. Reproduction for the next year - from a few mushrooms until the emergence of mushroom families, and a year later - a whole mushroom plantation. Of course, this method is suitable for amateur mushroom growers and aspiring businessmen to test technologies.

Today, scientists have brought out special varieties of boletus, which made it possible to grow white mushrooms in a greenhouse of film or glass type. The main requirement is minimum illumination and protection from direct sunlight, maintaining high humidity. To do this, at a distance of up to two meters, small containers with water (with regularly activated spray guns) are placed for irrigation. To preserve moisture, sawdust is good.

White fungus is grown on a specific substrate. To prepare it, you should buy the soil, mixed with sawdust, manure, compost and organic fertilizer. The resulting mixture is infused week and folded in wooden boxes. Boletus is better to grow from the purchased mycelium. After cooling the package with mycelium, it is crushed, trying not to violate the integrity of the package. The substrate is mixed with mycelium in a box, sprinkled with a layer of soil not exceeding 7 centimeters. It remains to maintain the humidity, light and temperature of the room.

Some novice mushroom growers plant boletus in the apartment and on the glazed loggia. The main thing is to maintain a constant temperature and high humidity of 80-90%, there was little lighting and planting material (mycelium) of good quality.

Now we will consider how to grow white mushrooms in the basement of the house, sheds, hangars and other premises using intensive technology. Mix the substrate and mycelium, the latter in the mixture should be up to 5%. Having put it in bags (although boxes are better suited for boletus), the mixture is compacted, and the bags on the shelves are placed vertically, making cuts on one side for the growth of mushrooms. Further, it is important to regularly ventilate the room and water the crops.

Where to buy mycelium for growing borovikov

Where to buy porcini mycelium? This question worries all newbies. There are many specialized agrofirms that grow it on compost, grain substrates (wheat, millet, buckwheat), peat, straw, sawdust and chopsticks, forest or sod soil mixed with humus. They are in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Perm and Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Rostov and Chelyabinsk regions. Some are packed in plastic containers, others in bags, as long as the storage and transport temperatures are below zero.

Depends on a grade whether mushrooms will fructify in the first year, or only on the second. Acquired mycelium should have a mushroom smell, but, by no means, not ammoniac, characteristic of non-viable planting material. Bags weigh 10, 15, 20 grams, and must be purchased at the rate of sowing rate of 0.5 kg / m2. The price of white mushroom mycelium from various manufacturers ranges from 60 to 100 rubles per 10 grams.

Industrial technology of cultivation of white mushrooms

In many countries of the world industrial cultivation of white mushrooms is considered as a business - profitable and profitable, which brings regular and good income. Among the arguments in favor of the feasibility of this type of business, it is worth noting:

the mushroom picking season is swift, but home-grown boletus is available all year round;
environmental pollution contributes to the fact that the mushrooms collected in the forest - are dangerous to health;
a start-up enterprise of a small size, in the future - with an increase in working capital - will be able to develop;
the technology of cultivation of white mushrooms on an industrial scale does not require much daily effort, this occupation is easy to combine with activities of various kinds.

Mushrooms are grown on ridges (ridges), in bags, in special containers (common in Canada, America and Australia), in blocks (briquettes), which are located in empty poultry houses, barns and vegetable stores. There is another system - on the shelves. The shelf system for growing white mushrooms from mycelium — Dutch technology — is best suited to industrial scale breeding.

Scientists in Holland bred a variety of borovik, the most resistant to reproduction in artificial environment. There, high-quality mycelium (fungus seedlings) can be easily purchased in special stores. The fact is that using seed from a wild mushroom is risky, there may be no seedlings.

In this country, a complex of equipment has been developed and patented for the maximum mechanization of the technological process of mushroom production - for loading and unloading compost from shelves, applying cover soil, its loosening, and irrigation devices. In accordance with the Dutch technology, boxes with seeded material are conveniently stirred on the shelves, at some distance from one another. In rooms with mycelium, they maintain sterile purity, and before the beginning of the cultivation of mushrooms it is treated with disinfectant. All work with mushrooms is done with gloves.

