How to sculpt baroque stucco elements. Baroque style: when stucco and sculpture are everything

Baroque is a style in architectural art that was widespread in the 16th-18th centuries. The origin of the Baroque era began in Italy after the weakening of church influence on the minds of believers, the formation of a new philosophy among the representatives of the secular elite. The original style of the XVI-XVIII centuries is characterized by dynamism, monumentality, non-standard ideas.

Baroque architecture is filled with artsy stucco, unique sculpture, odious statues, original bas-reliefs, spectacular patterns and ornaments. The most famous sculptors of this era were F. Borromini and L. Bernini. The most grandiose, majestic and expressive buildings of the Baroque era belong to the hands of these masters.

Main features of Baroque architecture

As with any style, Baroque sculpture has characteristic features. The architectural works of this era are characterized by:

curvilinear shapes, kinks and bends;
visual dynamism and plasticity of forms;
the spatial scale of buildings;
contrasting parameters of decorative elements;
an abundance of decorative finishes in the exterior and interior.

The splendor of the interior and exterior decoration of baroque buildings is striking. It is difficult to compare it with the decor of any other style in art. In the facades and interiors, one can observe hundreds of small and large details (mainly plaster moldings): lush bas-reliefs, elegant staircases, stone sculptures, shining chandeliers, luxurious fireplaces, huge mirrors, magnificent tapestries, panels, mosaics, paintings. The interior decoration also impresses with an abundance of gilded elements and a wide color palette.

Plaster stucco molding has become an integral part of the decoration of the Baroque buildings. It was the stucco elements that became the style-forming factors in the Baroque interior. The forms of stucco ornaments are always varied, plastic, voluminous. To achieve an even more impressive result, plaster moldings were additionally decorated - covered with gilding, paint, varnish, tinted.

Photo:

In baroque plots, plaster moldings included plant motifs, classical details, and original elements. Thus, the basis of the stucco decoration for the Baroque building was compositions of pilasters, cornices, columns, and pillars. This decorative grid was supplemented with bunches of grapes, bouquets of flowers, garlands of fruits, cups of winners, arabesques, musical instruments, etc. Stucco fireplaces and statues of mythical and religious heroes were used as key accents.

The originality of the forms, characteristic of the Baroque, even led to the emergence of new types of stucco decoration:

rollwerk- a stucco element in the form of a half-unfolded roll of parchment (sometimes the edges of the roll were notched);
ormuschl- the key motive of this decorative element is the shape of the auricle, complemented by ribbons and grotesque figures;
bandelwerk- a pattern in the form of intertwining ribbons.

One of the features of Baroque stucco molding is the widespread use of mascarons (masks with human and animal guises). They were made of plaster and placed over all key openings of the room - doors, windows, arches, etc. Each molded mask had its own character: cheerful, mournful, calm, scary.

Luxurious Baroque buildings are located all over the world, but the following structures deserve special attention:

St. Peter's Basilica, Rome- there are dozens of statues within the walls of the building, mainly reflecting biblical and mythical subjects. The building amazes with an abundance of stucco decoration, which has become the hallmark of the Baroque Era. So, in the interior of the Cathedral there are hundreds of such stucco elements as columns, cornices, moldings, capitals, arches, pediments, panels;
Church of Saint Charles, Rome- designed this building by F. Borromini. The Catholic church was built in the middle of the 17th century. Internal and external decoration of the church corresponds to the classical style canons of the Baroque - many fountains, stone stairs, stucco patterns, grandiose sculptures, large and small bandelwerks, colored frescoes and paintings;
Winter Palace, Russia- the former residence of the Romanov monarchy is made in the Baroque style. The building has more than a thousand rooms, however, a variety of molded cornices, balustrades, columns, bas-reliefs, colored frescoes and mosaics, stone stairs and sculptures make each of them unique and extraordinarily picturesque;
St Paul's Cathedral, UK- a monumental structure that demonstrates the grandeur of the Baroque era. In the decor of the building, classic baroque techniques and elements were used - excessive picturesqueness of figures and walls, an abundance of stucco ornaments, a variety of stone details, contrasting colors. Architect C. Ren completed the interior baroque decoration with carved benches and wrought iron elements;
Church in Zacatecas, Mexico Is one of the most striking examples of baroque buildings. The cathedral was erected in the middle of the 18th century on the city's Plaza de Armas. The facade of the building is especially richly decorated - volumetric handmade compositions, original ornamental molding, columns and capitals, sculptures of heroes of biblical subjects.

Photo:

A characteristic feature of this style was not only the construction of expressive, majestic buildings, but the design of the park area for luxurious palaces. So, park ensembles included stone paths, fountains, statues, benches, railings, vases, small stucco elements.

