Fasteners application. Wooden fasteners: the main structural elements and methods of their installation (85 photos)

Fixed joints widely used in mechanical engineering are divided into two types: detachable (performed mainly using threaded fasteners - bolts, screws, studs and nuts) and one-piece (performed by various types of rivets, welding, soldering, gluing).

Threaded and riveted joints are widely used in all branches of mechanical engineering, and they account for up to 35% of the total labor intensity of assembly work. The range of fasteners used is large and tends to grow. This is due to the fact that the creation of new progressive products, as a rule, more expensive, does not exclude the possibility of using traditional cheap fasteners (bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, washers) in simple low-loaded assemblies (bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, washers) that guarantee the required consumer qualities of machines. For example, the US industry produces more than two million types of fasteners, including more than 50 thousand standard (in US terminology), for a total amount of several billion dollars a year.

The classifier of state standards refers to fasteners for general machine-building use to the GZ group, which includes the following classes: G31 - bolts; G32 - screws, studs; ГЗЗ - nuts; G34 - rivets; G36 - washers, cotter pins; G37 - pins; G38 - other industrial hardware. Currently, many types of progressive fasteners that are absent in the Classifier of State Standards have been developed and mastered in various industries of the machine-building complex. The variety of fasteners in terms of constructive, technological, functional and other characteristics makes it difficult to comprehensively classify and describe them. However, all fasteners can be divided into five groups. The classification is based on one most characteristic feature that determined the name of each group, namely: fasteners for mass use; high strength threaded fasteners; fasteners for one-sided setting and shockless riveting; fasteners for high-life and tight connections; fasteners for joining polymer composite materials.

The conventionality of the proposed classification is that in each group there is a certain nomenclature of fasteners that can be attributed to another group. For example, in the group of fasteners for one-sided setting and non-impact riveting, some bolt rivet designs are designed for high-life joints or for joints of composite materials. At the same time, each of the groups includes fasteners of several classes according to the Classifier of State Standards. For example, the group of high-strength fasteners includes classes of bolts, screws, nuts, and the group of high-resource fasteners - classes of bolts, rivets, etc.

However, the proposed classification allows designers and technologists to relatively easily understand a wide variety of fasteners and take into account their specific features in the design and development of technological processes for assembling detachable and non-detachable joints, and will also assist specialists involved in the design and organization of specialized production of fasteners.

It is often very difficult to name the fastener correctly. What is it? Bolt or screw, anchor or dowel. Given the wide variety of this class of products and the complexity in their correct name, let us turn to GOST, which regulates the names and terms.

Below are some of the most commonly used terms and definitions in accordance with GOST 27017-86 for fasteners and their structural elements.

	A fastener in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end, with a head on the other, forming a connection by means of a nut or a threaded hole in one of the connected products.
	Fastener for forming a connection or fixing, made in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end and a structural element for transmitting torque at the other. Note: The structural element of the screw for transmitting torque can be a slotted head, a knurled head or, in the absence of a head, a slot in the end of the rod.
	A fastener in the form of a rod with an external special thread, a threaded tapered end and a head at the other end, forming a thread in the hole of the wood or plastic product to be connected. Note: The special thread has a triangular, pointed profile and a wider root in comparison to the width of the tooth.
	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical rod with external threads at both ends or along the entire length of the rod.
	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical or conical rod for fixing products during assembly.
	Fastener with threaded hole and torque transmission component. Note: The structural element of the nut for transmitting torque can be a polyhedron, knurling on the side surface, end and radial holes, splines, etc.
	A fastener with a hole that is placed under a nut or head of a bolt or screw to increase the support surface and / or prevent them from self-loosening.
	Fastener in the form of a semicircular wire rod folded in half to form a head.
	Fastener in the form of a smooth cylindrical rod with a head at one end, used to obtain a permanent connection due to the formation of a head at the other end of the rod by plastic deformation.
	A bolt with a shank diameter greater than the nominal thread diameter.
	A bolt, the head of which is made in the form of a movable part of the articulated joint.
	A bolt, the diameter of the smooth part of the rod of which is determined from the condition of ensuring the shear operation of the connection.
	A bolt with a special head shape, which serves to fasten the equipment to the foundation. Note: The special shape of the head can represent the extended legs of the slotted part of the rod, the bent part of the rod, etc.
	A screw whose diameter of the smooth part of the shank is less than the internal diameter of the thread.
	A screw that forms a special thread in the hole of one of the plastic or metal products to be connected.
	Self-tapping screw with a drill shaped end.
	A screw with a specially shaped end, which serves to fix the products relative to each other. Note: The special shape of the end can be cylindrical, conical, flat, etc.
	A cylindrical pin with a longitudinal groove along its length, made of spring steel.
	Hexagon nut with radial slots for the cotter pin on the side of one of the end surfaces.
	Hexagonal nut, part of which is made in the form of a cylinder with radially located slots for the cotter pin.
	Nut with spherical and flat end surfaces and a tapped blind hole.
	Nut with flat protruding elements for torque transmission.
	Washer with flat seating surface.
	Split round washer, the ends of which are located in different planes, which serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners during its elastic deformation under load.
	Washer used to prevent self-loosening of fasteners with the help of structural elements. Note: The structural elements of the washer are legs, socks, teeth, etc.
	Rivet with tubular shank.
	Rivet, the end of the rod of which has a tubular section.

