The Romanovs 1613. The origin of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs
Tsarist power finally took shape in Russia in the middle of the 16th century, when in 1547 the Grand Duke of All Russia John IY Vasilyevich the Terrible was the first to officially accept the title of tsar. A hat was solemnly laid on the first Russian tsar
Monomakh, a sign of tsarist power, put on a gold chain and handed a heavy golden apple that personified the Russian state. So Russia got its first tsar. He was from the dynasty of the Grand Duke Rurik. The royal power was inherited by the eldest son.
Ivan the Terrible had three sons. The elder Ivan, father's favorite, the middle Fedor is a weak and sickly young man and the younger Dmitry, still a very small boy. Ivan was supposed to succeed the throne, but tragedy struck in the royal family. In November 1581, Tsar Ivan the Terrible fell out with his eldest son and beat him in a fit of anger. From a terrible nervous shock and severe beatings, Tsarevich Ivan fell ill and soon died. After this tragedy, Tsar Ivan the Terrible also did not live long and died in March 1584, and in May Moscow solemnly celebrated the coronation of the new Tsar. It was the middle son of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor Ioannovich. He could not independently govern Russia, so all issues were decided by his wife's brother Boris Godunov, who became tsar after the death of Fyodor Ioannovich in 1598. Boris Godunov left the throne to his son Fyodor Godunov, who did not have to reign for long. In 1605, he ascended the throne and in the same year was killed by supporters of False Dmitry, who posed as the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who died in Uglich in early childhood. False Dmitry managed to seize the Moscow throne, but for a long time he could not hold out on it. Less than a year later, he, too, was killed by conspirators, headed by Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. From 1606, he became another Russian tsar and ruled until 1610, when he and his wife were tonsured a monk and imprisoned in the Joseph Volokolamsk Monastery.
After the overthrow of Tsar Basil in Russia, the interregnum lasted for three years. The boyars thought and wondered who to offer the tsar's crown, they selected one candidate after another, and this continued until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov became tsar. This was the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, whose representatives ruled in Russia until 1917, when the last tsar from the same dynasty, Nicholas II, abdicated the throne and was shot.
Mikhail Romanov was the son of Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova, who were tonsured into a monastery in 1601 by order of Boris Godunov. After the death of Mikhail Fedorovich in 1645, his son Alexei Mikhailovich became tsar. He had
many children, among whom later the struggle for the royal throne flared up. First, after the death of his father Alexei Mikhailovich, his son Fyodor Alekseevich was the king, and when he died in 1682, two tsars were on the throne at once, 16-year-old John V Alekseevich and his brother, ten-year-old Peter. They had different mothers. In the early childhood of the children, besides, the elder Ivan, as historians write, was feeble-minded, Russia was ruled by their elder sister Sophia, John's sister. In 1696, after the death of his brother Ivan, Peter I began to reign alone, imprisoning Sophia in a monastery.
Subsequently, Peter I took the title of emperor.
1. INTRODUCTION
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
THE PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II
PERSONALITIES OF THE CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NICHOLAS
DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. INTRODUCTION
The history of the Romanov family has been documented since the middle of the XTV century, from the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Simeon the Proud - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who, like many boyars in the medieval Moscow state, played a significant role in government.
The Mare had five sons, the youngest of whom, Fyodor Andreevich, bore the nickname "Cat".
According to Russian historians, "Mare", "Cat" and many other Russian surnames, including noble ones, came from nicknames that arose spontaneously, under the influence of various random associations that are difficult, and often impossible to reconstruct.
Fyodor Koshka, in turn, served the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, who, speaking in 1380 in the famous victorious campaign against the Tatars at the Kulikovo Field, left Koshka to rule in his place of Moscow: "To watch over the city of Moscow and to protect the Grand Duchess and his entire family. ...
The descendants of Fyodor Koshka occupied a strong position at the Moscow court and often became related to members of the Rurik dynasty that then ruled in Russia.
The descending branches of the family were called by the names of men from the clan of Fedor Koshka, in fact by patronymic. Therefore, the descendants bore different surnames, until finally one of them - boyar Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - took such an important position that all his descendants began to be called Romanovs.
And after the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia - became the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the surname “Romanovs” became unchanged for all members of this family, which played an outstanding role in the history of Russia and many other countries.
2.FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
The Romanovs, a boyar family, from 1613 - the royal, and from 1721 - the imperial dynasty in Russia, which ruled until February 1917. The documented ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, a boyar of the Moscow princes of the mid-14th century. The ancestors of the Romanovs before the beginning of the 16th century. were called the Koshkins (from the nickname of the 5th son of Andrei Ivanovich - Fyodor Koshka), then the Zakharyins. The rise of the Zakharyins dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia (died in 1560). The ancestor of the Romanovs was the 3rd son of Roman - Nikita Romanovich (died in 1586) - a boyar from 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and many diplomatic negotiations; after the death of Ivan IV, he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). Of his sons, the most famous are Fedor (see Filaret) and Ivan (died in 1640) - a boyar since 1605, was a member of the government of the so-called "Seven Boyars"; after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich, the Romanovs - the son of Filaret and nephew of Ivan, the latter and his son Nikita (see Romanov N.I.) enjoyed great influence at the court. In 1598, with the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty ended. When preparing for the election of a new tsar, Fedor Nikitich Romanovs was named as a possible candidate for the tsar's throne. Under Boris Godunov, the Romanovs fell into disgrace (1600) and their exile (1601) to Beloozero, Pelym, Yarensk and other places remote from Moscow, and Fyodor was tonsured a monk under the name of Filaret. The new rise of the Romanovs began during the reign of I "False Dmitry I. In the Tushino camp II" False Dmitry II, Filaret was named the Russian patriarch.
At the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanovs, the son of Fedor (Filaret) Romanovs, was elected Russian tsar (ruled 1613-1645). Michael was a man of a small mind, indecisive and, moreover, painful. The main role in governing the country was played by his father, Patriarch Filaret (until his death in 1633). During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-76), reforms began in the social and political spheres. Alexei himself participated in state administration, was an educated person for his time. He was succeeded by the sickly and far from state affairs Fyodor Alekseevich (ruled 1676-1682); then his brother the Great Peter I the Great (1682-1725) became the king, during whose reign major reforms were carried out in Russia, and a successful foreign policy made it one of the strongest countries in Europe. In 1721 Russia became an empire, and Peter I became the first emperor of All Russia. By Peter's decree of February 5, 1722 on succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the persons of the imperial family. Peter I did not manage to appoint a successor and after his death his wife Ekaterina I Alekseevna (1725-27) came to the throne. The son of Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing reforms. The son of Aleksey Petrovich, Peter II Alekseevich, occupied the throne from 1727 to 1730. With his death in 1730, the Romanov dynasty in the direct male generation was cut short. In 1730-40, the granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich, the niece of Peter I - Anna Ivanovna ruled, and from 1741 - the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, with whose death in 1761 the Romanov dynasty was cut short on the female side. However, the surname of the Romanovs was borne by representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty: Peter III (son of the Duke of Holstein Friedrich Karl and Anna, daughter of Peter I), who ruled in 1761-62, his wife Catherine II, nee Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, who ruled in 1762-96, their son Paul I (1796-1801) and his descendants. Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I (1801-25), Nicholas I (1825-55) in the conditions of the development of capitalist relations in every possible way tried to preserve the serfdom with an absolute monarchy, brutally suppressed the revolutionary liberation movement. Alexander II (1855-81), the son of Nicholas I, was forced to abolish serfdom in 1861. However, in the hands of the nobility, the most important posts in the government, state apparatus and army were practically retained. Wishing to continue to hold on to power, the Romanovs, especially Alexander III (1881-94) and Nicholas II (1894-1917), pursued a reactionary course in domestic and foreign policy. Among the numerous grand dukes from the Romanov family who held senior positions in the army and in the state apparatus, they were particularly reactionary: Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder) (1831-91), Mikhail Nikolaevich (1832-1909), Sergei Alexandrovich (1857-1905) and Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Younger) (1856-1929).
3.Last of the Romanov dynasty
Any Orthodox Christian often has to see the icons of the martyrs, who are not few in our Church, and hear about their deeds that exceed human nature. But how often do we know - how did these people live? How did their life go before their martyrdom? What filled their holidays and weekdays? Were they great prayer books and ascetics, or were they just ordinary people like the rest of us? What filled and warmed their souls and hearts so much that at the fateful moment they confessed their faith with blood and sealed its truth by the loss of their temporary life?
Small surviving photo albums slightly open the veil of this mystery, as they allow you to see with your own eyes the moments of the personal life of not one martyr, but a whole family - the Holy Royal Passion-bearers of the Romanovs.
The personal life of the last Russian Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II and his family was carefully hidden from prying eyes. Sincerely and invariably observing the commandments of Christ, living by them not for show, but with the heart, the Sovereign and Empress carefully avoided everything evil and unclean that only surrounds all those in power, finding for themselves endless joy and rest in their family, arranged, according to the word of Christ , like a small Church, where reverence, understanding and mutual love reigned until the last moments of their lives. Likewise, their children, hidden by parental love from the pernicious influence of time and brought up from birth in the spirit of Orthodoxy, did not find more joy for themselves than common family meetings, walks or holidays. Being deprived of the opportunity to be with their royal parents incessantly, they especially appreciated and treasured those days, and sometimes just minutes, which they could spend together with their dearly beloved father and mother.
THE PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II
Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov) (05/19/1868 - 07/17/1918), Russian tsar, Russian emperor, martyr, son of Tsar Alexander III. Upbringing and education Nicholas II received under the personal guidance of his father, on a traditional religious basis, in Spartan conditions. The subjects were taught by outstanding Russian scientists K.P. Pobedonostsev, NN Beketov, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov and others. Much attention was paid to the military training of the future tsar.
Nicholas II ascended the throne at the age of 26, earlier than expected, as a result of the untimely death of his father. Nicholas II was able to quickly recover from the initial confusion and began to pursue an independent policy, which aroused the dissatisfaction of a part of his entourage, hoping to influence the young tsar. The basis of the state policy of Nicholas II was the continuation of his father's aspirations to give Russia more internal unity by strengthening the Russian elements of the country.
In his first address to the people, Nikolai Alexandrovich announced that from now on, imbued with the precepts of his deceased parent, he accepts a sacred vow in the face of the Almighty to always have as one goal peaceful prosperity, power and glory dear Russia and the arrangement of happiness for all His loyal subjects ... In his address to foreign states, Nicholas II stated that will devote all his worries to the development of Russia's internal well-being and will not deviate in anything from a completely peaceful, firm and straightforward policy that has so powerfully contributed to general peace, while Russia will continue to see respect for law and law as the best guarantee of state security.
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was an example of a ruler for Nicholas II, who carefully preserved the traditions of antiquity.
In addition to a strong will and a brilliant education, Nikolai possessed all the natural qualities necessary for state activity, above all, an enormous capacity for work. If necessary, he could work from morning until late at night, studying numerous documents and materials received in his name. (By the way, he willingly engaged in physical labor - sawing wood, removing snow, etc.) With a lively mind and broad outlook, the tsar quickly grasped the essence of the issues under consideration. The king had an exceptional memory for faces and events. He remembered by sight most of the people he had to deal with, and there were thousands of such people.
However, the time in which Nicholas II fell to reign was very different from the era of the first Romanovs. If then the folk foundations and traditions served as the unifying banner of the society, which was revered by both the common people and the ruling stratum, then to n. XX century Russian foundations and traditions are becoming an object of denial on the part of an educated society. A significant part of the ruling stratum and the intelligentsia rejects the path of following Russian foundations, traditions and ideals, many of which they consider obsolete and ignorant. The right of Russia to its own path is not recognized. Attempts are being made to impose on it someone else's model of development - either Western European liberalism or Western European Marxism.
The reign of Nicholas II is the most dynamic period in the growth of the Russian people in its entire history. In less than a quarter of a century, the population of Russia has increased by 62 million people. The economy grew rapidly. During 1885-1913, industrial production increased fivefold, exceeding the rate of industrial growth in the most developed countries of the world. The Great Siberian Railway was built, in addition, 2 thousand km of railways were built annually. The national income of Russia, according to the most underestimated estimates, increased from 8 billion rubles. in 1894 to 22-24 billion in 1914, that is, almost three times. The average per capita income of the Russian people has doubled. The incomes of workers in industry grew at a particularly high rate. For a quarter of a century, they have grown at least three times. The total expenditures on the share of public education and culture have grown 8 times, more than twice as much as the expenditures on education in France and one and a half times in England.