Not only religiously and stately significant buildings were erected in the Baroque style. Architects of that period decorated the private residences of wealthy nobles to order. The architectural possibilities of this style were used to demonstrate the high social status and prestige of the customer. Therefore, even private buildings of this era are luxurious, grandiose, shocking.

Baroque is a direction of European art, characteristic of the 17th - early 18th centuries. The style represents not only a new stage in the development of classicism in architecture, stucco decoration, painting, design and sculpture, but also an entire era, a system of views, the worldview of Europeans of that time.

Specific traits

The baroque style is characterized by external solemnity, splendor, the desire for every possible visual increase in space due to a complex cascade, colonnades, pilasters. The Baroque style is characterized by an abundance of sculptures both outside the premises, on the facade, and inside. The interior meets the general style with the presence of twisted columns, numerous mirrors, creating the visual effect of increasing the space. Also, large window openings and, of course, stucco molding are used. The interiors, made in the Baroque style, use a variety of upholstered furniture with characteristic curved legs, carpets and tapestries, they are characterized by a general emphasized exaggeration, a kind of theatricality of performance, sophistication and an abundance of decorative elements.

Stucco ornament

Made in the Baroque style, the use of ornament from heavy, massive garlands of flowers and fruits, shells is inherent. The main figure in the interior is the oval. There is also a diamond-shaped mesh in the ornament - a trellis, a lambrequin imitating a curtain and decorated with tassels. As a rule, a decorative composition is created in the interior, the center of which is the figure of a deity or some mythological character. In addition, the decor contains vases with flowers, trophies, cartouches and volutes.

You can take advantage of several delivery options:

company transport in Moscow. Delivery cost within 15 km from MKAD - from 3000 rubles;
through transport organizations to the regions. You can find out the tariffs on the websites of transport companies;
self-pickup.

The order is forwarded to the delivery department immediately after confirmation of receipt of payment.

Making the baroque a reality is actually not a very simple task. The style is quite expensive. Materials and accessories for it must be selected as carefully as possible.

Its second name is the palace style. A living room in the Baroque style will be such a room where there is a fairly rich decoration, complex decorative elements, as well as a variety of materials used.

On the photos of baroque living rooms proposed in this article, you can yourself clearly see what this style is and how it should be designed correctly.

Many of the elements in this style are antique. Curvilinear forms are considered to be geometry here, which increases the level of their dynamism. This baroque style will fit perfectly into a large living room, where you can swing well, so to speak in a big way.

The main emphasis here should be on the plasticity of lines and shapes, as well as decor items.

When designing the interior of a baroque living room, one should be guided by the basic principle of mummentalization. It is common here to use ornaments, ornaments, volume, and also be sure to remember about the richness of the decor.

The indispensable elements here are painting (in particular, frescoes) along with stucco. Moreover, they are used to decorate walls and ceilings. Long versions of fabric rugs are also used to decorate the walls.

The focal point here will be one or even several large mirrors. They must also be decorated with stucco molding and gilding. It uses images of branches on trees, large leaves, large flowers. They are also the motives for the ornaments used in the baroque living rooms.

It is also worth mentioning here the obligatory availability of items with instructions using expensive materials, of which silver and gold are used. Also worth using: marble, copper, ivory, mosaic, etc. As you have already noticed in the photo, the Baroque living room is decorated with paintings, sculptures, statues, tapestries, living plants, flowers.

Dematerialization also plays an important role here. In other words, paintings, sculptures in the decor become as if incorporeal, and the architectural elements are the most picturesque.

It should be noted that classicism has been preserved in this style. This option of symmetry should be taken into account when decorating and arranging furniture. Despite the fact that it is a real art in the interior of a baroque style living room.

Every piece of furniture, no matter what the talk is about, is upholstered here with expensive materials, on which there are magnificent ornaments. As for cabinet furniture, it is necessarily large, with impressive dimensions.

At a time when the true Baroque style was in trend, furniture was made from southern walnut, Ceylon ebony.

Today, with the help of expensive wood, the historical style can also be perfectly recreated. Moreover, it can be replaced with cheaper counterparts. But, the shape and upholstery are sure to be preserved.

When decorating a baroque living room design, the following furniture is suitable here:

Chairs with carved backs
Armchairs with sofas have smooth shapes, necessarily carved legs, metal trim, etc. You can even buy a hanging chair.
There will be drawers in the dressers
Massive bronze clock standing on the floor
Console
A must-have canapé couch

If the hall is together with the dining area, the table in it should be with a solid wood countertop decorated with marble and mother-of-pearl. The most preferred shape is round.

