Plug-in structures. Examples of using input and plug-in structures

Inserted constructions are individual words, phrases or additional sentences that represent a kind of commentary, make additional amendments, clarifications, and explanations to the main idea expressed in the whole sentence.

Characteristic features of plug-in structures:

They cannot appear at the very beginning of a sentence;

In writing, inserted structures are separated by brackets or dashes, but not by commas;

In the places where the insert structure is placed, a pause is observed when pronouncing the phrase, and the tone of speech is usually lowered. Examples:

• Late in the evening (it was about eleven) we were awakened by a light tapping on the window glass.
• Many young girls (like Chekhov’s “sisters”) are trying to find luck and happiness in Moscow.
• Obeying a strange whim, as well as the innate instinct of a clown, a comedian, he gave himself away - and not just anywhere, but in Paris! - for the Englishman. (Daudet)
• Due to the simplicity of his nature - this was his distinctive feature - he could trust the first person he met.
• Meanwhile, twilight was thickening quickly (it was winter), and the outlines of objects became more and more blurry.

Plug-in constructions can function as predicative parts of a sentence, that is, they are located in a single semantic and syntactic integrity with a complex sentence.

• You will (as I have already noted) be present with the rest of the meeting.
• The rain (and it had been falling for three hours) seemed not to stop all night.

A fairly large group consists of inserts that indicate the date: year, century, etc.

• This was precisely the time (60s) of disputes between “physicists and lyricists.”
• Bramante was seventy years old when he died (1514) without completing the reconstruction of the Vatican.

Plug-in constructions, examples of which are given below, are connected to the main sentence using conjunctions and allied words.

• He did not object to the reproach addressed to him (since he did not have time to do anything), but the mood was ruined for the whole day.
• Mikhail was always attracted to architecture (and he dreamed of becoming an architect since childhood), and he always began his acquaintance with a new city with architectural monuments.

It is necessary to distinguish between input and plug-in structures. Unlike the latter, introductory constructions are not formally related to. They can express different meanings with emotional overtones: surprise, joy, regret, irony, etc. (to surprise, to horror, to luck, to chagrin, fortunately, to be honest):

• To be honest, he had little interest in farming.

They mean a sequence of actions or statements of thoughts (firstly, secondly, first of all, in conclusion, finally):

• Firstly, I have already seen this film, and secondly, I prefer melodrama

They can also perform a modal function, giving an assessment in terms of the reality of the event in question (undoubtedly, probably, definitely, of course, of course, perhaps):

• Perhaps you shouldn't go fishing because of the promised hot weather.

Plug-in designs enrich both making it more expressive and bright, and the author’s style of the writer. However, it should be remembered that the use of these structures should not be abused.

Plug-in structures add additional information, incidental comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. to the main proposal . Plug-in constructions, on the one hand, are common in oral speech, and on the other hand, they are widely used in the language of fiction.

Plug-in constructions are less closely related to the sentence than introductory ones, and therefore fall sharply out of its structure. They are more intonationally isolated by significant pauses, characteristic of the so-called inclusion intonation:

There were about three hours of travel left to the castle, the ogre walked confidently and quickly ( he remembered the way very well), only occasionally stopping to take a breath.

The structure of the plug-in structure is either as a separate word, or with phrase, or proposal, simple or complex:

The ogre has not come here (to the castle) for many years.

He approached from the side of the garden, climbed over the fence ( from the north side) and moved towards the doors.

Of course, no one was expecting an ogre in the castle, but ( there are still smart people!), the first minister, it turns out, warned the king that such a visit was very likely.

Plug-in structures can

Plug-in constructions can only be found in the middle and less often at the end of the main sentence, but not at the beginning.

In speech, inserted constructions are intonationally distinguished from the composition of the sentence: they are pronounced in a lower tone, at an accelerated pace, usually without logical emphasis on any words. The intonation of the sentence is, as it were, “opened” by the insertion construction.

In writing, inserted structures stand out

Brackets act as a universal punctuation mark in this case: they highlight an insertion construction both inside the sentence and at the end of it. Dash however, it can highlight an insertion construction only in the middle of a sentence. Parentheses have more emphatic power than the dash, which is a multifunctional sign.