PERSONALITY OF ALEXANDRA FEDEROVNA (WIVES OF NICHOLAS II)
She was born in the city of Darmstadt (Germany) in 1872. She was baptized on July 1, 1872 according to the Lutheran rite. The given name to her consisted of the name of her mother (Alice) and the four names of her aunts. Godparents were: Edward, Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII), Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich (future Emperor Alexander III) with his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria Princess Beatrice, Augusta von Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Cambridge and Maria Anna , Princess of Prussia.
In 1878, an epidemic of diphtheria spread in Hesse. Alice's mother and her younger sister May died from her, after which Alice lived most of the time in Great Britain at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Alice was considered the beloved granddaughter of Queen Victoria, who called her Sunny.
In June 1884, at the age of 12, Alice first visited Russia, when her elder sister Ella (in Orthodoxy - Elizaveta Fedorovna) was married to the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. She arrived in Russia for the second time in January 1889 at the invitation of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. After staying in the Sergievsky Palace (St. Petersburg) for six weeks, the princess met and attracted special attention of the heir to Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.
march 1892, Alice's father, Duke Ludwig IV, died.
In the early 1890s, the parents of the latter were against the marriage union of Alice and Tsarevich Nicholas, hoping for his marriage to Elena Louise Henrietta, daughter of Louis-Philippe, Count of Paris. The key role in the arrangement of Alice's marriage with Nikolai Alexandrovich was played by the efforts of her sister, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, and the spouse of the latter, through whom the lovers' correspondence was carried out. The position of the Emperor Alexander and his wife changed due to the persistence of the crown prince and the deteriorating health of the emperor; On April 6, 1894, a manifesto announced the engagement of the Tsarevich and Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt. In the following months, Alice studied the basics of Orthodoxy under the guidance of the court Protopresbyter Ioann Yanyshev and the Russian language with the teacher E. A. Schneider. On October 10 (22), 1894, she arrived in Crimea, in Livadia, where she stayed with the imperial family until the death of Emperor Alexander III - October 20. On October 21 (November 2), 1894, she adopted Orthodoxy through chrismation with the name Alexander and patronymic Fedorovna (Feodorovna).
PERSONALITIES OF THE CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NICHOLAS
The four daughters of Nikolai and Alexandra were born beautiful, healthy, real princesses: dad's favorite romantic Olga, serious beyond her years Tatyana, generous Maria and funny little Anastasia.
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova.
She was born in November 1895. Olga became the first child in the family of Nicholas II. Parents could not get enough of the appearance of the child. Olga Nikolaevna Romanova distinguished herself by her abilities in the study of sciences, she loved solitude and books. The Grand Duchess was very smart, she was noted for her creative abilities. Olga behaved with everyone simply and naturally. The princess was surprisingly responsive, sincere and generous. The first daughter of Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova, inherited from her mother facial features, posture, as well as hair of a golden hue. From Nikolai Alexandrovich, the daughter inherited her inner world. Olga, like her father, had an amazingly pure Christian soul. The princess was distinguished by an innate sense of justice, she did not like lies.
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was a typical good Russian girl with a big soul. She made an impression on those around her with her gentleness, her charming sweet treatment of everyone. She behaved evenly, calmly with everyone, and amazingly simple and natural. She did not like households, but she loved solitude and books. She was well-developed and very well-read; She had a talent for the arts: she played the piano, sang, and in Petrograd she studied singing, drew well. She was very modest and did not like luxury.
Olga Nikolaevna was remarkably smart and capable, and teaching was a joke to her, why She was sometimes lazy. She was characterized by a strong will and incorruptible honesty and directness, in which she resembled Mother. She had these wonderful qualities from childhood, but as a child Olga Nikolaevna was often stubborn, disobedient and very hot-tempered; subsequently She knew how to restrain herself. She had wonderful blond hair, big blue eyes and a marvelous complexion, a slightly upturned nose that looked like the Tsar.
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova.
Born June 11, 1897, and was the second child in the Romanov couple. Like the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Tatiana outwardly resembled her mother, but her character was paternal. Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova was less emotional than her sister. Tatiana's eyes were similar to those of the Empress, her figure was graceful, and the color of her blue eyes was in harmony with her brown hair. Tatiana rarely played naughty, and had an amazing, according to contemporaries, self-control. In Tatyana Nikolaevna, a sense of duty was strongly developed, and a tendency to order in everything. Because of her mother's illness, Tatyana Romanova was often in charge of the household, the Grand Duchess was not at all burdened by this. She loved to do needlework, was good at embroidering and sewing. The princess had a sound mind. In cases requiring decisive action, she always remained herself.
Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna was just as charming as Her older sister, but in her own way. She was often called the prideful one, but I did not know anyone who would be less proud than her. The same thing happened to her as to Her Majesty. They took her shyness and restraint for arrogance, but as soon as you got to know Her better and won Her trust, the restraint disappeared and the real Tatyana Nikolaevna appeared before you. She had a poetic nature, longed for real friendship. His Majesty loved the second Daughter dearly, and the Sisters joked that if you need to turn to the Emperor with some kind of request, then "Tatiana should ask Papa to allow us to do this." Very tall, thin as a reed, She was blessed with a graceful cameo profile and brown hair. She was fresh, fragile and pure as a rose.
Maria Nikolaevna Romanova.
Born June 27, 1899. She became the third child of the Emperor and Empress. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova was a typical Russian girl. She was characterized by good nature, gaiety, and friendliness. Maria had a beautiful appearance and vitality. According to the memoirs of some of her contemporaries, he was very similar to her grandfather Alexander III. Maria Nikolaevna loved her parents very much. She was strongly attached to them, much more than the other children of the royal couple. The fact is that she was too small for the older daughters (Olga and Tatiana), and too old for the younger children (Anastasia and Alexei) of Nicholas II.
The success of the Grand Duchess was average. Like the rest of the girls, she was capable of languages, but she fluently mastered only English (in which she constantly communicated with her parents) and Russian - the girls spoke it among themselves. It was not without difficulty that Gilliard managed to learn her French at a "pretty bearable" level, but nothing more. German - despite all the efforts of Fraulein Schneider - remained undeveloped.
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova.
Born June 18, 1901. The sovereign waited a long time for the heir, and when the long-awaited fourth child turned out to be his daughter, he was saddened. Soon the sadness passed, and the Emperor loved his fourth daughter, no less than his other children.
A boy was expected, and a girl was born. Anastasia Romanova, in her agility, could give odds to any boy. Anastasia Nikolaevna wore simple clothes inherited from her older sisters. The bedroom of the fourth daughter was not richly decorated. Be sure to take a cold shower every morning. It was not easy to see behind Princess Anastasia. She was very nimble as a child. She loved to climb, where she did not hit, to hide. When she was a child, Grand Duchess Anastasia loved to play pranks, as well as make others laugh. In addition to gaiety, Anastasia reflects such character traits as wit, courage and observation.
Like other children of the emperor, Anastasia was educated at home. Studying began at the age of eight, the program included French, English and German, history, geography, the law of God, natural sciences, drawing, grammar, arithmetic, as well as dance and music. Anastasia was not very diligent in her studies, she could not stand grammar, wrote with horrific mistakes, and called arithmetic with childish spontaneity "swinish". English teacher Sydney Gibbs recalled that once she tried to bribe him with a bouquet of flowers in order to increase his grade, and after he refused, she gave these flowers to the teacher of the Russian language, Pyotr Vasilyevich Petrov.
During the war, the Empress gave many of the palace rooms for hospital premises. The elder sisters Olga and Tatiana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia, as too young for such hard work, became patroness of the hospital. Both sisters gave their own money to buy medicines, read aloud to the wounded, knitted things for them, played cards and checkers, wrote letters home under their dictation, and entertained them with telephone conversations in the evenings, sewed clothes, prepared bandages and lint.
Tsarevich Alexei, was the fourth child in the family of Nicholas II.
Alexey was a long-awaited child. From the first days of his reign, Nicholas II dreamed of an heir. The Lord, however, sent only daughters to the emperor. Tsarevich Alexei was born on August 12, 1904. The heir to the Russian throne was born a year after the Sarov celebrations. The entire royal family fervently prayed for the birth of a boy. Tsarevich Alexei inherited all the best from his father and mother. The parents loved the heir very much, he answered them in great return. His father was a real idol for Alexei Nikolaevich. The young prince tried to imitate him in everything. How to name the newborn prince, the royal couple did not even think about it. Nicholas II had long wanted to name his future heir Alexei. The tsar said that "it is time to break the line of Aleksandrov and Nikolaev." Nicholas II also liked the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, and the emperor wanted to name his son in honor of his great ancestor.
Through his mother, Alexei inherited hemophilia, which was carried by some of the daughters and granddaughters of the English Queen Victoria.
The heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich was a boy of 14 years old, intelligent, observant, receptive, affectionate, cheerful. He was lazy and did not particularly like books. He combined the features of his father and mother: he inherited the simplicity of his father, was alien to arrogance, arrogance, but had his own will and obeyed only his father. Mother wanted, but could not be strict with him. His teacher Bitner says of him: "He had a great will and would never submit to any woman." He was highly disciplined, reserved and very patient. Undoubtedly, the disease left its mark on him and developed these traits in him. He did not like court etiquette, he liked to be with the soldiers and learned their language, using in his diary purely folk expressions he had overheard. He reminded his mother of avarice: he did not like to spend his money and collected various abandoned things: nails, lead paper, ropes, etc.
During the First World War, Aleksey, who was the heir to the chief of several regiments and the chieftain of all Cossack troops, visited the army with his father, awarded distinguished soldiers, etc. He was awarded the silver St. George medal of the 4th degree.
romanov emperor nicholas burial
7 DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY
After the Bolshevik revolution, the tsar and his family were under house arrest. Members of the imperial family were executed on July 17, 1918, during the Civil War, as the Bolsheviks feared that the whites might unite around the living king.
The night from 16 to 17 July 1918 was fatal for the last Romanovs. On this night, the former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife - the former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their children - 14-year-old Alexei, daughters - Olga (22 years old), Tatiana (20 years old), Maria (18 years old) and Anastasia (16 years old), as well as the doctor ES Botkin, the maid A. Demidova, the cook Kharitonov and the footman, who were with them, were shot in the basement of the House of Special Purpose (the former house of engineer Ipatiev) in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, the bodies of those shot in a car were taken out of town and not far from the village of Koptyaki were thrown into an old mine.
But the fear that the whites approaching Yekaterinburg would find the corpses and turn them into "holy relics" made them reburial. On the next day, the shot were taken out of the mine, loaded back onto a car, which moved along a back road into the forest. In a swampy place, the car stalled, and then, after attempts to burn the corpses, they decided to burial right on the road. The grave was filled up and leveled.
So, more than 80 years ago came the end of the 300-year-old Russian Romanov dynasty. The paradoxes of the reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions of Russian reality at the beginning of the 20th century, when the world entered a new phase of its development, and the tsar did not have the will and determination to master the situation. Trying to defend the "autocratic principle", he maneuvered: he made small concessions, then he refused them. Surprisingly, the nature of the last tsar corresponded to the essence of the regime: avoid changes, maintain the status quo. As a result, the regime rotted, pushing the country towards the abyss. Rejecting and slowing down reforms, the last tsar promoted the beginning of a social revolution, which could not but carry within itself everything that had accumulated in Russian life over many decades of its trampling and oppression. This should be recognized with absolute sympathy for the terrible fate of the royal family and with a categorical rejection of the crime that was committed against her and other representatives of the House of Romanov.
At the critical moment of the February coup, the generals changed their oaths and forced the tsar to abdicate. Then the Provisional Government, for political reasons, trampled the principles of humanism, leaving the abdicated tsar in revolutionary Russia, which overthrew tsarism. And finally, class interests, as they were understood in the outbreak of civil war, prevailed over moral considerations. The result of all this was the murder of the emperor
The tragedy of the last Romanovs, I consider the fate of the royal remains, which turned out to be not only the subject of detailed research, but also a bargaining chip in the political struggle. The burial of the royal remains, unfortunately, did not become a symbol of repentance, let alone reconciliation. For the majority, this procedure has passed unconscious. But, nevertheless, their burial became a real step towards the disappearance of the lingering uncertainty of the relationship between today's Russia and its past.