In general, the Baroque living room is sure to be saturated with bright colors. Light and shadow play here. As for the choice of colors, gold is chosen. It will be everywhere - in paintings, upholstery, furniture, textiles, etc. This can be applicable in tablecloths, candelabra, mirrors. For example, pink, which was used in the old days, will be a great backdrop to emphasize the sophistication of luxury items in the interior. Pale gold is used only in a few details.

Doorknobs should also be gilded, and the same goes for some fixtures. The floor is finished in a dark color, most preferably anthracite / black currant.

Choose red capes, velvet fabrics - for capes, silk. The same goes for accessories and decorative items. It is better to decorate the windows here with heavy curtains. Every corner is in great focus. At the same time, everything must be perfectly combined with each other!

Photo of baroque style design in the interior

Baroque stone patterns of the chiesa di Santa Croce in Geusalemme. 17-18 centuries Rome.

Development of baroque ornament

Modern Baroque, as well as its prototype - the European style of the 17-18th centuries, is characterized by scale, sharp combinations of light and shadow, fantasy, ornateness in the decor of buildings and interiors. Baroque ornament covered cornices, columns, borders, door portal, window openings, picture frames, furniture. Baroque ornament uses elements of the late Renaissance - mascarons, shells, acanthus curl, cartouche. Baroque patterns are enriched with realistic reliefs of people and animals, which are mixed with cupids, mythical creatures, flowers and floral curls. The motifs of a shell, cartouche, medallion are being transformed: for example, a shell in Baroque decorations can take on the appearance of a carnation, fan, sun, and resemble a French royal lily. In addition, the Baroque ornament borrows a relief pattern from Greek and Roman art: semi-human and semi-animal figures, flower garlands, fruits.

Baroque ornament on the facade of the Church of Santa Susanna in Rome (Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano). Rebuilt in 1605 by the architect Carlo Moderna.

Baroque patterns of the second half of the 17th century symmetrical, images often imitate architectural elements: pediments, columns, balustrades. In the Baroque ornament of this period, trophies, classical oves, caryatids, Atlanteans, dragons, vases with flowers. Smooth lines are combined with straight lines, new motives appear: a mesh with rosettes, a lambrequin, teeth, brushes. Thin spirals, curls connected by straight lines, ribbons, masks, candelabra remain popular. Lush frames include baskets, arabesques, cornucopia, musical instruments.

Elements of baroque ornament.

By the end of the 17th century, the baroque plant pattern becomes more realistic, the plants look like natural ones. Images of animals, birds, fairy-tale creatures, mermaids, unicorns, sibyls are interwoven into the floral ornament. In the middle of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. the grotesque was revived, and the baroque sometimes took extreme expressive, tense forms in relief images.

Expressive Baroque decor of the Trevi Fountain. Architect Nicola Salvi. 1732-62 Rome.

By the 18th century. in the ornamental elements of the Baroque, garlands of fruits and berries, bunches of leaves, stems threaded into rings appear.

Baroque ornament.

In the last quarter of the 18th century. the more formal baroque style is in fashion. Ornaments were distributed from the capital of France in engraved form on boards.

Baroque ornament in European countries

The baroque ornament was widely used in different European countries, enriched by the national traditions of each nation. Baroque pattern in Moscow churches of the late 18th century. was called "Flem carving", it was created by the masters of the Armory. These Baroque decorations combined torn cartouches, fruits, leaves, creating the image of the Garden of Eden. The decor was gilded, while the main structure remained dark. "Flemish carving" (Flemish, Belarusian) differed from the flat traditional Russian carving by its relief and imitated stucco molding. In terms of the technique of execution, the carving corresponded to the European design. The art of Flemish carving came to Russia in the middle of the 17th century, when Belarusian carvers, at the invitation of Patriarch Nikon, came to decorate the Resurrection Church in New Jerusalem. After the disgrace of the patriarch, they began to work at the royal court. This type of thread has become very popular because it was possible to create luxurious decorations for temples.

Flemish carving in the Church of the Intercession in Fili is a model for churches at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Baroque elements were used in the design of churches and palaces in St. Petersburg, Tsarskoe Selo, Peterhof with an abundance of stucco molding, ornate, complex patterns.

The Church of the Intercession in Fili (1692-1693) in his estate near Moscow, the Naryshkins, is decorated with baroque elements.

The decoration of the church used motifs of shells, cartouches, cupids, curls - characteristic elements of the Baroque.

The Baroque ornament of the Flemish direction is distinguished by the presence of a large number of fruits, plants, flowers, and everyday subjects. The development of the modern Baroque period was determined by the tastes of the society.

Baroque patterns adorn the Flemish Baroque church - the Church of St. Michael.

In Holland there were several schools, in Harlem - Frans Hals, in Amsterdam - Rembrandt, in Delft - Fabricius and Vermeer.