Fasteners elements

Kernel. A part of a fastener that directly enters the holes of the connected products or is screwed into the material of one of them.

Fastener head. A part of a fastener that has a rod that serves to transmit torque and / or form a support surface.

Bolt head. A smooth part of the bolt shank of a cylindrical, oval or square shape, directly adjacent to the head and serving to center the bolt or prevent it from turning.

Fastener collar. A protrusion on the supporting surface of a polyhedral nut, head of a bolt or screw, made in the form of a cylinder or truncated cone with a diameter greater than the diameter of their circumscribed circle.

Support ledge of the fastener. A collar on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut or bolt head that is smaller than the wrench size.

Note: Wrench size means the distance between opposite faces of a polyhedral nut or bolt head, screw, measured in a plane normal to their axis.

Fastener slot. A specially shaped recess at the end of the head of a bolt, screw or screw, at the end of the headless set screw, along the generatrix or at the end of the nut.

Note: The shape of the slot can be hex, cruciform, through or blind, etc.

Bolt spike. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the bolt head, which serves to prevent it from turning.

Bolt mustache. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the head and the bolt shaft, which serves to prevent it from turning.

Gimlet. Threaded tapered end of a screw, used for threading a wood or plastic product when forming a connection.

GOST 27017-86 fully complies with ISO 1891-79 and should be used in conjunction with GOST 11708-82 “Thread. Terms and Definitions". GOST 27017-86 establishes terms and definitions for fasteners for general machine-building applications. The standards set only basic terms. Today, when new types of fasteners appear in Russia, the process of terminology formation is observed, strictly speaking, this is a constant process. The desire of market participants to avoid misunderstandings in names is quite natural.

The quality of furniture assembly and the reliability of its operation is largely influenced by fasteners designed to connect individual elements to each other and used for assembling products. Of course, the type and design features of the fasteners depend on the category of furniture and the conditions of its use.

The modern industry offers a sufficient number of new fixing accessories that greatly facilitate the assembly of furniture and increase the durability of its use in the most adverse conditions. For example, kitchen designs made from cheap chipboard are more likely to deteriorate by peeling panels or peeling decorative coatings than to fail due to poor quality or reliability of fasteners.

Today, in the industrial and independent production of furniture products, a lot of types of fasteners are used, which differ in functionality, method of fixation, size and protective coating.

Fastener Categories

If half a century ago the main elements for assembling the component parts of furniture were wooden dowels, and the installation of various copies at the site of operation was carried out using nails or screws, today the range of accessories for connecting individual parts and elements of furniture has expanded significantly.

Modern fasteners and fittings can be divided into several categories, including both highly specialized products and universal fittings:

The most common types of furniture fasteners

Consider the most common groups of connecting and fixing accessories for furniture, the features of its installation and operation.

Pan head or decorative head screws and head or square head bolts are the main examples used to tie individual panels of frame furniture. Thanks to the fixing bar or square head, the bolt (screw) is fixed in the hole of the chipboard, which prevents it from turning. Due to this design feature, the assembler has the ability to tighten the nut without additional fixing of the screw.

Universal screws with a countersunk or semi-countersunk head have slots of various shapes (cross, with an internal hexagon, straight slot and others) and are intended for fastening individual assembly parts inside furniture structures. They are used to:

On a note!

When using universal screws, either screwdrivers with exchangeable bits or screwdriver sets with exchangeable tips are used.

Confirmates (Euro screws) in modern furniture production are the most demanded type of fastening and fixing devices. This type is used for fastening any parts made of chipboard or MDF panels.