The drama of the Russian tsar, in all likelihood, is more correctly viewed in the context of world history from the standpoint of its forward movement and the principles of humanism in relation to the human person. Three hundred years ago, the head of the English king rolled on the block, a hundred years later - the French one, and a little more than a hundred years later - the Russian one.
9.LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1. # "Justify"\u003e. Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: myths and reality. (New documents about the tragedy in the Urals). Yekaterinburg, 1993.
Murder of the Century: a selection of articles on the murder of the family of Nicholas II. New time. 1998
. # "justify"\u003e. Volkov A. Near the royal family. M., 1993.
. # "justify"\u003e .http: //nnm.ru/blogs/wxyzz/dinastiya_romanovyh_sbornik_knig/
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Thanks to the marriage of Ivan IV the Terrible with the representative of the Romanov family, Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, the Zakharyin-Romanov family became close to the royal court in the 16th century, and after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich, it began to claim the throne.
In 1613, the great-nephew of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the royal throne. And the offspring of Tsar Michael, which was traditionally called House of the Romanovs, ruled by Russia until 1917.
For a long period of time, members of the royal and then the imperial family did not bear any surnames at all (for example, "Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich", "Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich"). Despite this, the names “Romanovs” and “House of Romanovs” were usually used to unofficially designate the Russian Imperial House, the coat of arms of the Romanov boyars was included in official legislation, and in 1913 the 300th anniversary of the reign of the House of Romanovs was widely celebrated.
After 1917, the surname of the Romanovs officially began to be worn by almost all members of the former reigning house, and now it is worn by many of their descendants.
Tsars and emperors of the Romanov dynasty
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia
Lived 1596-1645
Years of reign 1613-1645
Father - boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, who later became Patriarch Filaret.
Mother - Ksenia Ivanovna Shestovaya,
in monasticism Martha.
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was born in Moscow on July 12, 1596. He spent his childhood in the village of Domnina, the Kostroma patrimony of the Romanovs.
Under Tsar Boris Godunov, all the Romanovs were persecuted due to suspicion of a conspiracy. Boyarin Fyodor Nikitich Romanov and his wife were forcibly tonsured into monasticism and imprisoned in monasteries. Fyodor Romanov received a name at the tonsure Filaret, and his wife became a nun Martha.
But even after the tonsure, Filaret led an active political life: he opposed Tsar Shuisky and supported False Dmitry I (thinking that he was the real Tsarevich Dmitry).
False Dmitry I, after his accession, returned from exile the surviving members of the Romanov family. Fyodor Nikitich (as a monk Filaret) with his wife Ksenia Ivanovna (as a monk Martha) and their son Michael were returned.
Martha Ivanovna and her son Mikhail first settled in the Kostroma estate of the Romanovs, the village of Domnina, and then took refuge from the persecution of the Polish-Lithuanian detachments in the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma.
Ipatiev Monastery. Vintage image Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was only 16 years old when on February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor, which included representatives of almost all segments of the population of Russia, elected him tsar.
On March 13, 1613, a crowd of boyars and residents of the city approached the walls of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. Mikhail Romanov and his mother received the ambassadors from Moscow with respect.
But when the ambassadors presented nun Martha and her son with the letter of the Zemsky Sobor with an invitation to the kingdom, Mikhail was horrified and refused such a high honor.
“The state has been ruined by the Poles,” he explained his refusal. - The royal treasury has been plundered. Service people are poor, how can I give them food? And how, in such a distressing situation, can I, as a sovereign, resist against my enemies?
“And I cannot bless Mishenka for the kingdom,” nun Martha echoed her son with tears in her eyes. - After all, his father, Metropolitan Filaret, was captured by the Poles. And how the Polish king finds out that the son of his captive is in the kingdom, so he orders to do evil over his father, or even completely deprive him of his life!
The ambassadors began to explain that Michael was chosen at will by the whole earth, which means, by the will of God. And if Michael refuses, then God himself will exact from him for the final ruin of the state.
The persuasion of mother and son lasted for six hours. Shedding bitter tears, nun Martha finally agreed with this fate. And since this is the will of God, then she will bless her son. After the blessing of his mother, Mikhail no longer resisted and accepted from the ambassadors the tsar's staff brought from Moscow as a sign of power in Muscovite Russia.
Patriarch Filaret
In the fall of 1617, the Polish army approached Moscow, and negotiations began on November 23. The armistice was signed by the Russians and the Poles for 14.5 years. Poland received the Smolensk region and part of the Seversk land, and Russia needed a respite from the Polish aggression.
And only a little over a year after the armistice was concluded, the Poles released Metropolitan Filaret, the father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, from captivity. The meeting between father and son took place on the Presnya River on June 1, 1619. They bowed to each other at the feet, both burst into tears, hugged each other and were silent for a long time, numb with joy.
In 1619, immediately after his return from captivity, Metropolitan Filaret became the patriarch of All Russia.
From that time until the end of his life, Patriarch Filaret was the de facto ruler of the country. His son - Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich - did not make a single decision without the consent of his father.
The patriarch presided over the church court, participated in the solution of zemstvo issues, leaving only criminal cases for consideration by state institutions.
Patriarch Filaret “was of average height and fullness, he understood the divine scripture in part; by disposition he was disgraceful and suspicious, but so dominant that the king himself was afraid of him. "
Patriarch Filaret (F.N. Romanov) Tsar Michael and Patriarch Filaret together considered cases and made decisions on them, together they received foreign ambassadors, issued double certificates and presented double gifts. In Russia there was a dual power, the rule of two sovereigns with the participation of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.
In the first 10 years of Mikhail's reign, the role of the Zemsky Sobor in resolving state issues increased. But by 1622 the Zemsky Sobor was convened rarely and irregularly.
After the concluded peace treaties with Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a time of rest has come for Russia. Fugitive peasants returned to their farms to cultivate lands abandoned during the Troubles.
During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, there were 254 cities in Russia. Merchants were given special privileges, including permission to travel to other countries, provided they also trade in government goods, monitor the work of customs and taverns to replenish the income of the state treasury.
In the 20-30s of the 17th century, the so-called first manufactories appeared in Russia. These were large factories for those times, where there was a division of labor according to specialties, steam mechanisms were used.
By the decree of Mikhail Fedorovich, it was possible to gather printers and literate elders to restore the printing business, which practically ceased during the Time of Troubles. The printing yard during the Time of Troubles was burned down along with all the printing machines.
By the end of the reign of Tsar Mikhail, the Printing House already had more than 10 machines and other equipment, and the printing house had over 10 thousand printed books.
During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, dozens of talented inventions and technical innovations appeared, such as a cannon with a screw thread, a striking clock on the Spasskaya Tower, water engines for manufactories, paints, drying oil, ink and much more.
In large cities, the construction of temples and towers was actively carried out, which differed from the old buildings in elegant decoration. The Kremlin walls were repaired, the Patriarch's Courtyard was expanded on the territory of the Kremlin.
Russia continued to develop Siberia, new cities were founded there: Yeniseysk (1618), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Yakutsk (1632), the Bratsk prison was built (1631),
Towers of the Yakutsk prison In 1633, the father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, his assistant and teacher, Patriarch Filaret, died. After the death of the “second sovereign,” the boyars again increased their influence on Mikhail Fedorovich. But the king did not resist, he was now often not healthy. The serious illness that struck the king was most likely dropsy. Tsarist doctors wrote that Tsar Michael's illness comes from "a lot of sitting, cold drinking and melancholy."
Mikhail Fedorovich died on July 13, 1645 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Alexey Mikhailovich - The Quietest, Tsar and Great Sovereign of All Russia
Lived 1629-1676
Years of reign 1645-1676
Father - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, tsar and great sovereign of all Russia.
Mother - Princess Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva.
Future king Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov, the eldest son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, was born on March 19, 1629. He was baptized at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery and named Alexei. Already at the age of 6, he could read well. By order of his grandfather, Patriarch Filaret, a primer was created especially for his grandson. In addition to the primer, the prince read the Psalter, the Acts of the Apostles and other books from the Patriarch's library. The boyar was the tutor of the tsarevich Boris Ivanovich Morozov.
By the age of 11-12, Alexei had his own small library of books that belonged to him personally. This library mentions the Lexicon and Grammar published in Lithuania and the serious Cosmography.
Little Alexei was taught from early childhood to rule the state. He often attended receptions of foreign ambassadors and was a participant in court ceremonies.
At the age of 14, the prince was solemnly "announced" to the people, and at the age of 16, when his father, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, died, Alexei Mikhailovich ascended the throne. A month later, his mother also died.
By the unanimous decision of all the boyars, on July 13, 1645, the entire court nobility kissed the cross to the new sovereign. The first person surrounded by the tsar, according to the last will of tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, was the boyar B. I. Morozov.
The new Russian tsar, judging by his own letters and reviews of foreigners, had a remarkably gentle, good-natured character and was "much quiet." The whole atmosphere among which Tsar Alexei lived, his upbringing and reading of church books developed a great religiosity in him.
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Quiet On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, during all church posts, the young tsar did not drink or eat anything. Alexei Mikhailovich was a very zealous performer of all church rituals and had an extraordinary Christian humility and meekness. Any pride was repugnant and alien to him. "And to me a sinner," he wrote, "this is a local honor, like dust."
But his good nature and humility were sometimes replaced by short outbursts of anger. Once the tsar, who was bled by the German "dohtur", ordered the boyars to try the same remedy, but the boyar Streshnev did not agree. Then Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "humbled" the old man with his own hand, then did not know what gifts to appease him with.
Alexei Mikhailovich knew how to respond to someone else's grief and joy, and by his meek character he was just a "golden man", moreover, intelligent and very educated for his time. He always read a lot and wrote many letters.
Alexei Mikhailovich himself read petitions and other documents, wrote or edited many important decrees and was the first of the Russian tsars to sign them with his own hand. The autocrat inherited a powerful state recognized abroad to his sons. One of them - Peter I the Great - managed to continue his father's work, completing the formation of an absolute monarchy and the creation of a huge Russian empire.
Alexei Mikhailovich married in January 1648 the daughter of a poor nobleman Ilya Miloslavsky - Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, who bore him 13 children. Until the death of his wife, the king was an exemplary family man.
"Salt Riot"
B.I. Morozov, who began to rule the country on behalf of Alexei Mikhailovich, invented a new taxation system, which came into effect by the tsar's decree in February 1646. An increased duty was introduced on salt in order to sharply replenish the treasury. However, this innovation did not justify itself, as salt began to be bought less, and revenues to the treasury decreased.
The boyars abolished the salt tax, but instead they came up with another way to replenish the treasury. The boyars decided to collect taxes, previously canceled, just three years earlier. There and then began a massive ruin of the peasants and even wealthy people. Due to the sudden impoverishment of the population, spontaneous popular unrest began in the country.
A crowd of people tried to give the tsar a petition when on June 1, 1648, he returned from a pilgrimage. But the king was afraid of the people and did not accept the complaint. The petitioners were arrested. The next day, during the procession of the cross, people again went to the tsar, then the crowd rushed into the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.
The archers refused to fight for the boyars and did not oppose ordinary people, moreover, they were ready to join the disaffected. The people refused to negotiate with the boyars. Then a frightened Alexei Mikhailovich came out to the people, holding the icon in his hands.
Sagittarius The rebels all over Moscow smashed the chambers of the hated boyars - Morozov, Pleshcheev, Trakhaniotov - and demanded their extradition from the tsar. A critical situation arose, Alexei Mikhailovich had to make concessions. Was given out to a crowd of Pleshcheev, then Trakhaniots. The life of the educator of Tsar Boris Morozov was under the threat of popular reprisals. But Alexei Mikhailovich decided to save his teacher at any cost. He tearfully begged the crowd to spare the boyar, promising people to remove Morozov from business and expel him from the capital. Alexei Mikhailovich kept his promise and sent Morozov to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery.
After these events named "Salt riot", Aleksey Mikhailovich has changed a lot, and his role in government has become decisive.
At the request of the nobles and merchants, the Zemsky Sobor was convened on June 16, 1648, at which a decision was made to prepare a new set of laws for the Russian state.