Baroque decor on the buildings of the Grand Place in Brussels, 17th century

In France, baroque became a royal style, expressing the idea of prosperity. Included in the ornament royal symbols. In the royal courts of Berlin, Vienna, London, this style was considered a sign of sophisticated taste.

Types and materials of modern baroque decor

Among the Baroque ornaments: Ormuschl (Ohrmuschel - auricle), combining a cartouche with ribbon weave and grotesques (Invented in Flanders at the end of the 16th century), Knorpelwerk (Knorpel - cartilage and Werk - work) - a Baroque pattern, in the drawing of which there are masks, muzzles of a monster or the crest of the sea wave, was especially widespread in the works of the masters of Germany in the 17th century; Strapwork, Rollwerk (Rollwerk from Rolle - roller, reel, roll and Werk - work) - a half-unfolded roll of parchment with notched edges. Often framed by a cartouche, a treillage (treillage) - in the form of an oblique mesh, decorated with small rosettes (a characteristic ornament of the styles of Louis XIV and Rococo), a lambrequin reminiscent of the curtain of the same name.

Strapwork.

Rollwerk.

For the decoration of interiors and facades of modern Baroque buildings, in addition to natural and artificial stone, gypsum, concrete, you can use a lightweight, reliable material - polyurethane.

Polyurethane bas-relief for the decoration of facades and interiors in the modern Baroque style.

Sheaves threaded into polyurethane rings for modern baroque buildings. The panel is an imitation of stucco molding for interior decoration and facades in the modern Baroque style.

The features of the material make it possible, on its basis, to make any relief image, which can be used to decorate any interior or facade of buildings, since polyurethane is molded under pressure and is able to convey the finest detailing of the form. It is resistant to low temperatures, temperature extremes, humidity and mechanical stress, and can also imitate natural materials: stone, wood.

Empire style
Style of the first third of the 19th century, completing the evolution of classicism. He used the same motifs of ancient architecture as the classicism of the 18th century. (an order system, a portico with columns, crowned with a pediment or an attic and highlighting the central part of the building, rustication of the lower tier), but was distinguished by the desire for greater rigor and simplicity, and in some cases - for severe massive forms. In the architectural decor of the Empire style, military emblems prevail (lictor bundles, laurel wreaths, torches, geniuses of glory, etc.).
Luxury is the main element of this style. Empire style in the interior repeats the desire to demonstrate greatness through the use of such elements as columns, pilasters, cornices. What distinguishes the Empire style from other areas of classicism to a large extent is the decor: gilding on pieces of furniture, frescoes, certainly light ceilings with stucco moldings and the invariable heads and paws of animals and birds. Empire-style interior design cannot be imagined without heavy, massive furniture with details reminiscent of architectural objects - arches, columns. It was during the period of dominance in the design of the Empire style that the use of furniture made of expensive mahogany became popular. In general, the Empire style is the personification of imperial luxury, where classical austerity is juxtaposed with restrained, but rather impressive decor.

Revolutionary symbols (oak branches, spear); the warlike character of the ornament - bows, arrows, quivers, trophies, lions, imperial eagles, laurel wreaths; the door panel is often decorated with a flying female figure in the spirit of Pompeian paintings; garlands of wide borders alternate with images of swans and sphinxes.

AR Deco
The Art Deco style is the face of the jazz era and the period of interwar prosperity, a visual reflection of the "roaring 20s". Art Deco is a symbol of wealth and luxury of the new century, which is reflected in everything: expensive materials (precious woods, skins of exotic animals, ivory), bright saturated color combinations, as a rule, more than 3 colors are used, and it looks amazingly holistic and the unexpectedly beautiful wide use of metal in design (aluminum, stainless steel, bronze), the obligatory interspersed with numerous decorative elements - sculptures, stucco moldings, mosaics (popular "heroes" of Art Deco: birds, exotic animals, languid female figures). However, in contrast to the sophisticated Empire style, the Art Deco interior design is distinguished by rationality and thoughtfulness and is not overloaded with decor beyond measure. Classic clean lines and the use of simple geometric shapes are not overshadowed in Art Deco interiors by the excessive and kitschy riot of decor.
Typical stucco decoration:
Geometric shapes: right angles and lines, strict vertical articulations. Elements in the form of zigzags, triangles.