The incubation period of the fungus takes place in the dark, at a temperature of + 23-25 degrees, during this period it is not necessary to ventilate the area. But the fruits that have appeared need light 5 hours a day. Natural and artificial lighting (eg low power fluorescent lamps) will do.

When the caps of mushrooms appear, the temperature is lowered to +10, the room is aired, since the white fungus needs oxygen. Twice a day, the mycelium is watered with warm water, spraying through a spray bottle or through a small-drop irrigation system. After 20-25 days, harvest.

Economic feasibility of mushroom production in Russia

If someone has a business idea to do mushrooms, then he needs to calculate all the costs and future income. Consider the economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow white mushrooms in a greenhouse? There will be expenses for the payment of a land plot of, say, 500 m2 - 600 thousand rubles; building construction will cost 500 thousand rubles; about the same - 480 thousand rubles - the cost of purchasing equipment. And if you add up the amount of salary, payment of utility and transport services, administrative and marketing expenses - you will get 240 thousand rubles. And you still have to buy the seeds of white mushrooms. We add the cost of mycelium (it varies from different manufacturers), - the total initial business costs are close to 2 million rubles.

Income from the greenhouse after the harvest will be at least 400 thousand rubles. But after the season you can pick mushrooms two, three or more times (it all depends on the mycelium). Investments will pay off in just a few years, and the mushroom farm will begin to bring stable income to its owners.

You can sell fresh borovik through markets, supermarkets and restaurants, process them (drying and freezing, salting and pickling) for catering and selling through the commercial network.

Ceps have long been called the kings of mushrooms. Beautiful hats with thick legs in a basket - this is the first thing that a mushroom picker dreams of, going into the forest for a “quiet hunt”.

This mushroom is really very beautiful. In addition, it is also very useful. When drying and cooking, the boletus retains its white juicy structure, which is why it was called white. It is extremely tasty, and when cooking produces a pleasant nutty flavor. Why not try it growing white mushrooms at home?

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About borovik

Whites are just one of the many names of white mushrooms. And they call them in different ways: Pistovik, cow, babybug, bearmen, expensive mushroom, belevik, capercaillie, and of course boletus. But whatever they are called, they look almost the same:

The cap of the boletus is almost always brown. With age, the fungus changes only the convexity of the cap: from the semi-cylindrical shape inherent in the small mushroom, it gradually turns into an almost flat shape. The average diameter of the cap of an adult fungus is approximately 20 cm.
The pedicle is always whitish with vertical brown streaks. At first it has the form of a barrel, and with age it turns into a powerful, dense cylinder.

Varieties

Borovik has many forms. They depend mainly on the trees with which it grows in symbiosis.

White fungus can grow:

Under the pine. This type of boletus looks the most colorful against the background of the rest of the white mushrooms. His hat is brown with a tinge, and his leg is slightly purple with a thickening at the bottom.
Under the spruce . This is the most common type of white fungus in Russia. The cap has a reddish-brown tint with specks and a rim around the edge. Leg mushroom barrel-shaped, to the very middle, covered with a mesh.
Under the oak. This is a strong boletus with elastic red hats with a slightly grayish tint.
In mixed forests. Ceps growing in mixed forests have a dark-bronze color of caps, and the caps are slightly wrinkled. The legs of these mushrooms are reddish.

In the photo, white mushrooms on the plot

Such forms of mushrooms are not a standard. After all, boletus growing in dark places will be painted a little brighter than those that grow in the sun.

Cooking planting material at home

It is good when there is a shop next door in which you can buy mycelium (mycelium) of white fungus. But what to do when it is not? That's right, prepare the seed yourself.

But before going to the forest for a mushroom sponge, it is necessary:

Determine the place where your white porcini mushrooms will grow: under a birch tree, under a fir tree or another tree.
Tune in to picking mushrooms only under a certain type of tree. For example, if you plant white mushrooms under a birch, then boletus mushrooms should be harvested only under birch trees, etc.