Before screwing in the Euro screws, holes are pre-drilled in the parts using a special confirmation drill, the diameter of which depends on the diameter of the fixing element. To screw this type of fastener, it is used either with special bits or screwdrivers with seed tips. The type of bit or bit depends on the type of slot.

Eccentrics are other fittings bearing the somewhat exotic name of rasteks and minifixes that allow you to connect and pull panels at right angles to each other. Despite the obvious advantages of this category of fasteners, their main disadvantages are:

the need for additional milling of furniture panels, for the installation of individual fasteners;
relatively high cost.
high accuracy of marking and the complexity of installing individual fasteners;

On a note!

To install the individual parts of the minifix, three different types of woodworking tools will be required - one end mill and two drills of different diameters.

Furniture corners have established themselves as a reliable, easy-to-install element. Today they can be made either from metal or from special, high-strength plastic. In industrial production, the color of the plastic of the corner is matched to the color of the furniture.

Modern furniture dowels are made of wood, plastic or metal. Their main advantages are low cost and ease of joining furniture parts together. To increase the reliability of the connection, there is a corrugation on the surface of the dowels.

Special types of fastening accessories

Today, furniture is more and more popular, individual parts of which are made of glass sheets or in the form of mirrors. If ten years ago glass was mainly used as doors for furniture cabinets and showcases or doors for shelves and shelves, today you will not surprise anyone with a glass top of a coffee or dining table.

To interconnect glass parts and furniture elements made of other materials, special types of fittings are used, which are attached to glass surfaces using special adhesives, by wrinkling clamps with rubber gaskets or by drilling holes in glass. When choosing this category of fittings, it is necessary to pay attention to the weight that it can withstand, which is specially stipulated in the instructions for its use.

The review will focus on the latest furniture fittings.

Fasteners, otherwise called hardware - one of the most widely used parts. Everyone knows what fasteners are and for what purposes they are used.

It is difficult to overestimate their importance in carrying out construction work and on the farm. The term "hardware" originated from the abbreviation of the phrase "metal products".

Fasteners are of two types: detachable and one-piece. The production of fasteners is constantly growing and the variety of fasteners used is very wide. The reason is that these parts are an indispensable attribute of any development in the field of mechanical engineering. The standard of fasteners is regulated in the document GOST “Fasteners. Terms and Definitions. GOST 27017-86 ".

Let's take a closer look at what types of fasteners are.

Anchor

Anchor is a fastener designed to connect structures and products. And it is also customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.

Types of anchors:

ceiling;
hammer-in;
wedge;
frame;
with a half ring;
with a ring;
with a nut.

These parts are united by the performed function - fasteners. So, a drop-in anchor with an internal thread and a tapered wedge is needed to fasten materials and equipment to brick or concrete. The installation of such an anchor is simple: it is installed in a hole that has already been drilled earlier. The radius and depth of such a hole are selected based on the dimensions of the anchor.

The wedge anchor is used for quick fixing in concrete, a common material of such structures as strips, profiles, suspended ceilings. This type of anchor is often used to anchor heavy equipment to solid foundations. To install a wedge anchor, a hole is drilled in the concrete, where the anchor is hammered in with a hammer, after which it is tightened with a nut. Ceiling anchors made of galvanized steel fix metal profiles, facades, railings, gratings, on a concrete or stone base without cracks.

The frame anchor is designed for fixing frames and door frames made of wood and metal to a brick or concrete base.

Bolt

Bolts are cylindrical metal fasteners with a metric male thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The head of the bolt can be in the form of a hex, a cylinder, or a sphere. Bolts allow you to create a connection with a nut or a pre-drilled threaded hole in the part to be connected.

A stepped bolt differs in that the diameter of its thread is less than the diameter of the smooth part. The foundation bolt has a specially shaped head to help secure the equipment directly to the base.

The most widespread is the hexagon socket head bolt. Bolt sizes vary.

A fastener, such as a bolt, is usually inserted into a pre-made through hole in the parts to be fastened, then a nut is screwed onto the thread, and the parts are tightened with a wrench. The frictional force allows the connection to be secured. To transfer part of the load to the bolt, the maximum precision in the manufacture of the rod and the hole for it in the parts is required. To prevent the parts from deforming, washers are placed under the bolt head and nut. Bolt sizes allow you to find the right fastener for any application.