The text of the inserted construction retains all the characters necessary for it (comma, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, colon):

It turned out that in the villages closest to Gradov - n not to mention the distant ones, in the wooded side, - until now, in the spring, on the new moon and the first thunder, they swam in rivers and lakes.

Trying not to show it and mustering all the restraint for this ( it's unknown what kind of people they are!), the forester invited us into the house.

He stood up and, limping - he was wearing a prosthesis , - went to the window.

Additionally

Usually plug-in constructions are included in a sentence without the help of special words, but sometimes the plug-in construction is preceded, for example, union or union word:

Usually in royal kitchens, Howeveryone knows perfectly well, there is a lot of the most delicious food.

In the presence of conjunctions or allied words, inserted constructions are similar to subordinate parts of a complex sentence, but, unlike them, they do not form syntactic unity with the sentence, and in content they represent an additional message that does not merge with the main statement.

Compare with the previous example:

When you are lucky enough to get into the royal kitchen, - if you're lucky, - don't get confused and try all the delicious things.

In this sentence we are not dealing with an insertion structure, but with subordinate clause conditional (if you're lucky , don't get confused...).

Bibliography

1. Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M.: CheRo, 1999 ().
2. Introductory and plug-in structures (collection of material) ().

Complete academic reference book edited by V.V. Lopatina (.

Homework

Place punctuation marks.

1. My arrival, I could notice, at first somewhat embarrassed Nikolai Ivanovich’s guests. (I. Turgenev)
2. Caesar, the name of the lion in the menagerie, sleeps and squeals quietly in his sleep. (A. Kuprin)
3. And every evening at the appointed hour, or is it just a dream? the girl's figure captured in silks in the foggy window moves. (A. Blok)
4. When it was all over and the battle lasted about an hour, the commander mounted his horse and rode at a pace across the plain. (A.N. Tolstoy)
5. If Pierre was often struck in Prince Andrei by the lack of ability for dreamy philosophizing, to which Pierre was especially inclined, then in this he saw not a disadvantage but a strength. (L. Tolstoy)
6. Kalinich, as I found out, went hunting with the master every day. (I. Turgenev)
7. And the hermit, as you remember, he knew how not only to be sad, but also to think and began to think.

Plug-in structures and their varieties

A simple sentence can be complicated by words and constructions that, for one reason or another, are included in its composition, do not enter into a subordinate relationship with the members of this sentence, i.e. do not form phrases with them and do not show grammatical dependence on them. In this sense, introductory constructions are considered grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence.

A.M. Peshkovsky considers introductory constructions foreign, “internally alien to the proposal that sheltered them.” However, their foreignness lies only in the isolation of the position, intonation and grammatical emphasis within the sentence. In terms of meaning, they are closely and directly related to the content of the statement.

Plug-in structures contain additional messages and related information. They explain, interpret, comment in various respects on the main sentence.

Both introductory and inserted constructions stand out intonationally in the sentence and are delimited from it. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction, which is specified as intonation of switching on or intonation of switching off. Introductory intonation is characterized by a lowering of the voice and a faster rate of pronunciation compared to the pronunciation intonation of the rest of the sentence.

Plug-in structures

Plug-in constructions comment on the content of a sentence or its individual members, explain it, clarify it, justify it, and provide additional information. In any case, they have the nature of incidental comments about the content of the main sentence and stand out intonationally, breaking and violating its intonational unity.

The clearly expressed general functional purpose of inserted constructions unites units of various grammatical design: from the minimal and simplest (for example, only an exclamation or question mark that conveys an attitude to a thought) to a complex sentence and even an entire paragraph.

For example:

It was a magnificent (!) spectacle, as I was later told, but no one was having fun - insert sign;

I ordered foreign literature magazines (two) to be sent to Yalta (Ch.) - expletive;

Approximately in the middle of the street (more than a mile long) stood a large wooden church (Cor.) - insertion phrase;

...The fishermen drank in the evening, had a snack (and it was already a little dark), went to bed (Sol.) - insertive simple sentence;

Those gathered (among them there was an old barman, nicknamed Uncle Tail, to whom everyone respectfully turned for advice, although all they heard from him was that: that’s how it is, yes! yes, yes, yes!) began by saying just in case, for safety, they locked the Captain in a closet with a water purification machine... (T.) - insertion complex sentence;

Tomorrow, when you open your eyes and stretch sweetly in your warm beds, these eccentrics with boxes will already be sitting on the ice, on the pond, having met the winter dawn. (Many, many thousands of eccentrics on all kinds of reservoirs near Moscow within a radius of at least two hundred kilometers.) (Sol.) - insertion of a paragraph as an independently designed construction;

“Dear sir, Count Alexey Andreevich.