The result of the enormous and lengthy work of the Zemsky Sobor was Code of 25 chapters, which was printed in an edition of 1200 copies. The code was sent to all local governors in all cities and large villages of the country. In the Code, legislation on land tenure, on legal proceedings was developed, the statute of limitations for the search for fugitive peasants was canceled (which finally confirmed serfdom). This set of laws became a guiding document for the Russian state for almost 200 years.
Due to the abundance of foreign merchants in Russia, Aleksey Mikhailovich signed a decree on June 1, 1649, expelling English merchants from the country.
The objects of the foreign policy of the tsarist government of Alexei Mikhailovich were Georgia, Central Asia, Kalmykia, India and China - countries with which the Russians tried to establish trade and diplomatic relations.
The Kalmyks asked Moscow to allocate territories for them to settle. In 1655 they swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar, and in 1659 the oath was confirmed. Since then, the Kalmyks have always participated in hostilities on the side of Russia, especially their help was tangible in the struggle against the Crimean Khan.
Reunification of Ukraine with Russia
In 1653, the Zemsky Sobor considered the issue of reuniting the Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia (at the request of the Ukrainians who fought for independence at that time and hoped to receive the protection and support of Russia). But such support could provoke another war with Poland, which, in fact, happened.
On October 1, 1653, the Zemsky Sobor decided to reunite the Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia. January 8, 1654 Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky solemnly proclaimed reunification of Ukraine with Russia at the Pereyaslavskaya Rada, and already in May 1654 Russia entered the war with Poland.
Russia fought with Poland from 1654 to 1667. During this time, Rostislavl, Drogobuzh, Polotsk, Mstislav, Orsha, Gomel, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Minsk, Grodno, Vilno, Kovno were returned to Russia.
From 1656 to 1658, Russia fought with Sweden. During the war, several truces were concluded, but in the end Russia was never able to regain access to the Baltic Sea.
The treasury of the Russian state was melting, and the government, after several years of constant hostilities with the Polish troops, decided to go to peace negotiations, which ended with the signing in 1667 Andrusov armistice for a period of 13 years and 6 months.
Bohdan Khmelnytsky Under the terms of this truce, Russia abandoned all conquests on the territory of Lithuania, but retained Severshchina, Smolensk and the left-bank part of Ukraine, and also Kiev remained for Moscow for two years. The almost century-long confrontation between Russia and Poland came to an end, and later (in 1685) an eternal peace was concluded, according to which Kiev remained in Russia.
The end of hostilities was solemnly celebrated in Moscow. For the successful negotiation of negotiations with the Poles, the nobleman Ordin-Nashchokin was elevated to the rank of boyar by the sovereign, he was appointed keeper of the tsarist seal and head of the Little Russian and Polish orders.
"Copper riot"
In order to provide a constant income to the royal treasury, a monetary reform was carried out in 1654. Copper coins were introduced, which had to be treated on a par with silver ones, and at the same time there was a ban on the trade in copper, since from then on it all went to the treasury. But taxes continued to be collected only in silver coins, and copper money began to depreciate.
Many counterfeiters immediately appeared, minting copper money. The gap in the value of the silver and copper coins became wider every year. From 1656 to 1663, the cost of one silver ruble increased to 15 copper rubles. All merchants pleaded for the abolition of copper money.
The Russian merchants turned to the tsar with a statement of dissatisfaction with their position. And soon the so-called "Copper Riot" - a powerful popular uprising on July 25, 1662. The reason for the unrest was the sheets pasted in Moscow with accusations of Miloslavsky, Rtishchev and Shorin of treason. Then a crowd of thousands moved to Kolomenskoye to the royal palace.
Alexei Mikhailovich managed to convince the people to disperse peacefully. He promised that he would consider their petitions. People turned to Moscow. Meanwhile, in the capital, merchants' shops and rich palaces had already been plundered.
But then a rumor spread among the people about the flight of Shorin's spy to Poland, and an excited crowd rushed to Kolomenskoye, meeting on the way the first rebels who were returning from the tsar to Moscow.
A huge crowd of people again appeared in front of the royal palace. But Alexei Mikhailovich has already called for help from the rifle regiments. A bloody massacre of the rebels began. Many people were then drowned in the Moscow River, others were hacked with sabers or shot. After the suppression of the riot, an inquiry was conducted for a long time. The authorities tried to find out who was the author of the leaflets hanged around the capital.
Copper and silver kopecks from the time of Alexei Mikhailovich After all that happened, the king decided to cancel the copper money. This was stated by the royal decree of June 11, 1663. Now all calculations were again done only with silver coins.
Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the Boyar Duma gradually lost its significance, and the Zemsky Sobor after 1653 was no longer convened.
In 1654, the tsar created the "Order of his great sovereign of secret affairs." The Order of the Secret Affairs provided the king with all the necessary information about civil and military affairs and performed the functions of the secret police.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the development of Siberian lands continued. In 1648, the Cossack Semyon Dezhnev discovered North America. In the late 40s - early 50s of the 17th century, explorers V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov reached the Amur, where free settlers founded the Albazin voivodeship. At the same time, the city of Irkutsk was founded.
The industrial development of deposits of minerals and precious stones began in the Urals.
Patriarch Nikon
At that time, it became necessary to carry out a reform of the church. Liturgical books were worn out to the limit, and a huge number of inaccuracies and errors accumulated in the texts copied by hand. Often church services in one church were very different from the same service in another. All this "disorder" was very hard to see for the young monarch, who was always very concerned about strengthening and spreading the Orthodox faith.
At the Cathedral of the Annunciation, the Moscow Kremlin was circle of "God-lovers", which included Alexei Mikhailovich. Among the "God-lovers" were several priests, the hegumen of the Novospassky monastery Nikon, the archpriest Avvakum and several secular nobles.
To help the circle in Moscow were invited Ukrainian scholarly monks who were engaged in the publication of liturgical literature. The Printing House was rebuilt and expanded. The number of published books intended for teaching has increased: "ABC", Psalter, Book of Hours; they were reprinted many times. In 1648, by order of the tsar, Smotritsky's Grammar was published.
But along with the distribution of books, persecutions began against buffoons and folk customs coming from paganism. Folk musical instruments were confiscated, playing the balalaikas was prohibited, masquerade masks, fortune-telling and even swings were strongly condemned.
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had already matured and no longer needed anyone's care. But the gentle, sociable nature of the tsar needed an advisor and a friend. Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod became such a "sobin", especially beloved friend for the tsar.
After the death of Patriarch Joseph, the tsar proposed that his friend, the Novgorod Metropolitan Nikon, take the supreme clergy, whose views Alexei fully shared. In 1652 Nikon became the Patriarch of All Russia and the closest friend and advisor of the sovereign.
Patriarch Nikon for several years he carried out church reforms, which were supported by the sovereign. These innovations caused protest among many believers, they considered the corrections in the liturgical books a betrayal of the faith of their fathers and grandfathers.
The first to openly oppose all innovations were the monks of the Solovetsky Monastery. Church turmoil spread throughout the country. Archpriest Avvakum became an ardent enemy of innovations. Among the so-called Old Believers, who did not accept the changes introduced to the divine services by Patriarch Nikon, there were also two women from the upper class: Princess Evdokia Urusova and the noblewoman Theodosia Morozova.
Patriarch Nikon The Council of the Russian clergy in 1666 nevertheless accepted all the innovations and book corrections prepared by Patriarch Nikon. Of all old Believers the church anathematized (cursed) and called them schismatics... Historians believe that in 1666 there was a split in the Russian Orthodox Church, it was split into two parts.
Patriarch Nikon, seeing the difficulties with which his reforms are going, voluntarily left the patriarchal throne. For this and for the "worldly" punishment of schismatics, unacceptable for the Orthodox Church, on the orders of Alexei Mikhailovich, Nikon was defrocked by the cathedral of clergy and sent to the Ferapontov monastery.
In 1681, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich allowed Nikon to return to the New Jerusalem Monastery, but Nikon died on the way. Subsequently, Patriarch Nikon was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Stepan Razin Peasant War led by Stepan Razin
In 1670, the Peasant War began in southern Russia. The uprising was led by the Don Cossack chieftain Stepan Razin.
The object of hatred of the rebels were boyars and officials, tsarist advisers and other dignitaries, not the king, but they were accused by the people of all the troubles and injustices that were happening in the state. The Tsar was for the Cossacks the embodiment of ideal and justice. The church anathematized Razin. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich urged the people not to join Razin, and then Razin moved to the Yaik River, took the Yaitsky town, then robbed Persian ships.
In May 1670, he with his army went to the Volga, took the cities of Tsaritsyn, Cherny Yar, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara. He attracted many nationalities: Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars, Cheremis.
Under the city of Simbirsk, Stepan Razin's army was defeated by Prince Yuri Baryatinsky, but Razin himself survived. He managed to escape to the Don, where he was extradited by the ataman Kornil Yakovlev, brought to Moscow and executed there on the Execution ground of Red Square.
The participants in the uprising were also dealt with in the most cruel way. During the inquest, the most sophisticated tortures and executions were used against the rioters: cutting off arms and legs, quartering, gallows, mass exile, burning on the face of the letter "B", which meant involvement in the riot.
last years of life
By 1669, the wooden Kolomna Palace of fantastic beauty was built; it was the country residence of Alexei Mikhailovich.
In the last years of his life, the tsar became interested in theater. By his order, a court theater was founded, which presented performances based on biblical subjects.
In 1669, the king's wife, Maria Ilyinichna, died. Two years after the death of his wife, Alexei Mikhailovich married a second time to a young noblewoman Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina, who gave birth to a son - the future Emperor Peter I and two daughters, Natalia and Theodora.
Alexei Mikhailovich outwardly looked like a very healthy person: he was white-faced and ruddy, fair-haired and blue-eyed, tall and obese. He was only 47 years old when he felt the signs of a terminal illness.
Tsar's wooden palace in Kolomenskoye The tsar blessed Tsarevich Fyodor Alekseevich (a son from his first marriage) for the kingdom, appointed his grandfather, Kirill Naryshkin, as the guardian of his young son Peter. Then the sovereign ordered the release of prisoners and exiles and forgive all debts to the treasury. Alexei Mikhailovich died on January 29, 1676 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov - Tsar and Great Sovereign of All Russia
Lived 1661-1682
Reign years 1676-1682
Father - Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, tsar and great sovereign of all Russia.
Mother - Maria Ilinichna Miloslavskaya, the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
Fedor Alekseevich Romanov was born in Moscow on May 30, 1661. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the question of succession to the throne arose more than once, since Tsarevich Alexei Alexeevich died at the age of 16, and the second tsar's son Fyodor was nine years old at that time.
Still, it was Fyodor who inherited the throne. This happened when he was 15 years old. The young Tsar was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on June 18, 1676. But Fyodor Alekseevich was not in good health; from childhood he was weak and sickly. He ruled the country for only six years.
Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich was well educated. He knew Latin well and spoke Polish fluently, knew a little the ancient Greek language. The tsar was versed in painting and church music, had "a great art in poetry and hefted verses", taught the basics of versification, he made a poetic translation of psalms for "Psalms" by Simeon of Polotsk. His ideas about royal power were formed under the influence of one of the talented philosophers of that time, Simeon of Polotsk, who was the former educator and spiritual mentor of the prince.
After the accession of the young Fyodor Alekseevich, at first his stepmother, NK Naryshkina, tried to lead the country, and the relatives of Tsar Fyodor managed to dismiss her from affairs by sending her together with her son Peter (the future Peter I) to "voluntary exile" to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.
Friends and relatives of the young tsar were the boyar I.F.Miloslavsky, the princes Yu.A. Dolgorukov and Ya.N. Odoevskaya, who were replaced in 1679 by the stolnichy M. T. Likhachev, the bed-room I. M. Yazykov and the prince V. V. Golitsyn. They were "educated, capable and conscientious people." It was they, who had influence on the young tsar, who energetically set about creating a capable government.
Thanks to their influence under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, the adoption of important state decisions was transferred to the Boyar Duma, the number of members of which under him increased from 66 to 99. The Tsar was also inclined to personally take part in government.
Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov In matters of internal government of the country, Fyodor Alekseevich left a mark on the history of Russia with two innovations. In 1681, a project was developed for the creation of the later famous, and then the first in Moscow, Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, which was opened after the death of the king. Many figures of science, culture and politics left its walls. It was there that the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov studied in the 18th century.
Moreover, representatives of all classes were to be allowed to study at the academy, and scholarships were assigned to the poor. The tsar was going to transfer the entire palace library to the academy, and future graduates could apply for high government positions at the court.
Fyodor Alekseevich ordered to build special shelters for orphans and teach them various sciences and crafts. The sovereign wanted to arrange all the disabled in the poorhouse, which he built at his own expense.
In 1682, the Boyar Duma abolished once and for all the so-called parochialism... According to the tradition that existed in Russia, state and military people were appointed to various positions not in accordance with their merits, experience or abilities, but in accordance with parochialism, that is, with the place that the ancestors of the appointed person occupied in the state apparatus.
Simeon Polotsky The son of a man who once held a low position could never rise above the son of an official who held a higher position in his time. This state of affairs irritated many and hindered the effective management of the state.
At the request of Fedor Alekseevich, on January 12, 1682, the Boyar Duma abolished parochialism; rank books, in which "ranks" were recorded, that is, positions, were burned. Instead, all the old boyar families were rewritten into special genealogies so that their merits were not forgotten by their descendants.
In 1678-1679, the government of Fyodor carried out a population census, canceled the decree of Alexei Mikhailovich on the non-surrender of fugitives who enrolled in military service, introduced household taxation (this immediately replenished the treasury, but increased serfdom).
In 1679-1680, an attempt was made to mitigate criminal penalties in the European manner, in particular, the chopping off of hands for theft was abolished. Since then, the perpetrators have been exiled to Siberia with their families.
Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in southern Russia, it became possible to widely endow the nobles who sought to increase their land holdings, estates and estates.
The successful Russian-Turkish war (1676-1681), which ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, which consolidated the unification of the Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia, became a major foreign policy action during the time of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Russia received Kiev even earlier under an agreement with Poland in 1678.
During the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, the entire Kremlin palace complex, including churches, was rebuilt. The buildings were connected with each other by galleries and passages, they were decorated in a new way with carved porches.
A sewerage system, a flowing pond and many hanging gardens with gazebos were arranged in the Kremlin. Fedor Alekseevich had his own garden, for the decoration and arrangement of which he spared no expense.
Dozens of stone buildings, five-domed churches in Kotelniki and Presnya were built in Moscow. The sovereign issued loans to his subjects from the treasury for the construction of stone houses in Kitay-Gorod and forgave many debts.
Fedor Alekseevich saw in the construction of beautiful stone buildings the best way to protect the capital from fires. At the same time, the tsar believed that Moscow is the face of the state and admiration for its splendor should arouse respect for all of Russia among foreign ambassadors.
Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki, built during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich The king's personal life was very unhappy. In 1680, Fyodor Mikhailovich married Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya, but the queen died in childbirth along with her newborn son Ilya.
The tsar's new marriage was arranged by his closest adviser I. M. Yazykov. On February 14, 1682, Tsar Fyodor, almost against his will, was married to Martha Matveyevna Apraksina.
Two months after the wedding on April 27, 1682, the tsar, after a short illness, died in Moscow at the age of 21, leaving no heir. Fyodor Alekseevich was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Ivan V Alekseevich Romanov - senior tsar and great sovereign of all Russia
Lived 1666-1696
Years of reign 1682-1696
Father - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar
and the great sovereign of all Russia.
Mother - Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya.
The future Tsar Ivan (John) V Alekseevich was born on August 27, 1666 in Moscow. When in 1682 the elder brother of Ivan V - Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich - died without leaving an heir, then 16-year-old Ivan V, as the next in seniority, had to inherit the royal crown.
But Ivan Alekseevich was a sick person from childhood and completely incapable of managing the country. That is why the boyars and Patriarch Joachim proposed to remove him and elect his half-brother, 10-year-old Peter, the youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich, as the next tsar.
Both brothers, one due to ill health, the other due to age, could not participate in the struggle for power. Instead of them, their relatives fought for the throne: for Ivan - his sister, Princess Sophia, and the Miloslavskys, relatives of his mother, and for Peter - the Naryshkins, relatives of the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. As a result of this struggle, a bloody archers riot.
The rifle regiments with their newly elected commanders headed for the Kremlin, followed by crowds of townspeople. The archers walking in front shouted accusations against the boyars, who allegedly poisoned Tsar Fyodor and were already attempting to kill Tsarevich Ivan.
Streltsy compiled in advance a list of the names of those boyars who were demanded for reprisals. They did not listen to any exhortations, and showing them alive and unharmed Ivan and Peter on the royal porch did not impress the rebels. And before the eyes of the princes, the archers threw the bodies of their relatives and boyars, familiar to them from birth, from the windows of the palace onto their spears. Sixteen-year-old Ivan after that forever abandoned state affairs, and Peter hated the archers for life.
Then Patriarch Joachim proposed to proclaim both tsars at once: Ivan as the senior tsar, and Peter as the younger tsar, and to appoint princess Sophia Alekseevna, Ivan's sister, regent (ruler) with them.
June 25, 1682 Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich were married to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Even a special throne with two seats was erected for them, which is currently kept in the Armory.
Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich Although Ivan was called the senior tsar, he practically never dealt with state affairs, but only dealt with his family. Ivan V was the sovereign of Russia for 14 years, but his rule was formal. He only attended the palace ceremonies and signed documents, not understanding their essence. The real rulers under him were first Princess Sophia (from 1682 to 1689), and then power passed to his younger brother, Peter.
Since childhood, Ivan V grew up as a frail, sickly child with poor eyesight. Sister Sophia chose a bride for him, the beautiful Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova. Marrying her in 1684 had a beneficial effect on Ivan Alekseevich: he became healthier and more cheerful.
Children of Ivan V and Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova: Maria, Feodosia (died in infancy), Catherine, Anna, Praskovya.
Of the daughters of Ivan V, Anna Ivanovna later became an empress (ruled in 1730-1740). His granddaughter became ruler Anna Leopoldovna. The reigning descendant of Ivan V was also his great-grandson, Ivan VI Antonovich (formally he was listed as emperor from 1740 to 1741).
According to the memoirs of a contemporary of Ivan V, at the age of 27 he looked like a decrepit old man, saw very poorly and, according to one foreigner, was stricken with paralysis. "Tsar Ivan was sitting in an indifferent, deathlike statue on his silver armchair under the icons, wearing a monomakh hat, pulled over his very eyes, lowered down and not looking at anyone."
Ivan V Alekseevich died at the age of 30, on January 29, 1696 in Moscow and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Silver double throne of Tsars Ivan and Peter Alekseevich Princess Sofia Alekseevna - ruler of Russia
Lived 1657-1704
Reign years 1682-1689
Mother - the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya.
Sofya Alekseevna was born on September 5, 1657. She was never married and had no children. Her only passion was the desire to rule.
In the fall of 1682, Sophia, with the help of the noble militia, suppressed the streltsy movement. The further development of Russia required serious reforms. However, Sophia felt that her power was fragile, and therefore refused to innovate.
During her reign, the search for serfs was somewhat weakened, minor indulgences were made to the townspeople, in the interests of the church, Sophia intensified the persecution of the Old Believers.
In 1687, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was opened in Moscow. In 1686, Russia concluded "Eternal Peace" with Poland. According to the agreement, Russia received "for eternity" Kiev with the adjacent area, but for this Russia undertook to start a war with the Crimean Khanate, since the Crimean Tatars devastated Rzeczpospolita (Poland).
In 1687, Prince V.V. Golitsyn led the Russian army on a campaign against the Crimea. The troops reached the tributary of the Dnieper, at this time the Tatars set fire to the steppe, and the Russians were forced to turn back.
In 1689, Golitsyn made his second trip to the Crimea. Russian troops reached Perekop, but could not take it and returned ingloriously. These failures hit hard on the prestige of the ruler Sophia. Many of the princess's followers have lost faith in her.
In August 1689, a coup took place in Moscow. Peter came to power, and Princess Sophia was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent.
Sophia's life in the monastery was initially calm and even happy. She had a nurse and maids. Good food and various delicacies were sent to her from the royal kitchen. Visitors were allowed to Sophia at any time, she could, at will, walk throughout the territory of the monastery. Only at the gate stood a guard of soldiers loyal to Peter.
Princess Sophia Alekseevna During Peter's stay abroad in 1698, the archers raised another uprising in order to transfer the rule of Russia again to Sophia.
The uprising of the archers ended in failure, they were defeated by the troops loyal to Peter, and the leaders of the riot were executed. Peter returned from abroad. The executions of the archers were repeated.
Sophia, after personal interrogation of Peter, was forcibly tonsured into a nun under the name of Susanna. She was under strict supervision. Peter ordered the executions of the archers right under the windows of Sophia's cell.
For another five years, she was imprisoned in a monastery under the vigilant supervision of the guards. Sofia Alekseevna died in 1704 in the Novodevichy Convent.
Peter I - Great Tsar, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia
Lived 1672-1725
Reign 1682-1725
Father - Alexei Mikhailovich, tsar and great sovereign of all Russia.
Mother - the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina.
Peter the Great - Russian tsar (since 1682), the first Russian emperor (since 1721), an outstanding statesman, commander and diplomat, all of whose activities are associated with radical transformations and reforms in Russia aimed at eliminating Russia's lag behind European countries at the beginning of the 18th century ...
Pyotr Alekseevich was born on May 30, 1672 in Moscow, and immediately bells rang joyfully throughout the capital. Various mothers and nannies were assigned to little Peter, and special chambers were allocated. The best craftsmen made furniture, clothes, toys for the tsarevich. From an early age, the boy was especially fond of toy weapons: a bow with arrows, sabers, guns.
Alexei Mikhailovich ordered an icon for Peter with the image of the Holy Trinity on one side, and the Apostle Peter on the other. The icon was made to match the height of a newborn prince. Peter subsequently always took her with him, believing that this icon protects him from misfortunes and brings good luck.
Peter was educated at home under the supervision of "uncle" Nikita Zotov. He lamented that by the age of 11 the tsarevich did not have much time in literacy, history and geography, captured by the military "fun" first in the village of Vorobyov, then in the village of Preobrazhenskoye. These "funny" games of the king were attended by specially created "Funny" shelves (which later became the guard and the core of the Russian regular army).
Physically strong, agile, inquisitive, Peter mastered, with the participation of palace craftsmen, carpentry, weapons, blacksmith, watchmaking, and printing.
The tsar knew German from early childhood, later he studied Dutch, partly English and French.
The inquisitive prince liked very much the books of historical content, decorated with miniatures. Especially for him, court artists created amusing notebooks with vivid drawings depicting ships, weapons, battles, cities - from which Peter studied history.
After the death of the brother of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in 1682, as a result of a compromise between the family clans of the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins, Peter was elevated to the Russian throne simultaneously with his half-brother Ivan V - under the regency (governing the country) of his sister, Princess Sofia Alekseevna.
During her reign, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow, where the "amusing" shelves he created were housed. There he met the son of the court groom, Alexander Menshikov, who became his friend and support for his whole life, and other "young robes of a simple family." Peter learned to value not nobility and nobility, but the ability of a person, his ingenuity and dedication.
Peter the Great Under the guidance of the Dutchman F. Timmerman and the Russian master R. Kartsev, Peter learned shipbuilding, in 1684 he sailed on his boat along the Yauza.
In 1689, his mother forced Peter to marry the daughter of a nobleman, EF Lopukhina (who gave birth to his son Alexei a year later). Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina became the wife of 17-year-old Pyotr Alekseevich on January 27, 1689, but the marriage had almost no effect on him. The tsar did not betray his habits and inclinations. Peter did not love his young wife and spent all the time with friends in the German settlement. In the same place, in 1691, Peter met the daughter of a German craftsman Anna Mons, who became his lover and girlfriend.
Foreigners had a great influence on the formation of his interests. F. J. Lefort, Ya. W. Bruce and P.I. Gordon - first Peter's teacher in various fields, and later - his closest associates.
At the beginning of glorious days
By the beginning of the 1690s, near the village of Preobrazhensky, real battles were already taking place with the participation of tens of thousands of people. Soon two regiments, Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky, were formed from the former "funny" regiment.