Baroque

Baroque style - characterizes all trends in the life of Europeans in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. Baroque is not only another round of development of classicism in architecture, design, painting and sculpture, but also a whole era associated with a certain worldview, the system of views of Europeans on the surrounding reality. The Baroque era is considered to be the true beginning of the heyday of Western civilization. The baroque is characterized by solemnity and splendor, all possible ways to visually increase the space - due to colonnades, complex, multi-tiered domes, pilasters. Baroque is characterized by an abundance of sculptures on the façade and indoors. Baroque in the interior echoed the general architectural features of the style - twisted columns, stucco moldings, numerous mirrors, which are responsible for creating the effect of additional space, large window openings. Baroque furniture is always soft and varied - couches, footstools, numerous legs and curved shapes characteristic of Baroque design. Carpets, wood and tapestries are other Baroque furnishings. One of the forms of baroque, phase or even direction is rococo. The Rococo style, like the Baroque, is an exaggerated, emphasized theatricality in interior design, sophistication and an abundance of decorative elements.
Typical stucco decoration:
Heavy garlands of flowers and fruits, shell motifs; The favorite form in interior decoration is the oval. In addition to classic acanthus, trophies, the ornament is replete with volutes, cartouches, dragons, vases with flowers; diamond-shaped mesh with small rosettes (trellis); an ornament imitating a lambrequin curtain decorated with tassels; decorative composition with a central figure of a deity or mythological character in an ornamental frame.

Rococo

Rococo in the interior is distinguished by playfulness, increased attention to mythology and erotic scenes in the design, and in general, it hints at the intimacy and privacy of the room decorated in the Rococo style. The plane of the wall is broken by mirrors and decorative panels in an asymmetrical fancy frame consisting of curls - not a single straight line, not a single right angle. Rococo art was based on asymmetry. Rococo dresses up every thing, covers with garlands of curls, inlays, patterns. If we talk about colors, then this style was characterized by the so-called foamy pastels with coral pink, gray-blue, pale green, lavender and pale yellow shades. In its modern incarnation, the Rococo style involves the use of one pastel color, contrasting it with another, usually complementary color. This approach enlivens all the colors used, and the look of the room gets a second wind.
Typical stucco decoration:
Asymmetry (inclined axis of the composition, curved contours dominating over straight lines); motifs of S- and C-shaped curls, intertwining with each other; shell motifs play a major role, the shell turns into palmette, the conventional ornament is called rocaille. Venus becomes the main mythological deity, surrounded by cupids, nymphs, satyrs.

Greek
The Greek style is the architecture of ancient Rome and Greece. This style arose on the lands of the Aegean Sea so long ago that it was considered the progenitor and even a kind of standard for such directions as Classicism, Neoclassicism, Renaissance. Since the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the Greek style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched-order cell).
The interior in Ancient Greece is distinguished by rationality and simplicity, aesthetics, harmony and clarity. "Human" dimension - proportions that are not overwhelming, but commensurate with the inhabitants of the dwelling. The courtyard is an obligatory component of the Greek dwelling, around which the plan of the whole house was formed. A circle inscribed in a square is not only a favorite motive of Greek ornament, but also the cornerstone of Greek philosophy: harmony and perfection of form with depth of content. At first glance, it is not easy to fit the Greek style into a modern apartment. But for professionals, nothing is impossible. The Greek style is, first of all, a large rectangular hall, along the perimeter of which there are doors to the rest of the rooms of the room. Therefore, at the very beginning of the Greek style renovation, redevelopment will need to be done to reflect the Greek style. Most of our apartments cannot boast of a large area, so if you like the Greek style, but you have small rooms, you can limit yourself to purchasing various decorative elements in this style. Another feature of the Greek style is that columns should be located at the corners of the hall - a notion of the ancient Romans. The columns of the Greek style are sleek, with capitals, they support the ceiling beams. The contrast of white columns, a border, white furniture and sculptures with a rich color of the walls - ocher yellow, red or sky blue, pastel colors next to marble veins are the "calling card" of the style. The ceiling of the Greek style can be either smooth or embossed with floral ornaments. Well, what a Greek style without Greek vases and sculptures!
Niches can be made in the walls, in which decorations that emphasize the Greek style will be located. If you plan to use the Greek style in all rooms of the apartment, then it is better to decorate each room in the original style so that the ornaments do not repeat themselves. The floor in the hallway can be laid with ceramic granite, which will resemble the ancient mosaic masonry, which characterizes the Greek style, and in some rooms it is possible to lay hand-made carpets. A real Greek-style fireplace will add solidity to the interior, but it is better to install an electric fireplace in the apartments, with a stucco frame that will imitate the Greek style.
Typical stucco decoration:
Columns, motifs of grapes, flowers and fruits, sculptures, Greek vases on stands.

