Types of foxglove. Digitalis grandiflora, rusty, woolly, yellow, ciliated. The use of digitalis in the household. Infusion of leaves foxglove large-flowered
Other plant names:
ural foxglove, foxglove large-flowered, foxteum, natyagach, creeping flowers.
The name of the plant was due to the similarity of its flowers - bells with thimbles.
Short description of the foxglove large-flowered:
Digitalis large-flowered (Ural, large-flowered) - This is a perennial herb. The stem is straight, unbranched in height from 40 to 120 cm, covered with soft hairs.
Bees and birds are common pollinators: both have color vision, so they choose attractive color flowers. Some flowers have patterns called guiding nectars, which appear in the ultraviolet spectrum visible to bees, but not to humans. Flowers also attract pollinator scent. The stamen position ensures that the pollen grains are transferred to the pollinator body. Collecting nectar from several flowers of the same species, the pollinator carries pollen between them.
Other flowers are fertilized by the wind and do not need to attract pollinating agents that tend to have separate fragrances. Flowers pollinated by the wind are called anemophiles. Thus, entomophilous pollen is usually sticky and coarser, still containing a significant portion of the protein. Anemophilous flowers usually have a small, very light grain and little nutritional value for insects.
From the rhizome spring comes rosette spear, on the edge of the toothed leaves. The leaves are alternate, pale green, pubescent, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly serrate, smooth on top, covered with fine silver hairs on the bottom along the veins. The lower ones sit on long petioles, the middle ones - on short ones, the upper ones are tight to the stalk. Sheet length from 5 to 20 cm, width from 2 to 6 cm.
There are many controversies regarding the responsibility for flowers with allergies. The flower is divided into parts, which. Bowl: Leaves are formed, usually green and called sepals. Corolla: formed by modified leaves, colored and called petals. Stamens: these are modified leaves formed by connective, dust collecting and fillets. Therefore, since the duster is part of the stamen and the collection of stamens and androc, this means that the androcepical part of the flower is responsible for the production of pollen.
Shortly after fertilization, the sepal flower, petals, stamens, stigma and stele dry up and fall. The ovary of the penis and eggs develop. The ovary becomes a fruit, the eggs become seeds. There are four types of fruit. Simple fruits: it is arranged with one ovary with an orange, grapes and peach. Many fruits: these fruits are formed from the ovaries of many flowers growing on one branch. Like pineapple. Pseudo fruits: cashews, apples and strawberries claim that they are fruits, aren't they? They seem to be, but they are not true fruits, because true ones come from the ovary of a flower.
The flowers are large, up to 3–3.5 cm long, collected in a simple brush, yellow, to almost brown, inside with brown specks, coming out of the axils of the spear-shaped bracts on pedicels. Sepals are spear-shaped, gilded. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, covered with gilded hairs outside. The fruit is an egg-shaped box. It blooms from June to July (sometimes until September).
And in this case, the fruit develops in a flower flower stalk and comes from the recipient. Compound fruits: There are flowers that have only one ant and others that have more than one loop, and when a flower has more than one loop, it is called a compound fruit.
When someone talks about flowers, angiospasm is soon associated, that is, all angiosperms have flowers for reproduction. Color reproduction can be sexy, i.e. reproduction by gamete. Plants can have asexual and sexual reproduction, but in the case of flowers, they are reproduced only sexually, because there is a genetic load exchange and sexual gametes appear. The flowers are reproduced by pollination, when the flower is not a hermaphrodite, the pollen must somehow be weighed onto another flower, and soon nature sets up some way to get to another flower.
Places of growth:
In the wild state, foxglove is found in sparse deciduous forests, along their edges, between shrubs. Distributed in the Urals, in Western Siberia, the foothills of the Altai, in the European part of Russia, in the Pre-Caucasus, in Ukraine. Digitalis grandiflora - photophilous forest plant, can grow in partial shade. It lives in light forests, on clearings in forest edges. Now it is successfully cultivated as a medicinal, ornamental plant.