At the same time, Peter laid the foundation for the first shipyard on Lake Pereyaslavskoye and began building ships. Even then, the young sovereign dreamed of access to the sea, so necessary for Russia. The first Russian warship was launched in 1692.
Peter started state affairs only after the death of his mother in 1694. By this time, he had already built ships at the Arkhangelsk shipyard and sailed on them in the sea. The tsar came up with his own flag, consisting of three stripes - red, blue and white, which adorned Russian ships at the beginning of the Northern War.
In 1689, having removed his sister Sophia from power, Peter I became de facto tsar. After the untimely death of his mother (who was only 41 years old), and in 1696 - and his co-ruler Ivan V, Peter I became an autocrat not only in fact, but also legally.
Having barely established himself on the throne, Peter I personally participated in the Azov campaigns against Turkey in 1695-1696, which ended with the capture of Azov and the exit of the Russian army to the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.
However, trade relations with Europe could be carried out only by gaining access to the Baltic Sea and returning the Russian lands seized by Sweden during the Time of Troubles.
Transfiguration soldiers Under the guise of studying shipbuilding and maritime affairs, Peter I secretly traveled as one of the volunteers at the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200band in 1697-1698 to Europe. There, under the name of Peter Mikhailov, the tsar completed a full course of artillery sciences in Konigsberg and Brandenburg.
For six months he worked as a carpenter in the shipyards of Amsterdam, studying ship architecture, drawing, then completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England. By his order, books, instruments, weapons were purchased for Russia in these countries, foreign craftsmen and scientists were recruited.
The Grand Embassy prepared the creation of the Northern Alliance against Sweden, which was finally formed two years later - in 1699.
In the summer of 1697, Peter I held negotiations with the Austrian emperor and planned to visit Venice as well, but having received news of the uprising of the archers in Moscow (which Princess Sophia promised to raise their salaries in the event of the overthrow of Peter I), he urgently returned to Russia.
On August 26, 1698, Peter I began a personal investigation into the case of the Streltsy riot and did not spare any of the rebels - 1,182 people were executed. Sophia and her sister Martha were tonsured into nuns.
In February 1699, Peter I ordered the disbanding of the rifle regiments and the beginning of the formation of regular ones - soldiers and dragoons, since "until now this state had no infantry."
Soon, Peter I signed decrees, under pain of fines and flogging, ordered men to “cut their beards,” which was considered a symbol of the Orthodox faith. The young tsar ordered everyone to wear European-style clothes, and women to reveal their hair, which had previously always been carefully hidden under headscarves and headdresses. So Peter I prepared Russian society for radical changes, eliminating the patriarchal foundations of the Russian way of life by his decrees.
Since 1700, Peter I introduced a new calendar with the beginning of the new year - January 1 (instead of September 1) and the chronology of the "Nativity of Christ", which he also saw as a step in breaking outdated morals.
In 1699, Peter I finally broke up with his first wife. More than once he persuaded her to take monastic tonsure, but Evdokia refused. Without the consent of his wife, Peter I took her to Suzdal, to the Pokrovsky nunnery, where she was tonsured as a nun under the name of Elena. The tsar took his eight-year-old son Alexei to himself.
North War
The primary task of Peter I was the creation of a regular army and the construction of a fleet. On November 19, 1699, the tsar issued a decree on the formation of 30 infantry regiments. But the training of the soldiers did not go as fast as the king wanted.
Simultaneously with the formation of the army, all conditions were created for a powerful breakthrough in the development of industry. Approximately 40 factories and factories have sprung up over the course of several years. Peter I directed the Russian craftsmen to adopt all the most valuable from foreigners and do even better than theirs.
By the beginning of 1700, Russian diplomats managed to conclude peace with Turkey and sign treaties with Denmark and Poland. Having concluded the Peace of Constantinople with Turkey, Peter I switched the country's efforts to the struggle with Sweden, which at that time was ruled by 17-year-old Charles XII, who, despite his youth, was considered a talented commander.
North War 1700-1721 for Russia's access to the Baltic began with the battle of Narva. But the 40,000-strong untrained and poorly trained Russian army lost this battle to the army of Charles XII. Calling the Swedes “the teachers of the Russians,” Peter I ordered reforms to make the Russian army combat-ready. The Russian army began to transform before our eyes, and domestic artillery began to emerge.
A. D. Menshikov Alexander Danilovich Menshikov
On May 7, 1703, Peter I and Alexander Menshikov in boats made a fearless attack on two Swedish ships at the mouth of the Neva and won.
For this battle, Peter I and his favorite Menshikov received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
Alexander Danilovich Menshikov - the son of a groom, who traded hot cakes in childhood, rose from the tsar's orderly to the generalissimo, received the title of His Serene Highness.
Menshikov was practically the second person in the state after Peter I, his closest associate in all state affairs. Peter I appointed Menshikov governor of all the Baltic lands reclaimed from the Swedes. Menshikov put a lot of effort and energy into the construction of St. Petersburg, and his merit in this is invaluable. True, for all his merits, Menshikov was also the most famous Russian embezzler.
Founding of St. Petersburg
By the middle of 1703, all the lands from the sources to the mouth of the Neva were in the hands of the Russians.
On May 16, 1703, Peter I laid the foundation for the fortress of St. Petersburg on the Vesyoliy Island - a wooden fortress with six bastions. A small house for the sovereign was built next to it. Alexander Menshikov was appointed the first governor of the fortress.
The tsar predicted to Petersburg not only the role of a trading port, but a year later, in a letter to the governor, he called the city the capital, and to protect it from the sea ordered to lay a sea fortress on the island of Kotlin (Kronstadt).
In the same 1703, 43 ships were built at the Olonets shipyard, and a shipyard called Admiralteyskaya was founded at the mouth of the Neva. On it, the construction of ships began in 1705, and the first ship was launched already in 1706.
The laying of the new future capital coincided with changes in the tsar's personal life: he met the washerwoman Marta Skavronskaya, who was given to Menshikov as a "war trophy". Martha was captured in one of the battles of the Northern War. The Tsar soon named her Ekaterina Alekseevna, christening Martha into Orthodoxy. In 1704, she became the common-law wife of Peter I, and by the end of 1705, Peter Alekseevich became the father of the son of Catherine, Pavel.
Children of Peter I
Domestic affairs were very depressing for the reformer king. His son Alexei disagreed with his father's vision of proper government. Peter I tried to influence him by persuasion, then threatened to imprison him in a monastery.
Fleeing from such a fate, in 1716 Alexei fled to Europe. Peter I declared his son a traitor, achieved his return and imprisoned him in a fortress. In 1718, the tsar personally conducted his investigative business, seeking the abdication of Alexei from the throne and the issuance of the names of his accomplices. The "case of the prince" ended with the imposition of the death sentence on Alexei.
Children of Peter I from marriage with Evdokia Lopukhina - Natalya, Pavel, Alexei, Alexander (all, except for Alexei, died in infancy).
Children from a second marriage with Marta Skavronskaya (Ekaterina Alekseevna) - Ekaterina, Anna, Elizaveta, Natalya, Margarita, Peter, Pavel, Natalya, Peter (except for Anna and Elizabeth they died in infancy).
Tsarevich Alexey Petrovich Poltava victory
In 1705-1706, a wave of popular uprisings took place in Russia. People were dissatisfied with the violence of the governor, detectives and profit-makers. Peter I brutally suppressed all unrest. Simultaneously with the suppression of internal unrest, the king continued to prepare for further battles with the army of the Swedish king. Peter I regularly offered peace to Sweden, which the Swedish king constantly rejected.
Charles XII with his army slowly moved east, intending to eventually take Moscow. After the capture of Kiev, the Ukrainian hetman Mazepa was supposed to rule in it, who went over to the side of the Swedes. All southern lands, according to Karl's plan, were distributed among the Turks, Crimean Tatars and other supporters of the Swedes. In the event of a victory of the Swedish troops, the Russian state was expected to be destroyed.
On July 3, 1708, the Swedes attacked the Russian corps headed by Repnin near the village of Golovchina in Belarus. Under the onslaught of the royal army, the Russians retreated, and the Swedes entered Mogilev. The defeat at Golovchin was an excellent lesson for the Russian army. Soon, the tsar with his own hand drew up the "Rules of Battle", which dealt with the fortitude, courage and mutual assistance of soldiers in battle.
Peter I watched the actions of the Swedes, studied their maneuvers, trying to lure the enemy into a trap. The Russian army marched ahead of the Swedish and, by order of the tsar, ruthlessly destroyed everything in its path. Bridges and mills were destroyed, villages and grain in the fields were burned. Residents fled into the forest and took their cattle with them. The Swedes walked across the scorched, devastated land, the soldiers were starving. The Russian cavalry tormented the enemy with constant attacks.
Poltava battle Sly Mazepa advised Karl XII to seize Poltava, which is of great strategic importance. On April 1, 1709, the Swedes stood under the walls of this fortress. The three-month siege did not bring Charles XII success. All attempts to storm the fortress were repulsed by the Poltava garrison.
On June 4, Peter I came to Poltava. Together with the commanders, he developed a detailed plan of action, which provided for all possible changes during the battle.
On June 27, the Swedish royal army was utterly defeated. The Swedish king himself could not be found, he fled with Mazepa towards the Turkish possessions. In this battle, the Swedes lost more than 11 thousand soldiers, of which 8 thousand were killed. The Swedish king, fleeing, abandoned the remnants of his army, which surrendered to Menshikov's mercy. The army of Charles XII was practically destroyed.
Peter I after Poltava victory he generously rewarded the heroes of battles, distributed ranks, orders and lands. Soon the tsar ordered the generals to hurry up with the liberation of the entire Baltic coast from the Swedes.
Until 1720, hostilities between Sweden and Russia were sluggish, protracted. And only the naval battle at Grengam, which ended with the defeat of the Swedish military squadron, put an end to the history of the Northern War.
The long-awaited peace treaty between Russia and Sweden was signed in Nystadt on August 30, 1721. Sweden got back most of Finland, and Russia got access to the sea.
For the victory in the Northern War, the Senate and the Holy Synod on January 20, 1721 approved the new title of Tsar Peter the Great: “Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great and Emperor of All Russia».
Having forced the Western world to recognize Russia as one of the great European powers, the emperor set about solving urgent problems in the Caucasus. The Persian campaign of Peter I in 1722-1723 secured the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku for Russia. For the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates were established there, and the importance of foreign trade increased.
The emperor
The emperor (from the Latin imperator - sovereign) - the title of the monarch, head of state. Initially, in ancient Rome, the word imperator meant the supreme power: military, judicial, administrative, which was possessed by high consuls and dictators. Since the time of the Roman emperor Augustus and his successors, the title of emperor has acquired a monarchical character.
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the title of emperor was preserved in the East - in Byzantium. Subsequently, in the West, it was restored by the Emperor Charlemagne, then by the German king Otto I. Later this title was accepted by the monarchs of some other states. In Russia, Peter the Great was proclaimed the first emperor - this is how they began to call him.
Coronation
With the adoption by Peter I of the title "Emperor of All Russia", the rite of wedding to the kingdom was replaced by a coronation, which entailed changes both in the church ceremony and in the composition of the regalia.
Coronation -the rite of entry into the reign.
For the first time, the coronation ceremony was performed in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on May 7, 1724, Emperor Peter I crowned his wife Catherine as empress. The coronation process was drawn up according to the rite of the wedding to the kingdom of Fyodor Alekseevich, but with some changes: Peter I personally placed the imperial crown on his wife.
The first Russian imperial crown was made of gilded silver, similar to church crowns for weddings. The cap of Monomakh was not put on at the coronation; it was carried in front of the solemn procession. During the coronation of Catherine, she was awarded a golden minor power - a "globe".
Imperial crown In 1722, Peter issued a decree on succession to the throne, which stated that the reigning sovereign appoints the successor to power.
Peter the Great made a will, where he left the throne to his wife Catherine, but he destroyed the will in a fit of rage. (The sovereign was informed of the betrayal of his wife with the chamber-junker Mons.) For a long time, Peter I could not forgive the empress for this offense, and he did not have time to write a new will.
Fundamental reforms
Peter's decrees of 1715-1718 dealt with all aspects of the life of the state: leatherworking, workshops uniting artisans, the creation of manufactories, the construction of new arms factories, the development of agriculture and much more.