Nail

The material for making ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. Two numbers are included in the marking of nails: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The head of the nail is either smooth or grooved. Screw, club and grooved nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the rod. Such nails offer more resistance to pulling out.

Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls. True, when working with them, it is necessary to take into account their increased fragility. For fastening to rigid bases, roofing, wallpaper, plaster nails are used. They come with a flat, wider head than conventional nails, and a shorter shank. In corrosive environments, copper nails can be used, which almost do not corrode, as well as galvanized or alloy steel.

The operation of driving nails has its own specifics. In order for a nail to be hammered efficiently, a number of requirements must be followed.

To prevent dents on the parts in the process of driving in nails, you need to use a countersink. For the fastening to be strong, the nail shank must go 2/3 of the length into the lower part to be fastened. When hammering in small nails, it is best to use assistive devices. To make the joints of the parts to be connected stronger, it is better to hammer the nail at an angle. When using thick nails, to avoid splitting the board, you need to blunt the sharp end a little. If you plan to hang any load on a nail driven into the wall, it must be hammered not perpendicular to the wall, but at an angle from top to bottom.

The nail that has gone through must be carefully bent using a triangular file. In order not to damage the surface of the parts when pulling out nails with pliers, you need to use a plate that fits under the pliers, reducing the pressure on the part. If further dismantling of parts is planned, it is preferable to use screws rather than nails.

In some cases, liquid nails are used to fasten products. They are made from polymeric materials and rubber. Liquid nails are able to provide sufficient strength of fasteners no worse than metal ones. One drop of this type of nails can withstand a force of 50 kg. But their main advantage is the preservation of the integrity of the decorative surface. The scope of liquid nails is very wide. They are used for gluing to various surfaces of wall and ceiling panels, drywall, chipboard, fiberboard, wood, cardboard, ceramics, stucco decorations, glass, metal and many other materials.

When buying liquid nails, you need to be careful. Different grades of this material have a certain degree of adhesion.

It is advisable to use liquid nails:

with high humidity in the room;
for temperatures not lower than -10 0 C.

For example, neutral nails are harmless as they are based on a water solution. However, they cannot be used to glue metal. They do not like freezing temperatures either. Nails based on organic solvents have an increased speed of setting and can withstand temperatures down to -20 ° C. Their disadvantage is the presence of volatile harmful substances in the composition. Within 5 days after application, they emit an unpleasant odor. The setting of liquid nails takes place in a period of 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the brand. However, they completely polymerize only after a day.

Screws

In order for the screws to fulfill their function of reliable fasteners in full, it is necessary to select their size and type correctly. So, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their shaft tapers towards the end and serves as a drill. This type of fastener cannot be driven in like nails - they are screwed in completely. Before using small screws, a puncture is first made with an awl. Larger screws will be easier to screw in if you first make a slightly smaller hole with a drill.

Screws are used to connect metal structures. The head of the screw facilitates the clamping of the parts to be connected, and its shape is chosen such that the screw can be easily tightened using a wrench or screwdriver. Screw heads can be hex, semicircular or countersunk. There is a chamfer on the flat end of the screw to prevent thread entry.

Screw - A fastener that is screwed into a threaded hole. In some cases, a hole is drilled at the end of the screw for using a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular cross-section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.

Often a washer is installed between the part and the nut, the inner hole of which allows the screw shaft to pass through. If the screw is corroded, a hammer or special crimps are used to remove it. Heating the nut with a gas torch or blowtorch can often help. If open fire is prohibited for any reason, you can use a hot iron rod or a large soldering iron.

screw

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole cut inside. The most widely used are galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts is hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with projections for fingers. The main purpose of the nut is to connect parts using a bolt.

Varieties of nuts:

hex;
square;
"Lamb";
flanged with a groove for a cotter pin in the form of a cap;
T-shaped, with plastic insert.

It is also worth noting that the nuts are also divided according to the strength class in accordance with the bolts with which it is used.

Dowel

Dowels are used for fastening in solid wall bases. The dowel fastening is based on the principle of friction caused by the expansion of the fastener during installation with the generation of a holding force. The dowel is capable of withstanding large static loads. With dowel mounting, the fasteners are destroyed during the pulling process. The dowel is made of polymers. Their physical and mechanical properties can vary greatly depending on various factors. These are the characteristics of the filler, the ratio of the components, the parameters of the binder. The disadvantages of polymers include low heat resistance, tendency to deformation under load, aging.