A flower must pollinate in some way, and the way it is reproduced is pollination and has several ways to pollinate a flower. Self-pollination, autogamy or direct pollination: transfer of pollen from androceta to the same flower. It rarely occurs in peas, tobacco, cotton, and many grains, with the exception of corn and rye.
Anemophilous plants produce large amounts of pollen, such as corn, which produces 50 million pollen grains. Wind can carry pollen from a great distance. Anemophilous plants need a large amount of pollen, because most of the pollen will dodge and will not reach the plant, and the more pollen, the greater the likelihood that they will reach the plant.
Other types of digitalis are also used in medicine: purple, rusty, woolly, ciliated foxglove, Shishkin.
Digitalis preparation:
For medicinal purposes, use only the leaves collected during flowering. In the first year of plant life, leaves are harvested 1–3 times per summer, in the second - no more than 1 time, immediately after flowering. Dry at 50–60 ° C in the shade in the air, or in a dryer, or in attics under a metal roof, with good ventilation, folding it in a thin layer and constantly stirring.
Pollinating insects or pollinating ethinomophil: Insects are attracted to nectaries, which reproduce nectar, rich aromas and bright colors of flowers. While visiting a flower, an insect tries to rub involuntarily into stamens, and they cover the pollen and look for another flower to touch the stigma of another flower.
In tropical regions, hummingbirds are the most famous. Test of water or hydrophilic pollination: the pollen fell into the water and soon fell into another plant and pollinated. A flower, a reproductive organ of some plants, which produces fruits that, in turn, surround the seeds.
The chemical composition of digitalis grandiflora:
The leaves contain cardiac glycosides digitoxin, gitoksin, gitonin, purpureoglycosides A, B and C, steroid saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthraquinones, potassium salts and other substances. An increase in the solubility of cardiac glycosides and the rate of their absorption through the gastric mucosa is promoted by the saponins that make up the leaves of the foxglove. Cardiac glycosides are little destroyed by the enzymes of the stomach and are well absorbed in the alimentary canal, being excreted mainly by the kidneys.
A flower is an end branch consisting of a modified stem: a flower axis or a vessel. The flower axis has from one to four types of specialized applications or modified leaves, usually located in verticals in the most developed flowers and in spirals in the most primitive ones.
In typical color, the outer screw or cup is formed by several sepals. The next curl, androids, groups several stamens, which produce in the anthers the pollen necessary for reproduction. The innermost screw is a ginekum, formed by several fruits, often welded in a pistil. Each droplet contains at least one placenta in which eggs or immature seeds are located. The bowl and the corolla together form the perianth. The relative position of the flower pieces is variable.
All of these active ingredients form the basis of the chemical composition of the large-flowered foxglove (Ural foxglove).
Pharmacological properties of digitalis grandiflora:
The pharmacological properties of digitalis are determined by its chemical composition.
Digitalis is considered the best remedy for the treatment of severe circulatory disorders, chronic heart failure of various origins, paroxysmal tachycardia. The main value of digitalis glycosides is that they have a beneficial effect on the heart, especially if it is weakened. At therapeutic doses, the foxglove causes an increase in systolic contractions of the heart and an increase in the tone of the heart muscle. At the same time, the duration of systole is reduced. The systolic effect is associated with the direct influence of the digitalis on the heart muscle, on its tissue metabolism.
In the hypoglinic flower, the sepals form the lower waver, and then in ascending order - petals, stamens and pistils. In the flower of pomegranate, a bowl surrounds the ginezium, and other floral pieces are inserted on the border. In the epigenic flower the corolla is fixed in the ginecium, and other floral pieces are located in the upper part of the ovary.
Baldness, the common name for division or type, which contains plants with a flower that make up the dominant plant form of life. This group includes almost all shrubs and herbaceous plants, most trees, except pine and other conifers, and more specialized plants, such as succulents, epiphytes and aquatic plants.