Peter the Great radically rebuilt the entire system of government. Instead of the Boyar Duma, the Near Chancellery was established, consisting of 8 confidants of the sovereign. Then, on its basis, Peter I established the Senate.
The Senate initially existed as a temporary government body in case of the absence of the tsar. But soon it became permanent. The Senate had judicial power, administrative and managerial and sometimes legislative power. The composition of the Senate was changed by the decision of the king.
All of Russia was divided into 8 provinces: Siberian, Azov, Kazan, Smolensk, Kiev, Arkhangelsk, Moscow and Ingermanland (Petersburg). 10 years after the formation of the provinces, the sovereign decided to subdivide the provinces and divided the country into 50 provinces headed by governors. Provinces survived, but there are already 11 of them.
For more than 35 years of reign, Peter the Great managed to carry out a huge number of reforms in the field of culture and education. Their main result was the emergence of secular schools in Russia and the elimination of the monopoly of the clergy on education. Peter the Great founded and opened: School of Mathematics and Navigational Sciences (1701), Medical and Surgical School (1707) - the future Military Medical Academy, Naval Academy (1715), Engineering and Artillery Schools (1719).
In 1719, the first museum in Russian history began to operate - Kunstkamera with a public library. Primer books, educational maps were published and, in general, the beginning of the systematic study of the country's geography and mapping was laid.
The spread of literacy was facilitated by the reform of the alphabet (replacement of cursive by civilian type in 1708), the release of the first Russian printed newspaper "Vedomosti" (since 1703).
Holy Synod - This is also an innovation of Peter, created as a result of the church reform he carried out. The emperor decided to deprive the church of its own funds. By his decree of December 16, 1700, the Patriarchal Order was dissolved. The church no longer had the right to dispose of its property; all funds were now going into the state treasury. In 1721, Peter I abolished the dignity of the Russian patriarch, replacing it with the Holy Synod, which included representatives of the highest clergy of Russia.
In the era of Peter the Great, many buildings were erected for state and cultural institutions, an architectural ensemble Peterhof (Petrodvorets). Fortresses were built Kronstadt, Peter-Pavel's Fortress, the planned development of the Northern capital - St. Petersburg began, which laid the foundation for urban planning and the construction of residential buildings according to standard projects.
Peter I - dentist
Tsar Peter I the Great "was an eternal worker on the throne." He knew 14 crafts or, as they said then, “handicrafts” well, but medicine (more precisely, surgery and dental treatment) was one of his main hobbies.
During his trips to Western Europe, being in Amsterdam in 1698 and 1717, Tsar Peter I visited the anatomical museum of Professor Frederick Ruysch and diligently took lessons from him in anatomy and medicine. Returning to Russia, Pyotr Alekseevich established in Moscow in 1699 a course of lectures on anatomy for boyars, with a visual demonstration on corpses.
The author of The History of the Acts of Peter the Great, I. I. Golikov, wrote about this royal hobby: “He ordered himself to be notified if in the hospital ... it was necessary to dissect the body or do some kind of surgical operation, and ... rarely missed such a case , so as not to be present at it, and often even helped operations. Over time, he acquired so much skill that he was very skillfully able to anatomize the body, bleed, pulled out his teeth and did it with great eagerness ... ".
Peter I always and everywhere carried with him two sets of instruments: measuring and surgical. Considering himself an experienced surgeon, the tsar was always glad to come to the rescue, as soon as he noticed any ailment in his entourage. And by the end of his life, Peter had a weighty bag in which 72 teeth he had personally pulled out were kept.
I must say that the tsar's fascination with pulling out other people's teeth was very unpleasant for his entourage. Because it happened that he tore not only sick, but also healthy teeth.
One of Peter the Great's close associates wrote in his diary in 1724 that Peter's niece "is in great fear that the emperor will soon take up her sore leg: it is known that he considers himself a great surgeon and willingly undertakes all kinds of operations on patients himself." ...
Today we cannot judge the degree of surgical skill of Peter I, only the patient himself could assess it, and even then not always. After all, it happened that the operation performed by Peter ended in the death of the patient. Then the tsar with no less enthusiasm and knowledge of the matter began to dissect (cut) the corpse.
We must pay tribute to him: Peter was a good connoisseur of anatomy, in his free time from public affairs he liked to cut out anatomical models of the human eye and ear from ivory.
Today, the teeth pulled out by Peter I and the instruments with which he performed surgical operations (without painkillers) can be seen in the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera.
In the last year of life
The stormy and arduous life of the great reformer could not but affect the health of the emperor, who by the age of 50 had earned many illnesses. Most of all he was bothered by kidney disease.
In the last year of his life, Peter I went to be treated for mineral waters, but during the treatment he still did hard physical work. In June 1724, at the Ugodsky factories, he personally forged several strips of iron, in August he was present at the descent of the frigate, then went on a long journey along the route: Shlisselburg - Olonetsk - Novgorod - Staraya Russa - Ladoga Canal.
Returning home, Peter I learned terrible news for him: his wife Catherine cheated on him with 30-year-old Willie Mons, the brother of the former favorite of the emperor - Anna Mons.
It was difficult to prove his wife's betrayal, so Willie Mons was accused of bribery and embezzlement. By the verdict of the court his head was cut off. Catherine had just hinted to Peter I about pardon when, in great anger, the emperor broke a delicate mirror in an expensive frame and said: “This is the most beautiful decoration of my palace. I want - and I will destroy it! " Then Peter I subjected his wife to a difficult test - he took her to look at the severed head of Mons.
Soon, his kidney disease worsened. Peter I spent most of the last months of his life in bed in terrible agony. At times, the illness receded, then he got up and left the bedroom. At the end of October 1724, Peter I even took part in putting out a fire on Vasilievsky Island, and on November 5 he dropped in at the wedding of a German baker, where he spent several hours watching a foreign wedding ceremony and German dances. In the same November, the tsar participated in the betrothal of his daughter Anna and the Duke of Holstein.
Overcoming the pain, the emperor drew up and edited decrees and instructions. Three weeks before his death, Peter I was preparing instructions for the head of the Kamchatka expedition, Vitus Bering.
Peter-Pavel's Fortress In mid-January 1725, bouts of renal colic became more frequent. According to contemporaries, for several days Peter I shouted so loudly that it was heard far away. Then the pain became so strong that the king only moaned dully, biting the pillow. Peter I died on January 28, 1725 in terrible agony. His body remained unburied for forty days. All this time, his wife Catherine (soon proclaimed empress) cried twice a day over the body of her beloved husband.
Peter the Great was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, which he himself founded.
For the final end of the Troubles, it was required not only to elect a new monarch to the Russian throne, but also to ensure the security of the Russian borders from the two most active neighbors - the Commonwealth and Sweden. However, this was impossible until a social consensus was reached in the Muscovite kingdom, and a person would not appear on the throne of the descendants of Ivan Kalita who would fully suit most of the delegates to the Zemsky Sobor of 1612-1613. For a number of reasons, 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov became such a candidate.
APPLICATIONS FOR THE MOSCOW THRONE
With the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, the zemstvo people were given the opportunity to proceed with the election of the head of state. In November 1612, the nobleman Filosofov told the Poles that the Cossacks in Moscow stood for the election of one of the Russian people to the throne, "and they are trying on Filaret's son and a thief's son from Kaluga," while the older boyars stand for the election of a foreigner. The Cossacks remembered "Tsarevich Ivan Dmitrievich" in a moment of extreme danger, Sigismund III stood at the port of Moscow, and the surrendered members of the seven-boyars could at any moment again defect to his side. Zarutsky's army stood behind the Kolomna tsarevich. The atamans hoped that at a critical moment their old comrades-in-arms would come to their aid. But the hopes for the return of Zarutsky did not come true. In the hour of trials, the ataman was not afraid to unleash a fratricidal war. Together with Marina Mnishek and her young son, he came to the walls of Ryazan and tried to capture the city. Ryazan voivode Mikhail Buturlin came forward and put him to flight.
Zarutsky's attempt to get Ryazan for the "vorenk" failed. The townspeople expressed their negative attitude towards the candidacy of "Ivan Dmitrievich". Agitation in his favor began to subside in Moscow by itself.
Without the Boyar Duma, the election of the tsar could not have legal force. With the thought, the election threatened to drag on for many years. Many noble families claimed the crown, and no one wanted to give way to another.
SWEDISH PRINCE
When the Second Militia was stationed in Yaroslavl, D.M. Pozharsky, with the consent of the clergy, servicemen, posadov who feed the militia with funds, entered into negotiations with the Novgorodians about the candidacy of the Swedish prince to the Moscow throne. On May 13, 1612, they wrote letters to the Novgorod Metropolitan Isidor, Prince Odoevsky and De la Gardie and sent them to Novgorod with Stepan Tatishchev. For the sake of the importance of the case with this ambassador, the militias also went elected - from each city one person. It is interesting that Metropolitan Isidor and the governor of Odoyevsky were asked how their and Novgorodians' relations with the Swedes were. And Delagardie reported that if the new Swedish king Gustav II Adolphus releases his brother to the Moscow throne and orders If he is baptized into the Orthodox faith, then they are glad to be with the Novgorod land in the council.
Chernikova T.V. Europeanization of Russia inXV -XVII centuries. M., 2012
ELECTION TO THE KINGDOM OF MIKHAIL ROMANOV
When quite a lot of authorities and elected officials gathered, a three-day fast was appointed, after which councils began. First of all, they began to argue about whether to choose from foreign royal houses or their natural Russian, and decided “not to elect the Lithuanian and Swedish king and their children and other German faiths and some foreign-language states of the non-Christian faith of the Greek law on the Vladimir and Moscow state, and Marinka and her son do not want the state, because the Polish and German king saw on themselves a lie and a crime of the cross and a peaceful violation: the Lithuanian king ruined the Moscow state, and the Swedish king Veliky Novgorod took it by deception. " They began to choose their own: then intrigues, troubles and unrest began; everyone wanted to do his own thing, everyone wanted his own, some wanted the throne themselves, bribed and sent; sides formed, but none of them prevailed. Once, says the chronograph, a nobleman from Galich brought to the council a written opinion, which said that Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the closest of all kinship to the former tsars, and he should be elected to the tsar. Voices of dissatisfied were heard: "Who brought such a letter, who, where from?" At that time, the Don chieftain came out and also submitted a written opinion: "What did you submit, chieftain?" Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky asked him. “About the natural tsar Mikhail Fedorovich,” the ataman answered. The same opinion, submitted by the nobleman and the Don chieftain, decided the matter: Mikhail Fedorovich was proclaimed tsar. But not all of the elected officials were in Moscow yet; there were no noble boyars; Prince Mstislavsky and his comrades left Moscow immediately after their release: it was embarrassing for them to remain in it next to the governor-liberators; now they were sent to call them to Moscow for a common cause, they also sent reliable people to cities and counties to find out the people's thought about the new chosen one, and the final decision was postponed for two weeks, from 8 to 21 February 1613. Finally, Mstislavsky and his comrades arrived, the late elected ones also arrived, envoys to the regions returned with the news that the people were happy to recognize Michael as tsar. On February 21, the week of Orthodoxy, that is, on the first Sunday of Great Lent, there was the last council: each rite submitted a written opinion, and all these opinions were found to be similar, all ranks pointed to one person - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Then the Ryazan Archbishop Theodorite, the Troitsky cellarer Avraamy Palitsyn, the Novospassky Archimandrite Joseph and the boyar Vasily Petrovich Morozov ascended to Execution Ground and asked the people who filled Red Square who they want to be tsars? "Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov" - was the answer.
CATHEDRAL 1613 AND MIKHAIL ROMANOV
The first deed of the great Zemsky Sobor, which elected sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne, was to send an embassy to the newly elected Tsar. When sending the embassy, \u200b\u200bthe cathedral did not know where Mikhail was, and therefore the order given to the ambassadors said: "To go to the Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and the Grand Duke of All Russia to Yaroslavl." Arriving in Yaroslavl, the embassy here only learned that Mikhail Fedorovich was living with his mother in Kostroma; without hesitation, it moved there, together with many Yaroslavl citizens who had already joined here.