(He wrote to Arakcheev, but knew that his letter would be read by the sovereign, and therefore, as far as he was capable of this, he thought about every word.)

I think that the minister reported on leaving Smolensk to the enemy” (L. T) - insert paragraph;

Many people die not so much from illnesses as from an irrepressible, eternal passion that consumes them - to pretend to be more than they are. (Who doesn’t want to be known as smart, worthy, beautiful and also formidable, fair, decisive?..) (Aitm.) - inserted independently formed sentence (rhetorical question).

Insertions, due to their purpose in speech - to convey additional information - can only be located in the middle of a sentence or at the end. They cannot start a sentence, unlike introductory words, combinations and sentences.

Plug-in structures can be designed in different ways:

1) as members of a sentence, while maintaining the syntactic connection, such “members of the sentence” are excluded from its composition, for example: This word means a woman who is overly ticklish in her concepts of (female) honor - touchy (P.);

2) as subordinate clauses of a sentence: While such conversations were taking place in the reception room and in the princess's rooms, a carriage with Pierre (who was sent for) and Anna Mikhailovna (who found it necessary to go with him) drove into the courtyard of Count Bezukhov (L.T.).

In other cases, plug-in structures deprived of structural connection with the proposal, they are independently formed and do not reflect a grammatical connection with the members of the main sentence. As a rule, these words and combinations are placed in the nominative case form, For example: That same day I was already at Nikitin’s (son-in-law’s last name) apartment (Cor.).

Thus, many plug-in constructions are functionally and syntactically similar to members of a sentence, subordinate parts of a complex sentence, and connecting constructions. And their specificity lies only in the intercalary nature, in the violation of the syntactic unilinearity of the sentence.

Plug-in structures can perform not only additional message function, but also modal-evaluative functions, in this case approaching the introductory structures. However, these inserts, complicated by evaluative meaning, retain their main functional quality - they are additional units included in the sentence, destroying its syntactic uniformity. These are introductory words, combinations and sentences, designed as inserted structures, for example: That seemingly insoluble knot that tied Rostov’s freedom was resolved by this unexpected (as it seemed to Nikolai), unprovoked letter from Sonya (L.T.).

Finally, plug-in structures can perform purely service function, for example, when creating links to a citation source, etc.

In this chapter:

Introductory words and sentences, as well as inserted constructions, are constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence.

§1. Introductory words and combinations

Introductory words and combinations- these are words and combinations of words that express the speaker’s attitude to the content of a sentence or to the way of expressing this content, which are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.

Introductory words and combinations:

• are not members of the proposal
• are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, in written speech - by punctuation: commas.

Introductory words and remarks are divided into groups according to the meaning they express.

Our examples will help you notice introductory words and sentences:

Emotions, feelings, assessment

Fortunately, to joy, unfortunately, to chagrin, to chagrin, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to amazement, to happiness, to joy, to surprise, to happiness, to truth, to conscience, to justice, what good , strange thing, amazing thing, funny to say, don’t say it as a reproach

Degree of reliability, possibility, confidence

Without a doubt, without any doubt, undoubtedly, certainly, of course, self-evidently, indisputably, of course, apparently, apparently, probably, probably, probably, in all probability, perhaps, it seems, it should be, maybe, maybe , one must believe, one can assume, one must think, (I) think, (I) believe, (I) hope, (I) believe

Message source

According to the report, according to information, according to rumors, in accordance with, they say, report, convey, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, remember, remember

Sequence of presentation, coherence of speech

Therefore, so, thus, it means, finally, therefore, further, by the way, by the way, however, by the way, in general, in general terms, in particular, in addition, in addition, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, to for example, firstly, secondly (and other similar ones), on the one hand, on the other hand