Only screws correctly selected for the dowel can withstand the maximum load. They must have a maximum permissible length and diameter corresponding to the length and thickness of the dowel. When using other fasteners, the thread profile is of great importance, since it determines the expansion effect. The use of self-tapping screws and screws for fastening drywall sheets is not recommended.

A number of manufacturers are engaged in the manufacture of dowels that allow the installation of screws with metric threads. The greatest locking is achieved with a dowel in concrete, stone and other solid solid materials. It should be borne in mind that the hole for installing the dowel must be drilled in accordance with the recommendations for depth, diameter and distance from the edge. As a result of drilling the hole, there should be no cracks or chips. The hole should also be cleaned from debris and dust.

Among the offers of manufacturing companies, you can find varieties of dowels with increased length, necessary for soft and hollow materials. When installed in such a base, fixing is achieved by fixing the internal stop of the parts. For installation in hollow materials, the fastening is based on a combination of friction and an internal stop. It is necessary to take into account all the factors that determine the reliability of the fastening in all their interconnection.

Rivet

A part such as a combined type blind rivet consists of an aluminum body and a rod made of galvanized steel. This design is the most common. The purpose of the rivet is to join two or more surfaces of a thin sheet. The need for a rivet arises in cases where a permanent connection with a power tool is required, when access on the side of the closing head of the rivet is limited or closed.

There is also a rivet pull nut - a fastener that is widely used in mechanical engineering and electronics. The rivet nut is designed to create threaded connections in metal and other thin materials of high strength. Among the rivets, the most durable are steel rivets. Steel rivets are protected from corrosion by galvanizing.

Threaded rivets differ from conventional blind rivets in that they not only connect sheet materials to each other, but also have an internal screw thread.

Quality threaded rivets are installed in places that are difficult to reach with a tool as simple as a riveter.

Since the choice of rivet lengths and diameters is very wide, the search for the best one for the task must be carried out by marking on the product.

Self-tapping screw

To fasten parts of small thickness made of metal to wooden or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws with frequent threads are used. Fastening of insulation, fiberboard, wooden parts is done with self-tapping screws with large threads. With its tip in the shape of a drill, it is able to independently make holes in the parts to be fastened. If a self-tapping screw is screwed into a hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws with a sharp tip are used. A universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten drywall sheets to sheet metal profiles. A universal white self-tapping screw is used for fastening steel, plastic and wood materials. Self-tapping screws are the most widely used fasteners for timber structures.

Washer

The washer is made from cold rolled steel strip. It is a round plate with an inner hole and is used to increase the strength of bolted connections by placing a bolt or nut under the head. Thanks to the rivet, the clamping surface of the parts to be fastened increases, which makes it possible to protect the surfaces to be joined from deformation when tightening the nut.

Hairpin

A hairpin is a fastener that has the shape of a cylindrical rod, with an external thread cut either along its entire length or at the ends. Such a connection is used if none of the materials involved in the connection have threads. Further, the connection is fixed by means of a nut, sometimes supplemented with a washer. The use of studs as a fastener is detrimental to the appearance of the product.

Screw

A screw is a rod-shaped fastener that has an external thread with a tapered point and a head at the other end. It has the ability to create new carvings in plastic or wood products. Screws - hardware, fasteners, which have found the most widespread use in construction and finishing work. They also cannot be replaced during the installation of plasterboard sheets on a metal or wood frame.

Various types of screws are also used in roofing and facade works for joining metal sheets. The roof screw has a hexagonal head and is supplied with a plain washer and a sealing washer, the latter being made of weather-resistant rubber. This type of screw is made painted and comes in 18 colors, helping to give the building an aesthetic appearance.

Each type of fastener is manufactured to perform specific functions. This explains the wide variety that fasteners delight in. The price of hardware is different and can range from 2-3 rubles to several thousand rubles apiece, but they are often sold by kilograms.

Fasteners are designed for specific materials and parts. So, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal to drywall, two metal products, or metal to wood parts.

Furniture fasteners are used to efficiently assemble and install interior elements. Depending on the place of fixation and the method of connection, there are several varieties. These elements allow not only to facilitate the assembly and installation procedure, but will also be invisible after the completion of the process.

The design and type of fasteners will depend on the purpose of the furniture on which it is fixed. Elements can hold the product together inside, creating its frame, as well as fix the base of the furniture to the wall or floor. Today, the following types of fasteners are used:

Furniture corner;
Confirmate;
Shkant;
Screeds;
Shelf supports;

Each of these types has its own characteristics and features that distinguish them from each other. To find out which element is necessary for assembling furniture, it is recommended to consider in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each category.