Egyptian
The mysterious Egyptian civilization continues to intrigue people millennia later. Perhaps that is why one of the popular trends in ethnic style in interior design is Egyptian. The Egyptian-style interior is characterized by the use of columns, sculpture, frescoes and bas-reliefs. All shapes are simple, straight lines with smooth corners, arches. Interior design in Egyptian style is usually done in warm light colors, because the great empire of antiquity worshiped the sun god Ra. All shades of yellow - from the color of dunes to gold - are the colors that designers prefer to use when creating an interior in Egyptian style. Fabrics play a rather large role - numerous draperies, canopies of light shades - beige and white - all these are indispensable elements of the Egyptian style. Fabrics are also used light and usually plain. The main pieces of furniture in Egypt were chairs and couches. For them, dark woods were used, which were covered with carving, enamel and inserts made of gilding, mother-of-pearl. From decorative objects you can use vases, mats, figurines of mythological creatures and deities. The Egyptian style will be emphasized by the interior items brought from the homeland of the pharaohs, especially since it is not difficult to get them.
Typical stucco decoration:
Hieroglyphs are the leading ornament; the cult of the Sun is gaining great importance and the basis of ornamentation is based on plant motifs - lotus, papyrus, palm trees, vines, branches of fruit trees, images of birds, fish and animals. Geometric patterns predominate; softening and plasticity of forms. The desire to avoid right angles, to round off the folds.

Classicism

Classicism is a timeless style that does not lose its relevance and is not subject to fleeting fashion. Classicism in architecture is a tribute to the ancient standards of beauty and forms in architecture, which for many centuries continue to fascinate and conquer hearts. The cornerstones of classicism - harmony, restraint and straightforwardness of forms, symmetry and simplicity - remain always in demand and relevant, and the classics in the interior invariably find new admirers.
Classic interior design is relevant both in the design of private houses and apartments, and in public spaces. Large companies and offices of banks and financial structures with the help of classic interior design quite often emphasize the strong traditions and stability of their business - after all, classicism is a style that has passed the test of time. Modern classics in the interior is not synonymous with "monotony" and "banality" - it appears in numerous forms and may look more relevant and original than a high-tech interior.
Classicism in the interior can organically reflect the national flavor of housing or public space, complemented by non-standard modern materials, but at the same time preserve the "general line" of the style, striving for harmony of shapes and colors.
Typical stucco decoration:
Static and balanced ornament with clear, distinct articulations of straight lines, squares, rectangles, circles, ovals; sockets are used - square, rectangular, round, oval; acanthus leaves, laurel, flowers, palmettos, knots and loops of twisted cords; Carved ornaments of doors and piers consist of a repetition of a simple motif - garlands of leaves, acanthus, ionics, olive, attributes of agriculture (yerp, rake, wicker baskets), symbols of love - a torch, kissing birds.

Roman
The Roman style has ancient roots, it evolved over the centuries, changed somewhat, but was invariably original in its performance. The Roman style is inextricably linked with arches, as they are able to create perspective, pilasters, and all this splendor can be completed by a stucco rosette installed on the end wall , which will give this ensemble a certain completeness. The Roman style, in terms of wall niches, fits well with new coupes and antique mirrors with a table. The color scheme of the walls, if the Roman style is used, should have an emphasis on decor and at the same time differ in contrasts in the form of rest or certain activity. The living room, which has a Roman style, can be finished with tiles with the outlines of natural stone or marble. Frescoes and decorative plaster will reflect the Roman style just as well. It is impossible to imagine the Roman style in the interior of the living room without niches in the walls, which would be filled with various antique vases and busts.
Since ancient times, the Roman style has been distinguished by its extraordinary height in terms of engineering. The Roman style taught us to different types of buildings, unusual compositions, and most importantly, scale. First of all, the Roman style attracts to itself not only by a certain power, beauty and massive decorativeness, but also by the fact that it is able to adapt to any practical and everyday issues. The Roman style is characterized by expediency and logic, precise scale and proportions, as well as laconicism.
The Roman style has always been associated with wealth and curvature. The main task that the Roman style carries in itself is the convenience of the premises for living, as well as its beauty of perception. The Roman style combines functionality, aesthetics and the pursuit of harmony between the two.
Typical stucco decoration:
Ornamental motifs from oak leaves, pigna cones, grapes, palm trees, ears; lush garlands of flowers and fruits, human figures; endlessly varied weaving motifs.