Methods of formulation, ways of expressing thoughts

In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, more precisely, more precisely speaking, in short, briefly speaking, frankly speaking, speaking the truth, frankly speaking, without beating around the bush, to put it mildly, calling a spade a spade, if I may say so to say, if I may say so, with your permission, with your permission, it is better to say, more precisely to say, so to speak, as they say

Activating the attention of the interlocutor, including for the purpose of establishing trust

Understand, know, see, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine -you) imagine, do you believe, do you know, I repeat, I emphasize, between us speaking, between us, be it said

The measure of what is being said

The most, the least, the most unusual, the most surprising, at least

Ordinariness, typicality of what is being said

It happens, it happened, it happens, it happened, as usual, as a rule, as a last resort

Everyone knows that introductory words and combinations are separated by commas in writing.

The difficulty is not in punctuation as such, but in the need to recognize such words, combinations of words and constructions. The fact is that in Russian the same word can play different roles.
How not to confuse introductory words with homonymous members of the sentence?

Do not confuse:

1. Fortunately, my mother did not ask what time I returned, and there was no unpleasant conversation.
   Fortunately- introductory word, separated by a comma.
2. Dishes break fortunately
   Fortunately- addition, syntactic connection - control: beats (for what?) fortunately.
   

Try to lower it to happiness. In the second sentence, this cannot be done without violating the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence. Let's compare:

The dishes break, fortunately.
The dishes break.

It's not the same thing at all. Why doesn't the second sentence allow for such a transformation? Because fortunately- a member of a sentence that is grammatically and meaningfully related to another member of the sentence. If it is excluded, the structure changes. In the first sentence fortunately is not part of the sentence. Moreover, it is not grammatically related to any part of the sentence. Therefore, the sentence structure will not change if the introductory word is omitted.

In the Russian language, many words can be used in two ways: both as introductory words and as members of a sentence.

Maybe my brother will become a musician.

(May be- introductory combination)

Brother may be a musician: He has perfect pitch.

(May be- part of the predicate)

You're from the North, right?

(right- introductory word)

You solved the problem correctly.

(right- circumstance)

Maybe he'll call today.

(Maybe- introductory word)

It is possible to write an article in a week.

(Maybe- part of the predicate)

You see, we were not late, you worried in vain.

(you see- introductory sentence)

Do you see the road sign?

(you see- predicate)

In some cases, a double interpretation of the meaning of a sentence is possible.

1) undoubtedly= of course: speaker’s confidence, introductory word

She's definitely right.

(Synonymous: I think she's right. Of course she's right.)

2) undoubtedly= without conditions and restrictions, circumstance of measure and degree

She's definitely right.

(Synonymous: She's absolutely right., She's absolutely right.)

Example 2.
1) Then- a word that introduces an argument, an introductory word

Then, he became a famous actor.

(Synonymous: In a word, he became a famous actor. So, he became a famous actor.)

2) Then= later, time adverbial

Then he became a famous actor.

(Synonymous: Later he became a famous actor., After that he became a famous actor)

In such cases, the broader context and intonation of an oral utterance or the punctuation of a written one help to distinguish between introductory words and sentence members. It is also important that introductory words and combinations can be omitted without disrupting syntactic connections and sentence structure.

Attention:

The following words are not introductory words:
all of a sudden, as if, as if, literally, in addition, hardly, almost, hardly, supposedly, even, exactly, after all, certainly, Here, after all, after all, like, Necessarily, exclusively, by decision, by the proposal, by decree, to top it off, in the end and others like that.

They are never separated by commas. Examples:

By decision of the director, classes were canceled.
Kirill hardly knows where we are going. I need to call him.
Be sure to come! We will be waiting for you.
But he's right!

§2. Introductory sentences

Introductory sentences are similar in their role to introductory words.
Examples:

I think he will arrive tomorrow.

(I think= in my opinion)

(if I'm not mistaken= in my opinion)

Like introductory words, introductory sentences express different meanings.
For example:

I think (I believe, I believe, I am sure, ...) - the degree of reliability, confidence.

As is known ( as reported on the radio, as reported in the media, as stated in the report etc.) - source of information.

Like introductory words, introductory sentences are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech: with commas, less often - with a dash.