The diastolic is also attached to the direct systolic action of digitalis. It manifests itself in lengthening diastole and slowing the rate of heart contractions. Due to this, the intervals between individual systoles increase, and during the extended diastole more blood flows into the ventricles. The stroke volume of the heart increases, the blood flow increases.
The most characteristic element of angiosperms is the flower, the function of which is to ensure the reproduction of the plant through the formation of seeds. They are formed from an egg cell surrounded by an ovary, which, as the fertilizer of a seed grows, develops until it becomes a fruit.
They are native species of tropical and subtropical regions and are usually found in greenhouses; few rough enough to withstand outside in hot summer. Jasmine is part of a group of deciduous shrubs and lianas and perennial woody stems characteristic of temperate and tropical regions. It is grown its flowers, attractive and fragrant. He enjoys sunshine and fertile, well-drained soils.
The digitalis lowers conductivity along the Riesz beam, as a result of which the gap between atrial and ventricular contractions is extended.
Under the influence of digitalis, the vessels of the abdominal organs are constricted and the muscles, skin, brain and kidney are dilated. Blood pressure is normal. With stagnation and low blood pressure, it increases as cardiac activity improves, with increased blood flow, it decreases slightly.
The fruit of the plant is a mature and thickened ovary. A grain of pollen grows into a stigma, grows in style and penetrates the egg cell, where it can be fertilized. If fertilization occurs, the egg turns into a seed and a vessel that protects the bulge of the ovary and forms the flesh or flesh of the fetus.
Chamomile grows slowly; reaches a height of 20 cm, and the flower - 2, 5 cm in diameter. Some varieties are grown as ornamental. The flower is made up of four types of modified leaves. The cups that surround the button are the outermost parts. Next come the petals that attract pollinators both in color and smell, emitted by certain glands. More internally there are one or two rounds of pollen-forming ducts, which are male reproductive organs. Pestles formed by stigma, style, ovary and egg are the innermost parts.
Digitalis also has a diuretic effect and improves digestion.
The use of digitalis in medicine, the treatment of digitalis:
Digitalis and its preparations improve the general condition of cardiac patients, relieve discomfort in the heart area, reduce congestion, increase blood flow velocity, reduce pulse, stop shortness of breath and swelling.
Carpel receives pollen grain and, if fertilization occurs, forms a fetus. Flowering plants use wind, insects, birds, bats and other mammals to transport pollen from the male to the female. Many plant species developed in close connection with some animals that provide pollination; In the tropical forest there are plants pollinated solely by certain types of insects, birds or bat. Are bees looking for products that offer flowers? sweet and sweet nectar? and pollen, a source of protein, vitamins and minerals.
For disorders of the nervous system, hysteria useful tincture.
With valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, as a diuretic for edema, digitalis is prescribed. This is one of the most potent cardiac funds.
In folk medicine, the ethereal extract exhibits antitumor and antibacterial activity.
When a bee puts its head in the nectar glands at the base of the flower, pollen sticks to its body or hind legs. When a bee visits the next flower, the pollen usually falls on the organs of the latter. This is cross-pollination. Pollinating, passing pollen from stamens or male flower structures to stigma of the pistil, which is the female structure. When pollen passes from the stamen to the stigma of the same flower, they say in self pollination or autogamy; Cross-pollination or alogamia is the passage of pollen from the stamens from one flower to another from the same plant or from another plant of the same species.
Dosage forms, method of use and dosage of digitalis grandiflora drugs:
Effective drugs and forms used in the treatment of many diseases are made from foxglove leaves. Consider the main ones.
Digitalis is used in the form of powders, tablets, water infusion, alcohol tincture, and special, cleared of ballast substances, neogalenic preparations Cordigit, digitoside, digipuren, lantoside, digitoxin, gitalen.