Romanticism

Romanticism is considered a characteristic style for creative and poetic natures. The style of romanticism is characterized by sophistication, elegance, plastic lines. Romanticism is light and sophisticated interior style... Romanticism style interior is one of the key concepts of modern design... He is distinguished first of all by a deep individuality, because era of romanticism focuses on the personality and its individual perception.
Romanticism is, as it were, timeless, as it is in no hurry to part with old beautiful things. Romantic style sets people up for a pleasant pastime with family, attracts us with light nostalgia. Restraint is characteristic of modern romanticism. Color spectrum interior it is selected mainly from natural tones, a creamy white color in combination with pink and lilac shades is suitable. The walls are usually made plain and light for the bathroom and kitchen, and brighter colors can be used for the living room, bedroom and dining room - cream, peach, light brown. Striped wallpaper with a discreet geometric or floral pattern, often textile. The walls at the top are often finished with a stucco cornice or border, and at the bottom - with a wooden decorative panel, which can be made in color with the wallpaper. Floor covering - parquet or carpet. Very elegant interior in the romantic style will be complemented by a fireplace, around which sofas and armchairs are placed. There will be flowers in the spirit of romanticism - dry roses, daisies in bouquets and vases, fresh flowers in pots. Items and Attributes romantic interior should not overload the premises. These are graceful small figurines, candles in tall candlesticks, pillows of different sizes, porcelain dolls, books and much more. Romantic Interior Design- the most comfortable and very cozy accommodation, the way it should be. In general, the style of romanticism is always elegance, special warmth and an attempt to get closer to the ideal. The main thing is not to overdo it with the decor, observe the general color, adhere to the color unity and remember - everything is good in moderation.
Typical stucco decoration:
Folklore and natural forms of decor. Especially relevant for romanticism is a floral ornament, the motives of which are stylized flowers, shoots, leaves and branches of plants, and the forms of the ornament may, as a result, differ from natural forms and not even coincide with them at all; the use of smooth plastic lines in the decor - the absence of sharp corners and sharply delineated forms; discreet geometric or floral pattern.

Renaissance

The Renaissance style arose during the Renaissance and dominated in the 15th-17th centuries. The era of the flourishing of culture and science could not but affect the architecture and interior decoration of the palaces - the emphasized wealth of decoration, borrowed from the ancient Greek and Roman traditions, reigns in everything. So, for the Renaissance, the interior is characterized by large spacious rooms, decorated with rounded arches and columns. The style pays much attention to decor, largely borrowed from large architectural forms - columns, cornices and pilasters, antique sculptures, foliage ornaments, wall and ceiling paintings. Despite the general eclecticism of the Renaissance, inspired by ancient architecture and the Gothic style, the fundamental is still a fairly rational principle of the golden ratio, which allows the interior to drown in a pile of decor. The Renaissance style in the interior is characterized by the use of massive furniture made of black or light wood (oak, walnut). The central pieces of furniture are the bed and wardrobes - they have a rather monumental look, like the tables - round on one central leg, decorated in the form of a column, or square and oval on two massive supports. In addition to wood, the Renaissance interior is characterized by the abundant use of marble. Thus, a wide marble staircase can serve as the centerpiece of a Renaissance house.
Typical stucco decoration:
Leaves of acanthus, oak, vine; different elements of the animal world in combination with the image of a naked human body. Ionic, beads, meander, braid, scales, ribbon, shell motif, diamond rustic are used; a coat of arms in a wreath of flowers, supported by "putti" (naked plump babies). The motifs of Roman decor are used - pearl threads, plant shoots, cornucopia, lion heads, dolphins, winged sphinxes; grotesque (images of intertwining plant shoots and acanthus curls with human figures, half-figures, masks, chimeras).

Eclecticism
Eclecticism as a style in architecture appeared in 1830 and was popular until the end of the 19th century, going through several stages of its development. In general, eclecticism met the requirements of the era - an increase in the volume of construction, an increase in the importance of the functionality of buildings. In addition, the emergence of the architectural style "eclecticism" is associated with some fatigue from the rigid framework of the previous classical styles in architecture. Despite the frequent perception of eclecticism as a kind of bad taste, it successfully entered into use in the era of romanticism, where ideas of rejection of rigid rules and canons dominated and freedom of movement, expression of thoughts and forms was put in opposition. As an architectural style, eclecticism was the result of rethinking previous styles, replacing one another. Eclecticism in the interior is a combination of two or three styles that are close to each other - baroque, empire, classicism, baroque. Unlike the fusion style, the eclecticism still remains within the harmoniously combined design directions that do not contradict each other. This rule also applies at the level of harmoniously combined materials, colors, textures. The eclectic style in the interior is characterized by the use of a large number of textiles, soft curved and rounded shapes, an abundance of decor and often ethnic motives. Now eclecticism does not lose its relevance due to the desire for a certain love of freedom in the interior. The eclectic interior design often uses vintage items and handmade furniture, numerous pillows that emphasize comfort.
Eclecticism is popular not only in the creation of private interiors of apartments, apartments and houses, but also in the creation of interiors of offices, public spaces of boutiques, salons, hotels and other premises for mass visits.