§3. Plug-in structures

Plug-in structures differ from introductory words and sentences in a number of features.

They have their own utterance goals, which may be the same or different from the utterance goal of the main sentence:

He - no one expected this - called only a year later.

(the purpose of uttering an insertion structure and the sentence containing it are the same: these are messages)

Peter - have you already heard about this? - went to China.

(the purpose of uttering a sentence containing a plug-in construction is a message, the purpose of a plug-in construction is a question)

Plug-in constructions have their own range of meanings: they contain additional remarks, comments, explanations, or serve as a means of activating the attention of the interlocutor:

He - are you listening to me or not? - I called only a year later.

(activating the interlocutor’s attention)

Plug-in constructions have the structure of an independent sentence. These can be both simple and complex sentences.

In the village (I mean the village closest to our holiday village) there was a large pond.

(in this example, both the sentence and the plug-in construction have the structure of a simple sentence, but the structure of the plug-in construction is complicated by a separate definition)

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in written speech - by punctuation: using brackets or dashes.

Finally - how I dreamed about it! - I graduated from school and entered the university.

And now the former classmates (can you imagine?) met fifty years later!

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Are introductory words and combinations members of a sentence?

2. Are the introductory words and combinations grammatically related to the members of the sentence?

3. How do introductory words and combinations stand out in writing?

   • don't stand out at all
   • separated by commas
   • dashes stand out

4. Does it By the way You came by the way.?

5. Does it By the way introductory word in a sentence: By the way, look at the watch I bought.?

6. suddenly, necessarily, certainly, exclusively, literally?

7. Can the following words be used as introductory words? by decision, by proposal, by decree, to top it off, ultimately?

8. Are introductory sentences: As reported in the media, as stated in the report, as Maria Ivanovna said?

9. How are introductory sentences highlighted in writing?

   • don't stand out at all
   • separated by commas
   • dashes stand out

10. How are inserted structures highlighted in writing?

    • separated by commas
    • are highlighted with dashes or parentheses

Right answers:

1. separated by commas
2. separated by commas
3. are highlighted with dashes or parentheses

• A22. Words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to sentence members
• Chapter 11. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by introductory words, introductory sentences and inserted constructions

In contact with

Plug-in design

Plug-in design

Part offers, not grammatically related to its members, highlighted in brackets (dash). Provides additional information: The woodpecker constantly uses its hollow (and a couple of spare ones) (V. Peskov); In such a mood (I will be frank), the teacher can sometimes be picky (E. Ilyin).

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

See what a “plug-in structure” is in other dictionaries:

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 insert (44) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

plug-in design- and (introduction, i, parentesa, s). Same as syntactic insertion construction. [Maria:] ...I'm trying to forget my family. I became a disgrace to her; perhaps (What a terrible dream!), I am cursed by my father, And for whom? (A. Pushkin) ...

construction, - and syntactic- In syntactic stylistics: a combination of word forms (or one word form, for example, *It’s getting dark. Evening.), which represents a syntactic unit (phrase, sentence), as well as any relatively complete statement in general. K. s.... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

Insertion, attachment, placement, inclusion, filling; looping, interpolation, comment, thermal insert, inscription, inkley, foreign body, application, underlayment, inclusion, screw-in, insert, foreign particle, digression, note, insertion,... ... Synonym dictionary

parentesa- s. Same as syntactic insertion construction. (plug-in design) ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

Introductory and plug-in sentences- 1. Small introductory sentences are usually separated by commas, for example: You, I think, are accustomed to these magnificent paintings (Lermontov); He was now driving to the Yauzsky Bridge, where, he was told, Kutuzov (L. Tolstoy) was; ...On this day it’s not like that... ... A reference book on spelling and style

Soviet reusable winged orbital ship. Designed for launching various space objects into orbit around the Earth and servicing them; delivery of elements (modules) and personnel for on-orbit assembly of large-sized... Encyclopedia of technology

"Buran"- Rice. 1. Layout of the Buran orbital vehicle. "Buran" Soviet winged reusable orbital ship. Prev... Encyclopedia "Aviation"

"Buran"- Rice. 1. Layout of the Buran orbital vehicle. "Buran" Soviet winged reusable orbital ship. Pre... Encyclopedia "Aviation"