Our technical equipment includes
Wind is the most common cross-pollination agent. Bees and other insects, birds and bats are also carriers of pollen.
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The gardening trade follows the general political situation.Gardening seems to be largely stable and optimistic, despite many economic and political uncertainties in the markets. Despite Brexit, the Russian embargo and terror, the world of flowers and plants still revolves, although not always after traditional orbits.
Infusion of leaves foxglove large-flowered:
Boil 200 ml of boiling water 1 g of crushed leaves, insist 1 hour, strain. Assign adults inside 1 tbsp. l 3-4 times a day. For children, the infusion of leaves is prepared in a ratio of 0.1–0.4 g per 100 ml of water. Assign 1 teaspoon or dessert spoon, depending on the age of the child. Infusion and decoction is used as a diuretic and sedative for edema of cardiac origin, hypertension, as well as for ascites, hemorrhoids, jaundice, rheumatism.
The characteristics of recent years in world trade still persist. Their growth in terms of value corresponds exactly to 5, 3% of the total growth. The fact that the import quota grows faster than its value indicates that the trend of recent years towards higher-quality products no longer persists. On the other hand, the long-term transition process for supplier countries continues.
Compared with the previous year, this is a decrease of 3, 1%. At the same time, it is worth noting an increase of 5, 1%, which applies to all varieties of flowers and plants. The overall balance shows a trade surplus of about 300 million euros in flowers and plants.
Foxglove leaf powder:
Crushed into fine powder leaves digitalis grandiflora is prescribed inside for adults at a dose of 0.05–0.1 g per reception, 2-3 times a day.
The maximum dose of digitalis powder for adults: one-time - 0.1 g, daily - 0.5 g. Leaf powder is used externally as a wound-healing agent for bone fractures.
Russia and Switzerland remain the countries with the strongest demand for European flowers and ornamental plants. In the minor opinion, the decline in exports to Russia is offset by growth in other target markets. That is why more and more countries, such as Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, or even Japan, will increasingly be sought. The ranking of various markets for the cost of sales remains unchanged.
Especially the value of exports in the Netherlands, but also in Germany, shows a record level and can make the industry optimistic. Brexit - what's new in the West !? For suppliers and traders from the Netherlands, as well as from Germany, Italy, Denmark and Belgium, the British were one of the most important trading partners. This corresponds to 80 percent of all cut flowers imported by the British, and 70 percent of all imported plants.
Contraindications of a large-flowered foxglove:
All parts of the foxglove large-flowered are very poisonous, especially the leaves. Digitalis is contraindicated in compensated heart defects, coronary insufficiency, cardiac conduction abnormalities, dramatic changes in the heart with degeneration of the heart muscle and marked atherosclerosis, and endocarditis with a tendency to embolism.
Digitalis has a cumulative property. Prolonged use of even small doses leads to a dangerous accumulation of its active principles and to poisoning.
The main symptoms of cardiac glycoside poisoning are:
- disorders of the cardiovascular system: bradyarrhythmia, extrasystole, atrial and ventricular fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia, atrio-ventricular blockade, ventricular fibrillation, hypotension;
- disorders of the central nervous system: headache, dizziness, tinnitus, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, delirium, convulsions;
- disorders of the urinary system: oliguria, anuria;
- disorders of the digestive system: nausea, hiccups, uncontrollable vomiting, colicky pain in the stomach, diarrhea;
- disorders of the respiratory system: shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, cyanosis;
- violation of thermoregulation: chills, cold extremities;
- disorders of other systems: scratching and burning in the throat, oral cavity.
Assistance to the victim in case of poisoning with cardiac glycosides:
In case of poisoning with glycosidic plants, the stomach should be washed (through a tube) with a suspension of activated carbon (20–30 g per 1 l of water) or 0.2–0.5% solutions of tannin. Saline laxatives are introduced (magnesium, sodium sulfate up to 25 g); cleansing enemas. Assign potassium chloride (2–2,5 g intravenous drip in 0.5 l of 5% glucose solution, but not more than 1.5 l per day).