For seed material need only 10-15 mushrooms. And they can be either with worms or rotten and healthy.

In mushrooms (already at home), the lower spongy layer under the cap (hymenophore) is cut, passed through a meat grinder, and diluted with water. The ratio of water to milled mushrooms - 7/2. By the way, you can grind the caps entirely, still the solution is made in the same ratio.
Some gardeners recommend adding alcohol to the water - no more than 4 spoons of alcohol can be added to a bucket.

The "mushroom" solution should be left to stand for several days. During this time, the pulp of the mushrooms will float, and the separated spores will sink to the bottom. The upper (pop-up) layer is carefully removed with a spoon or poured, but not thrown away - this procedure should be carried out several times, constantly pouring fresh water into the bucket. Drain the water finally, get a saturated concentration of mushroom spores. This is mycelium - the seed of the white fungus.

Photo of white mushrooms growing in the country in the strawberry planting

Site preparation for planting mushrooms

Cultivation of white mushrooms begin by defining the trees under which you plan to plant mushrooms. Place on the home site should not be too dark and too light, but always well blown by the winds.
Under the tree, the top layer of soil is removed with a width of not less than 10 and not more than 15 cm. The radius of removal is 0.5 meters up to the very trunk of the tree, but it is not necessary to touch the roots (just bare). Place for planting white porcini mushrooms ready.

You can also grow white mushrooms at home:

in greenhouses;
in the basement (with lighting);
in the garden, like a plantation, but on a darkened piece of land.

If the planting is done directly in the garden, then first a small excavation with a depth of 20 to 30 cm is pulled out and filled with a nutrient mixture - grass, fallen leaves, tree bark, dust (mixture layer - from 7 to 10 cm). Top sprinkled with manure or soil that is taken near the trees. The next layer is the same nutrient mixture, but its thickness is not more than 3 cm. The last layer is ordinary garden soil (thickness is from 3 to 5 cm). The site for the cultivation of white fungus - boletus at home right in the garden is ready.
They also prepare the soil if it is planned to grow “expensive” mushrooms in a greenhouse or in an enclosed space (in the basement).

Crops mycelium boletus

Prepared in advance for planting the mycelium of the white fungus is poured directly on the plot prepared for cultivation - on the roots of trees or on the nutrient mixture in the garden. On top of the mycelium is covered with a mushroom mixture, which was removed from the bucket when the spores of the fungus were separated. All this is covered with soil, removed under a tree or a simple garden soil, if planting is done in the garden.

Care for planting mushrooms

Homemade white mushroom almost ready to grow, but for this you need to look after him. And the main condition for a good growth of boletus is moisture, because white mushrooms prefer to grow at a humidity of 90–92 percent.
Watering is carried out regularly every 7 days, and if the summer is too hot, then more often. At one time on the mycelium poured up to 30 liters of water. It is advisable to irrigate gently with drip irrigation.

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Feed mycelium is also possible. Real mushroom house cultivators recommend fertilizing the area of the coffee grounds. They claim that it helps to speed up the growth of white mushrooms almost twice. Another plus of the coffee grounds is that this mixture will protect the mushroom mycelium from mold, moths, midges, as well as diseases of fungi.

To make the fertilizer even more nutritious, in the rest of the coffee ground you need to add a little freshly ground coffee (15%), as well as enrich the mixture with a complex of nutritional mineral additives.

A tablespoon of coffee grounds is applied per square meter: 2 liters of soil is mixed with thick, evenly scattered on a bed of mushroom crops. Coffee grounds can be mixed with mycelium immediately before it is planted in the ground - per 100 grams of mycelium 3 tablespoons of thick.

Another trick of domestic mushroom pickers: if the summer is dry or you simply do not have the opportunity to water frequently, a hydrogel can be added to the soil (3 g of hydrogel is added per square meter). This will help the water to stay in the upper layers of the soil.

Only in the 2nd year, you can count on a rich harvest of home-made white mushrooms, which can be rolled up in cans, fried or boiled with them a delicious soup.