Furniture corner

Such an element is a simple and outdated type of furniture fastener. It would seem that if a part is outdated, then why talk about it? It's simple - such a corner is useful for novice collectors. He will also become an assistant in the independent design of furniture products and subsequent assembly. In addition, no special equipment or skills are required for its installation. According to the production material, 2 types of furniture corners are distinguished:

Plastic - fastened with self-tapping screws, has a more miniature appearance and is relatively light in weight. Such a corner is convenient to use for screed lightweight furniture boards or to support furniture parts;
Metal - has stiffening ribs and is produced at an angle of 90 degrees. To fix the part, use plastic or metal screws and couplings. On one side of the corner there are holes, on the opposite side there are grooves.

Such fasteners are used to tie the roof or bottom of the wardrobe compartment with its walls or when assembling cabinet kitchen furniture. The plastic versions are equipped with a special plug that gives the product a finished look. Metal are considered affordable and very durable. From the disadvantages of fastening, one can distinguish the gradual loosening of surfaces fixed with corners, as well as an unattractive appearance.

Plastic

Confirmation

This is the name used to refer to ordinary screws for furniture. In another way, they are called Euroscrews, as well as Euroscrews. The fastener is easy to install and does not require precision; a screwdriver or drill is required to fix it. In the screw head there is a hole for a hex wrench, which is also necessary for work.

To install this part, you need to drill two holes: one in the end face of the part, and the other in the element that will be attached. The ease of assembling furniture with the help of a confirmation allows the furniture maker to drill holes on the spot. It takes a minimum of time to complete the work. You can simplify the process as much as possible if you use a special drill for confirmation for installation. However, many furniture makers claim that over time, this device looses, and the cutters become clogged with wood shavings. Therefore, for frequent use, standard drills are used.

The most popular and used confirmation is the size 7x50 mm. Below are the pros and cons of using this fastener.

Based on the specified information, it should be noted that these furniture mounts are comfortable and reliable. But if you can use them, then it is better to give preference to the eccentric coupler.

Dowel

Hidden fastening types are a feature of furniture assembled with dowels. It is a small wooden cylinder, its dimensions are often 35x8 mm. The first number indicates the height of the element, and the second indicates the diameter of the fastener. The essence of fastening with dowels is as follows:

Holes are drilled in each of the two parts;
The holes must be coaxial - that is, coincide at the axis location;
A dowel is inserted into one hole, which only half penetrates into the depth;
On the dowel protruding from the furniture part, the second furniture part is put on - this is how their screed takes place.

In order for the connection to have increased strength, the hole is treated with PVA glue, which additionally fixes the dowels and makes them motionless. A big plus of this type of furniture fastener is that it remains invisible: it cannot be seen from the outside or from the inside. The dowel joint has some disadvantages: it is done once, so it is extremely difficult to disassemble such furniture without damage. The second disadvantage is that precise drilling of holes is required for a perfect fit of the two components. This nuance gives rise to the need for the use of special devices.

The fixtures for installing dowels are called jigs. They can be factory-made or home-made. The former are considered the best in quality, but the latter can be made independently.

Screeds

Today there are two main types of furniture screed - eccentric and intersectional. It is necessary to consider in more detail each of these types separately:

Eccentric coupler - this element is used only in the conditions of factory assembly of furniture. To put it on a furniture board, you must use a device for drilling an exact hole. The main advantage of such fasteners is the ability to remain invisible, then the furniture acquires a neat and attractive appearance. Another advantage, compared to confirms, is that such furniture fasteners allow you to assemble and disassemble furniture several times without losing its rigidity. In addition, with the help of an eccentric tie, it is possible to fasten parts at an angle;
Intersectional coupler - represented by a screw and a nut, with the help of which two perpendicular furniture elements are pulled together. It is convenient to fix the headboard and the bottom of the bed, as well as tabletops, with an intersectional coupler. It is necessary to choose fasteners based on the dimensions of the chipboard thickness.

The most popular size of screeds is 32 mm, but this figure can be up to 50 mm.

Eccentric

Intersectional

Shelf supports

A large number of shelf supports allows them to be divided into 2 subgroups: for chipboard and glass parts. In furniture showrooms, you can find many models where glass is harmoniously combined with a wooden base. In order to qualitatively pull together two materials of different composition, shelf supports are used.