Modern

Art Nouveau (or Art Nouveau) is a popular trend in art, including architecture and design, which appeared in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Modern was a kind of response to the outdated eclecticism - a mixture of classical styles that were popular in previous centuries. The architectural style of Art Nouveau, as well as for its other manifestations, was characterized by a rejection of the symmetry, straight lines and clear geometry that dominated classicism. Curves, rounded lines, layering and asymmetry are characteristic of Art Nouveau design. Simplicity replaces the pathos and conservatism of neoclassicism and empire style. The Art Nouveau decor was the best combination of functionality and decorativeness. Moreover, the decor in Art Nouveau is not a pompous excess and not a necessary manifestation of status, but a rather unobtrusive inclusion of floral ornaments (the most famous symbol of modernism is iris). From the point of view of the interior, the Art Nouveau style promoted the rejection of right angles, novelty, experimentation and originality, a departure from monumentality towards "natural", natural lines and elements. Modernity strongly encouraged the development of applied arts. therefore, in the architecture of the Art Nouveau style, interiors, furniture, stained-glass windows, and even dishes are often used (ceramics were especially strongly influenced by Art Nouveau). The interiors in the Art Nouveau style fit perfectly into the spaces of modern apartments - large spaces, the popularity of original and non-conservative design solutions, the desire to simplify and rationalize without sacrificing elegance. All this is perfectly embodied in the design in the Art Nouveau style.
Typical stucco decoration:
Everything that was created by nature - plants, shells of mollusks, fish scales, the play of water flows, therefore the principle of natural growth was taken as the basis of the tectonic structure of the building - from the inside out. Wavy curved lines that express in-plane dynamics; motifs of sea waves, climbing plants, iris flowers, lilies, cyclamens, as well as swan necks rhyming with plant forms, languid and pale female faces - virgins with long wavy hair, curling arms and flowing folds of luxuriant clothes.

Gothic

Gothic (from Italian gotico - "Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe Goths") developed in the XII-XV centuries in the north of France. This is the first common European style, which in the twentieth century becomes an international epithet. Everything elongated, pointed, stretching upward with all our might is perceived by us as "Gothic": ancient Russian tent-roofed temples, expressionism of Novgorod icons, even American skyscrapers. It is quite difficult to reproduce in its pure form the Gothic style in a modern room, but elements of this style are actively used both in the design of the interiors of country houses and in the design of the interiors of apartments. Pointed stained glass windows, forged spiral staircases - all this is in perfect harmony with the decorative design made of artificial stone. For finishing the basement of the walls and the fireplace area, samples are used that imitate smooth cobblestone, expressive wild stone, rough limestone. The necessary "locking" effect is also created by door portals and window openings framed with artificial stone. An interesting impression arises from the use of contrasting colors and textures.
Ornament of stucco decoration: rectilinear geometric shapes turn into curvilinear weaving, the shape of a pointed arch, a spherical triangle; plant motifs of the local flora (burdock, oak, ivy, clover, rose), the motif of two-leaved and shamrock is widespread, as well as human heads, figures, episodes from the Bible, centaurs, sirens, leaves turning into faces; sculpted stone friezes in the form of tightly woven and twisted branches and leaves; architectural forms turn into ornamental motives.

Ultra baroque

Ultra-baroque (Neo-baroque, from Portuguese. Perola barroca - "pearl of a bizarre shape") is a style of paradoxical personalities, life-lovers who know how to feel the taste of every moment. The concept of the Ultrabaroque style dictates the interpenetration of genres and trends, a combination of sensual and intellectual, refined and rude, asceticism and arrogant luxury, reality and mysticism. In semicircles, ovals, rectangles that make up the main lines of the house, vaulted and domed forms of fancy roofs, towers and turrets, numerous stucco balconies and bay windows, framed along the perimeter with floral decorations. Behind the external splendor, pomp and demonstrative well-being, there is a sense of illusion, fragility and sophistication. Carved columns with luxurious capitals, a pretentious facade, tense and dynamic structures of the house, lush and massive grand staircases give out the desire for grandeur and almost royal comfort, but graceful and playful lines dominate in the interior design of the room, whimsical ornament gives rise to amazing associations. In interior design in the Ultrabaroque style, it is important to observe the measure - no matter how strange it may sound: after all, this style, many-sided and eagerly absorbing the brightest features of many trends, does not exclude the presence of taste and exacting selectivity. A variety of ceramic tiles are a great help in the design of the interior space in the Ultra Baroque interior style.
Ornament of stucco decoration: ornate lines, fancy ornaments; theatrical fusion of baroque ornaments; the stucco molding is decorated with flowers, leaves, birds; lack of straight lines and angles; a graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates; bizarre convex asymmetric pattern; vegetable decor; in addition to classic acanthus, trophies, the ornament abounds in volutes, cartouches, dragons, vases with flowers.