The embassy arrived in Kostroma on March 14; On the 19th, after convincing Mikhail to accept the royal crown, it left Kostroma with him, and on the 21st they all arrived in Yaroslavl. Here, all Yaroslavl residents and noblemen who came from everywhere, boyar children, guests, merchants with wives and children met the new tsar with a procession of the cross, brought him images, bread and salt, rich gifts. Mikhail Fedorovich chose the ancient Spaso-Preobrazhensky monastery as the place of his stay here. Here, in the cells of the archimandrite, he lived with his mother, nun Martha, and the provisional State Council, which consisted of Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky with other nobles and clerk Ivan Bolotnikov with stewards and solicitors. From here, on March 23, the first letter from the tsar was sent to Moscow, informing the Zemsky Sobor of consent to accept the royal crown.
The first known ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla. Until the beginning of the 16th century, the Romanovs were called Koshkins, then Zakharyins-Koshkins and Zakharyins-Yurievs.
Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva was the first wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The ancestor of the family is the boyar Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev. From the house of the Romanovs, Aleksey Mikhailovich and Fedor Alekseevich reigned; during the infancy of Tsars Ivan V and Peter I, their sister Sophia Alekseevna was the ruler. In 1721, Peter I was proclaimed emperor, and his wife Catherine I became the first Russian empress.
With the death of Peter II, the Romanov dynasty was suppressed in the direct male generation. With the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, the Romanov dynasty ended in a straight female line. However, the surname Romanov was borne by Peter III and his wife Catherine II, their son Paul I and his descendants.
In 1918, Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and members of his family were shot in Yekaterinburg, other Romanovs were killed in 1918-1919, some emigrated.
https://ria.ru/history_infografika/20100303/211984454.html
It just so happened that our Motherland has an unusually rich and varied history, a huge milestone in which we can confidently consider the dynasty of Russian emperors who bore the name of the Romanovs. This rather ancient boyar family actually left a weighty trace, because it was the Romanovs who ruled the country for three hundred years, until the Great October Revolution of 1917, after which their family was practically interrupted. The Romanov dynasty, whose genealogical tree we will definitely consider in detail and closely, has become significant, reflected in the cultural and economic aspects of the life of Russians.
The first Romanovs: a family tree with years of reign
According to a legend known in the Romanov family, their ancestors came to Russia at about the beginning of the fourteenth century from Prussia, but these are only rumors. One of the famous historians of the twentieth century, academician and archaeographer Stepan Borisovich Veselovsky believes that this family traces its roots from Novgorod, but this information is rather unreliable.
The first known ancestor of the Romanov dynasty, the family tree with a photo should be examined in detail and thoroughly, was a boyar named Andrei Kobyla, who "walked" under the Moscow prince Simeon the Proud. His son, Fyodor Koshka, gave the family the name of the Koshkins, and already his grandchildren received a double surname - Zakharyins-Koshkins.
At the beginning of the sixteenth century, it so happened that the Zakharyin family rose significantly and began to claim their rights to the Russian throne. The fact is that the notorious Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Zakharyina, and when the Rurik family was finally left without offspring, their children began to tag for the throne, and not in vain. However, the family tree of the Romanovs as Russian rulers began a little later, when Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne, perhaps this is precisely where our rather lengthy story should begin.
The Magnificent Romanovs: the tree of the royal dynasty began with opal
The first tsar from the Romanov dynasty was born in 1596 in the family of a noble and rather wealthy boyar Fyodor Nikitich, who later became ordained and began to be nicknamed Patriarch Filaret. His wife was nee Shestakova, named Xenia. The boy grew up strong, savvy, grasped everything on the fly, and on top of everything else, he was also almost a direct cousin of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, which made him the first contender for the throne, when the Rurik family was simply cut short due to degeneration. It is with this that the Romanov dynasty begins, the tree of which we consider through the prism of the past tense.
Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Tsar and Grand Prince of All Russia (ruled from 1613 to 1645) was not elected by chance. The time was troubled, there was talk of an invitation to the nobility, boyars and the kingdom of the English king James the First, but the Great Russian Cossacks became enraged, fearing a lack of grain allowance, which they received. At the age of sixteen, Michael ascended the throne, but gradually his health deteriorated, he was constantly "mournful on his feet", and died a natural death at the age of forty-nine.
Following his father, his heir, the first and eldest son, ascended the throne Alexey Mikhailovich, nicknamed The quietest (1645-1676), continuing the Romanov family, whose tree turned out to be branched and impressive. Two years before his father's death, he was "presented" to the people as an heir, and two years later, when he died, Michael took the scepter in his hands. During his reign, a lot happened, but the main merits are considered to be the reunification with Ukraine, the return to the state of Smolensk and the Northern Land, as well as the final formation of the institution of serfdom. It is also worth mentioning that it was under Aleksey that the famous peasant revolt of Stenka Razin took place.
After Alexei Tishaishy, \u200b\u200ba naturally weak person, fell ill and died, his blood brother took his placeFedor III Alekseevich (ruled from 1676 to 1682), who from early childhood showed signs of scurvy, or, as the scurvy was then said, either from a lack of vitamins, or from an improper lifestyle. In fact, various families ruled the country at that time, and nothing good came of the king's three marriages, he died at twenty, never leaving a will on the succession to the throne.
After the death of Fyodor, feuds began, and the throne was given to the first brother in seniority. Ivan V (1682-1696), who just turned fifteen years old. However, he was simply not able to rule such a huge power, because many believed that his ten-year-old brother Peter should take the throne. Therefore, both were appointed tsars, and for the sake of order, their sister Sophia, who was smarter and more experienced, was assigned to them as regent. By the age of thirty, Ivan died, leaving his brother the legal heir to the throne.
Thus, the family tree of the Romanovs gave history exactly five kings, after which the anemone Cleo took a new turn, and a fresh turn brought a novelty, the kings were called emperors, and one of the greatest people in world history entered the arena.
The imperial tree of the Romanovs over the years of reign: a diagram of the post-Petrine period
The first in the history of the state the All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat, and in fact, also his last king wasPeter I Alekseevich, who received his great merits and honorable deeds, the Great (years of reign from 1672 to 1725). The boy received a rather poor education, which is why he had great respect for sciences and scientists, hence the passion for a foreign lifestyle. He ascended the throne at the age of ten, but actually began to rule the country only after the death of his brother, as well as the imprisonment of his sister in the Novodevichy Convent.
Peter's merits to the state and people are innumerable, and even a cursory review of them would take at least three pages of dense typed text, so it is worth doing it yourself. In the aspect of our interests, the Romanov family, whose tree with portraits should definitely be studied in more detail, continued, and the state became an Empire, strengthening all positions in the world arena by two hundred percent, if not more. However, a banal urolithiasis brought down the emperor who seemed so indestructible.
After the death of Peter, power was seized by his second lawful wife,Catherine I Alekseevna, whose real name is Marta Skavronskaya, and the years of her reign stretched from 1684 to 1727. In fact, the notorious Count Menshikov, as well as the Supreme Privy Council created by the empress, had real power at that time.
The reckless and unhealthy life of Catherine gave its terrible fruits, and after her the grandson of Peter, who was born in his first marriage, was elevated to the throne,Peter II... He came to reign in the 27th year of the eighteenth century, when he was barely ten, and by the time he was fourteen, smallpox had knocked him down. The Privy Council continued to govern the country, and after it fell, the Dolgorukov boyars.
After the untimely death of the young king, something had to be decided and ascended to the throneAnna Ivanovna (reign from 1693 to 1740), the disgraced daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, Duchess of Courland, widowed at the age of seventeen. The huge country was then ruled by her lover E.I. Biron.
Before her death, Anna Ionovna managed to write a will, according to him, the grandson of Ivan the Fifth, a baby, ascended the throneIvan VI, or simply John Antonovich, who managed to be emperor from 1740 to 1741. At first, the same Biron was engaged in state affairs for him, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna intercepted the initiative. Deprived of power, he spent his entire life in prison, where he would later be killed by secret order of Catherine II.
Then the illegitimate daughter of Peter the Great came to power, Elizaveta Petrovna (years of government 1742-1762), which climbed to the throne literally on the shoulders of the brave warriors of the Preobrazhensky regiment. After her accession, the entire Braunschweig family was arrested, and the favorites of the former empress were put to death.
The last empress was completely barren, because she did not leave her heirs, and transferred her power to the son of her sister Anna Petrovna. That is, we can say that at that time it turned out again that the rule was only five emperors, of which only three had the opportunity to be called Romanovs by blood and origin. After the death of Elizabeth, there were absolutely no male followers left, and the direct male line, one might say, was completely stopped.
Permanent Romanovs: the tree of the dynasty was reborn from the ashes
After Anna Petrovna was married to Karl Friedrich Holstein-Gottorp, the Romanov family had to end. However, he saved the dynastic treaty, according to which the son from this unionPeter III (1762), and the family itself was now called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky. He managed to sit on the throne for only 186 days and died under completely mysterious and unclear circumstances to this day, and even then without a coronation, and was crowned after his death by Paul, as they say now, retroactively. It is remarkable that this would-be emperor left behind a whole heap of "False Pets", which appeared here and there, like mushrooms after a rain.
After a short reign of the previous sovereign, the real German princess Sophia Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, better known as the Empress, made her way to power through an armed coup.Catherine II, Great (from 1762 to 1796), the wife of the very unpopular and stupid Peter the third. During her reign, Russia has become much more powerful, its influence on the world community has significantly strengthened, but inside the country it has done a lot of work, reunited the lands, and so on. It was during her reign that the peasant war of Emelka Pugachev broke out and was suppressed with noticeable effort.
The emperor Paul I, Catherine's unloved son from a hated man, ascended the throne after the death of his mother in the cold autumn of 1796, and ruled for exactly five years, without several months. He carried out many reforms useful for the country and the people, as if in spite of his mother, and also interrupted a series of palace coups, abolishing the female inheritance of the throne, which from now on could be passed exclusively from father to son. He was killed in March 1801 by an officer in his own bedroom, without even having time to really wake up.
After the death of his father, his eldest son ascended the throneAlexander I (1801-1825), a liberal and lover of the silence and charm of rural life, as well as who was going to give the people a constitution, so that later he could rest on his laurels until the end of his days. At the age of forty-seven, all that he received life as a whole is an epitaph from the greatest Pushkin: "I spent my whole life on the road, caught a cold and died in Taganrog." It is remarkable that the first memorial museum in Russia was created in his honor, which existed for over a hundred years, after which it was liquidated by the Bolsheviks. After his death, brother Constantine was put on the throne, but he immediately refused, not wanting to take part in this whistle of disgrace and murder.
Thus, Paul's third son ascended the throne -Nicholas I (reign from 1825 to 1855), Catherine's direct grandson, who was born during her lifetime and memory. It was under him that the Decembrist uprising was suppressed, the Code of Laws of the Empire was finalized, new censorship laws were introduced, and many very serious military campaigns were won. It is believed, according to the official version, that he died of pneumonia, but it was rumored that the king himself killed himself.
Conductor of large-scale reforms and great devoteeAlexander II Nikolaevich, nicknamed the Liberator, came to power in 1855. In March 1881, a bomb was thrown at the feet of the sovereign by the People's Will Ignatiy Grinevitsky. Soon after, he died from his injuries, which were incompatible with life.
After the death of his predecessor, his own, younger brother was anointed to the throneAlexander III Alexandrovich (from 1845 to 1894). During his time on the throne, the country did not enter a single war, thanks to a uniquely correct policy, for which he received the legitimate nickname Tsar-Peacemaker.
The most honest and responsible of the Russian emperors died after the tsar's train crashed, when he held the roof in his hands for several hours, which threatened to collapse on his family and friends.
An hour and a half after the death of his father, right in the Livadia Church of the Exaltation of the Cross, without waiting for the panikhida, the last emperor of the Russian Empire was anointed to the throne,Nicholas II Alexandrovich (1894-1917).
After the coup in the country, he abdicated the throne, handing it over to his half-brother Mikhail, as his mother wanted, but nothing was corrected, and both were executed by the Revolution, along with their descendants.
At this time, there are many descendants of the Romanov imperial dynasty who could claim the throne. It is clear that there is no longer a smell of purity of the clan, because the "brave new world" dictates its own rules. However, the fact remains, and if necessary, the new tsar can be found quite easily, and the Romanov tree in the scheme today looks quite branched.