Each of the types can be separately divided into two more categories: with and without fixation. Let's take a closer look at how to fix glass in furniture, as well as how to use a chipboard shelf holder.

When installing shelves in a cabinet or cabinet, shelf holders are indispensable. They should ideally match the style of furniture, be combined with the general principles of the interior.

Previously, the bolt-nut system was widely used to fix furniture parts. With this connection, a hole was drilled in both surfaces where the bolt was threaded. On the other side of the cabinet wall, this bolt was fixed with a nut. Today, a screw with a nut is also used - it is the simplest type of connection for furniture parts. The screw is equipped with a semicircular head, which, after being connected to the nut, does not rotate, but remains stationary. This fastener is easy to use, but with the advent of new materials, it faded into the background. Bolts with nuts are suitable for use by craftsmen at the initial assembly level.

The advantages of such fasteners are:

The possibility of self-assembly;
Parts availability;
The possibility of reusable assembly and disassembly of furniture.

Among the minuses, the visibility of the mounts can be distinguished, which is why they have ceased to be relevant. Another significant drawback is the ability to connect only parallel surfaces.

Types, depending on the material to which it is attached

Modern manufacturers today use not only chipboard for the manufacture of furniture. Glass, metal parts, and plastic elements are widely used. Fasteners for furniture made of chipboard were considered throughout the entire material, and options for screed objects from other raw materials are discussed below:

Glass - self-tapping-type holders are used, which are screwed into a wall made of concrete or drywall. With their help, shelves and mirror surfaces are fixed without damaging the coating of the part. For glass doors on a curbstone, the use of furniture hinges is suitable;
Metal - screw fasteners are used to connect the shelves of metal racks. They are screwed into the posts using a drill or screwdriver. An attractive plug is installed on the front side;
Plastic - Plastic parts can be fixed with any chipboard fastener.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the dovetail mount - it is used to connect boxes. The essence of the connection consists in cutting out a comb surface on each part, which is inserted into another part, as a result, butt fixation is obtained. Choose only the type of attachment that best suits your needs. Before buying, be sure to calculate the thickness of the material so that during the assembly process the screws and self-tapping screws do not protrude on the surface.

Fasteners for special purposes are used to connect various structures, as well as in complex mechanisms, where standard fasteners are not suitable. They are made of high quality solid steel that can withstand high mechanical stress. Special fasteners, like regular fasteners, have metric or inch threads.

What are special fasteners

In fact, there are not so many special fasteners. All available products can be divided into two categories - rigid fixation and rigging.

Rigid fixing elements are used to connect fixed products, and rigging are used to fix cables or ropes. Special fasteners are presented on the market with an extensive assortment of various variations, which have the simplest design, but differ in size and other non-essential characteristics, which allows them to be grouped into categories.

Fasteners rigid fixation

Rigid fasteners include only three product categories:

Hairpins.
Fittings.
Bosses.

Hairpin

The hairpin is a threaded metal rod. Such fasteners are of various sizes and are made of metals with a wide range of hardness, therefore, they differ in physical and mechanical properties. Large studs are used for foundation work. With their help, the metal frame is attached to the concrete, and the stands of advertising billboards are fixed to the blocks. There are only two main categories of studs:

Double-sided thread.
Full threaded.

Bilateral the studs have a clean, unthreaded area in the center. There is a right-hand thread from one end of the stud, and a left-hand thread from the other. This design is often used to mount a cylinder head in a vehicle. Part of the fastener is screwed into the aluminum engine block, and a head is threaded onto the free end, which is clamped with nuts.

Full thread the studs have the same type of thread that runs from edge to edge. You can screw a nut onto them and scroll along the entire length. Classic threaded clamps work according to this principle. Such pins are widely used in construction to create various structures. In particular, they are used for the installation of sandwich panels, etc.

Union

A union is a common special fastener that is used to connect pipes to pipes or hoses. The main condition is the presence of a thread on at least one element. They are usually used in water and gas pipelines. Also household appliances that use water or gas are connected with the help of fittings. There are fittings on washing machines, dishwashers, gas stoves, boilers, etc.

There are four categories of fittings:

Connecting.
Welded.
Swivel.
Transient.

Connective the fitting is a metal tube of various lengths, at both ends of which an external thread is rolled. The nipple is inserted between two pipes with prepared female threads and screwed onto them. Since the threads are opposite, when the union is turned, it enters simultaneously into both ends of the pipes. In its center there is a groove for a wrench. There are also fittings with an internal thread, which, on the contrary, are screwed onto the tubes.