As antiarrhythmic drugs (atrial fibrillation), procainamide can be used (3-5 ml of a 10% solution intravenously; 0.5–1 g regularly every 2 hours), quinidine sulfate (0.2 g 3-4 times a day ); with extrasystolic arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, the appointment of a 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate (0.5–1 ml subcutaneously) is indicated, and with paroxysmal tachycardia, inderal (0.025 g 3-4 times a day).
The rhythm driver is also used to eliminate the atrioventricular block.
To eliminate the general toxic and toxic effects on the myocardium, a 5% solution of Unithiol is injected (1 ml / 10 kg body weight according to the following scheme: 1st day — 3-4 times, 2nd time — 3 times and 3-7 times Ea day - 1–2 times intramuscularly), potassium chloride (1 g in powder, 2–4 powders per milk on the 1st day, and 1 powder 3 times a day the next).
Assign caffeine-sodium benzoate (1–2 ml of a 10–20% solution subcutaneously), camphor (1–2 ml of a 20% solution subcutaneously), cordiamine (1 ml subcutaneously or intravenously). From antihistamines and desensitizing agents, diprazine is shown in a dose of 0.25 g, 1 tablet 2-3 times a day. When excited, chloral hydrate is administered in an enema (0.5 g) and chlorpromazine (1–2 ml of a 2.5% aqueous solution intramuscularly).
Hypoxia is eliminated by oxygen therapy: in case of violation of urination, aminophylline is used (10 ml of a 2.4% solution intravenously); to combat the dehydration of the body, an isotonic solution of sodium chlorine and 5% glucose solution is administered parenterally, drip, intravenously.
Introduction of emetic means (with vomiting - swallowing ice in small pieces), as well as adrenaline and noradrenaline hydrotartrate, which cause ventricular fibrillation, are contraindicated.
Use of digitalis in the household:
The leaves of foxglove large-flowered are used in folk veterinary medicine in the form of powder, bolus, porridge, water infusion (1: 400). Doses inside: cattle - 2-6 g; horses - from 1 to 5 g; small cattle and pigs - 0.2–1 g; dogs - 0.03–0.5 g. 2–3 times a day for 4–6 days.
Digitalis preparations prescribed by certain schemes under the supervision of a veterinarian.
A bit of history:
The foxglove, once born in the mountain forests of Germany, was mentioned in the German herbalist Lern Fuchs of 1543. In it, this plant was called "digitalis", so it is called to this day. Purple or yellow (depending on the type) flowers digitalis like thimbles or caps. In Germany they were called elf hats, in France they were called the Gloves of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in Ireland they were called witch-like thimbles like witches, going to a sabbath, put them on their fingers. German tradition told about the origin of foxglove from thimbles taken by an evil stepmother from an orphan, whom they inherited from their mother. The stepmother secretly buried them in the garden, and the next spring, unseen flowers grew in this place, in which the orphan recognized her mother's thimbles. But in order to remind them that they grew out of a sense of hatred, an evil genius poured in them a terrible poison.
Their poisonousness was known in antiquity and in the Middle Ages, when it was believed that the foxglove's juice entered witches ointment. The significance of this poison was not known until 1775, when an English doctor, Whiting, did not find that the decoction of digitalis leaves helped with edema caused by heart failure. But Whiting was so insecure about the means he discovered that, fearing to poison his wealthy patients, he used it to treat the poor. Only in 1824, when Leroye extracted digitalin from her, digitalis becomes a common medicine.
Gradually, digitalis was studied and entered into medicine as one of the most valuable drugs for severe heart disease. Glycosides turned out to be its poisons, and 17 of them were already isolated from purple foxglove.