Welded the fitting is a metal tube, on the outside of one of the ends of which a thread is cut. The clean edge is welded to the unthreaded pipe using electric welding. Another threaded pipe is screwed onto the other end of the fastener. The use of such an element allows you to make a water or gas branch, or simply lengthen the pipe. Often, such fasteners do not have a metric, but an inch thread, which is used in engineering systems.

Turning the nipple has a movable design that allows the hose flange to rotate. The use of such a fastener is very convenient in cases where it is not desirable to allow the hose to be twisted when twisting the fitting.

Transitional the fitting is almost the same special fastener as the connecting piece, but with a slight difference. Its ends have different diameters. This makes it possible to connect pipes of different thickness.

Lugs

The boss is similar in design to the spigot, but still has some differences. It is a tall nut that is screwed onto a tube - for example, to connect measuring equipment such as a pressure gauge. Along the entire surface of the boss there is a hexagonal groove for the possibility of tightening with a wrench. The connection thread is inside the tube. The diameter of the outlet holes on different sides of the fastener may differ. The thread for connecting to the pipe is often made in inch format, and for the pressure gauge in metric format. The lugs are made from stainless steel or copper alloys.

Rigging fasteners

Rigging special fasteners are more diverse than the classic ones:

Brace.
Lanyards.
Carbines.
Hooks.
Clamps.
Koushi.
Blocks.
Swivels.
Eye nuts and bolts.

Staple is a curved rod, the edges of which are connected by a finger or a transverse bolt and nut. This is a very common fastener that allows a reliable connection of the cable to various supports. It is made of solid steel and zinc plated. There are both small staples and quite large ones.

Lanyard is a screw tie that allows you to create a strong tension during rotation with minimal effort. This element is a frame or ring with metal rods screwed into its body. One of them ends with a hook, and the second with a ring. When rotating the frames, the rods are screwed inward, which ensures the creation of tension. This is a reusable system that can perform as well as a hydraulic jack, but for an interference rather than a lift.

Carbine Is an element for quick connection of chains and cables. It is a metal rod bent and connected by its ends, at one end of which there is a special spring mechanism that holds the removable segment. By moving the segment back, a cable ring or a chain link can be brought into the carabiner.

Hook is a metal rod, at one end of which there is a thread, and the other is twisted in a half ring. It screws into a variety of materials such as wood or dowels and holds suspended elements. There are also designs in which a ring is used instead of a hook. It is necessary to use such special fasteners with care, since the hook can be straightened under the influence of a large weight.

Clamp for cable is a metal plate into which a curved rod is inserted in the form of a bracket. Nuts are screwed at its ends. The clamp allows you to create a secure loop of the cable that will not break. It is enough to insert the double-folded cable into the holes of the clamp and tighten the bolts.

Koushi are an insert made of a metal rod bent in the shape of a triangle or drop. They are used to increase the bend radius when creating rope knots. Thimbles are an alternative to clasps for making loops. They are cheaper and, when knotted correctly, provide a stronger connection. Their only drawback is that you have to use quite a lot of rope to prepare the knot. Often, thimbles are used in conjunction with clamps when guaranteed strength is needed.

Block is a special fastener that is used for lifting work. In its design, a pulley is provided into which a cable or rope can be inserted. By obtaining the axis of rotation, it is easier to apply forces to lift the weight.

Depending on the design, the unit can be one-piece or folding. If it is solid, then in order to carry out the work, it is necessary to first wind the end of the cable like a thread into the eye of a needle. In the hinged design, everything is much simpler. On its side there is a special segment that can be pushed back to wind a rope or cable without having to look for an end, which is especially convenient if a long coil is used.

Swivel is a steel ring with a metal rod inserted into the side hole, with a small ring at the end. The use of a swivel prevents the rope or rope from twisting. This fastener allows you to extend the life of the used coil and damp the swing. When the cable is turned inside out, the swivel is simply turned, thereby compensating for such actions, avoiding kinking. Similar to a rigging swivel, but in miniature can be found on a leash for walking dogs, and bags. Also, the swivel is used in fishing tackle.

Eye bolts and eye nuts are a bolt or nut to which the ring is welded. This design has much in common with a lifting hook, but is more reliable. All its elements are firmly welded together. This eliminates the straightening of the bend, which is a common hook problem. Eye nuts and bolts come in a variety of sizes. They are always made from steel only.