Microscopy. When examining the leaf, the cells of the upper epidermis are seen from the surface with almost straight or weakly winding walls, sometimes with clear-shaped bulges; lower epidermis cells are more tortuous. The mouth of the lower side of the leaf is numerous, less often found on the upper side, surrounded by 3-6 cells of the epidermis (anomocytic type). The hairs are simple and capitate, found on the underside of the leaf along large veins. Simple hairs are rare, very large, slightly warty, 2-8 cellular, with thin walls; individual hair cells often sprawled. Capitateous hairs with a two-celled (sometimes single-celled) head on a short unicellular (occasionally two-celled) pedicle.
Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials. The biological activity of 1 g of raw material should be 50-66 ICE or 10.3-12.6 CED; humidity not more than 12%; ash total not more than 7%; crushed particles passing through a sieve with holes 2 mm in diameter, not more than 2%; other parts of the plant (stems, fruits and flowers) not more than 2%; organic impurity not more than 1%; mineral impurity not more than 1%.
Quantitation. The activity of the foxglove leaves is determined by a biological method on frogs or cats compared to the State Standard Sample (GSO) of the foxglove extract.
Test on the frogs. Testing is carried out on grass frogs by injecting solutions into the lymphatic femoral bags (under the skin) or into the heart (into the ventricle cavity), or with water bags, injecting solutions into the heart (into the ventricle cavity) or into a vein.
The analytical sample of the raw material is crushed to the size of particles passing through a sieve with holes of 7 mm in diameter, and dried in a drying cabinet for 2 hours at a temperature of 40-60 ° C. The crushed and dried raw materials in the amount of 5 g are extracted with 110 ml of 95% alcohol in the Soxhlet apparatus for 6-8 hours. Extraction is collected in a cylinder with a capacity of 100 ml and the volume is brought to 95 (95%) with alcohol to the mark (1:20).
Standard and test samples are prepared on the day of the experiment.
For subcutaneous administration, 6 ml of water (1: 4) is added to 2 ml of the GSO extract of digitalis.
For intracardiac or intravenous administration, 2 ml of water is added to 2 ml of the GSO extract of digitalis, evaporated in a boiling water bath to 2 ml, and the volume is adjusted to 8 ml with water.
20 ml of alcohol extract (1:20) of a sheet of digitalis are evaporated in a boiling water bath to 2 ml and the volume is adjusted to 20 ml with water. The resulting turbidity or precipitate is not filtered off, and 1-2 drops of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution are added. The resulting alcohol-water extraction (1:20) is tested on frogs.
Having determined the smallest doses of standard and test specimens that cause systolic cardiac arrest in most frogs (in milliliters per mass of grass frog or milliliters per 1 g mass of water frog), the content of ICE in 1 g of digitalis sheet is calculated.
Test on cats. From the crushed and dried leaves of digitalis they prepare an infusion in the ratio of 1: 200. To do this, 1 g of leaves is placed in an infundier apparatus, poured 200 ml of boiling water and infused for 15 minutes in a water bath at a temperature of 90 ° C and frequent agitation. Then the infusion is cooled and filtered. 1.8 g of sodium chloride is added to the filtrate and the volume of the infusion is adjusted to 200 ml with water.
A standard sample of foxglove extract is diluted on the day of the experiment with a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride in a ratio of 1:30.
Set the lethal dose of infusion in milliliters per 1 kg of cat weight (for each animal separately) and calculate the activity of the infusion in comparison with the GSO foxglove extract or calculate the content of CED in 1 g of dry leaves.
Packaging. Whole raw materials are packed into bales of fabric no more than 50 kg net or bags of fabric or flax-jute-kenaf no more than 20 kg net; crushed - in cloth or flax-jute-kenaf bags no more than 20 kg net; powder - in multi-layer paper bags of not more than 20 kg net, followed by stacking in bags of cloth or flax-juto-kenaf.
Storage. List B.
Shelf life 2 years.
The activity of digitalis leaves is monitored annually.
Cardiac (cardiotonic) remedy.
