Stolypin reform causes the outcome. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform

As the first Russian revolution clearly showed, the agrarian question, aggravated at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, remained the main problem of Russian society. In the future, the unsatisfied peasantry, which constituted the majority of the country's population, could go beyond the rout of the 2,000 burned in 1905-1907. landowner estates.

In addition, without the development of agriculture, Russia could not develop as a great power, which P.A. Stolypin.

1. The objectives of the reform

1.1. Socio-political goals.

1.1.1. The main goal was attracting the peasantry to the regime and the prevention of a new agrarian war. To do this, it was supposed to help transform the majority of the inhabitants of the Russian countryside a strong, imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200bproperty, rich peasantry, which, according to Stolypin, is everywhere the best bulwark of order and tranquility.

Previously, a point of view was spread about the orientation of the Stolypin reform on attracting the existing narrow layer of fists.

1.1.3. Carrying out agrarian reform, the government sought not affect the interests of the landowners. In the post-reform period and at the beginning of the 20th century, the government was unable to protect the nobility of land from reduction, but the large and small local nobility continued to constitute the most reliable support for the autocracy. To push him away would be suicide for the regime.

In addition, noble estate organizations, including the Council of the United Nobility, had a great influence on Nicholas II and his entourage. A member of the government, let alone the prime minister, who raises the question of the alienation of landowner land, could not stay in his place, much less organize such a reform. The reformers also took into account the fact that the landowners produced a significant part of marketable bread, which too.

1.1.2. Another goal was destruction of the rural community. Remembering the participation of the community in the struggle of 1905-1907, the reformers understood that the main thing in the peasant movement was the issue of land and did not immediately seek to destroy the administrative organization of the community.

1.2. Socio-economic goalswere closely associated with socio-political. It was planned to eliminate the land community, its economic land allocation mechanism, on the one hand,which constituted the basis of the social unity of the community, and on the other hand, restrained the development of agricultural technology.

Ultimate economic goal of reforms was to be the general upsurge of the country's agriculture, the transformation of the agricultural sector into the economic base of the new Great Russia.

2. Preparation of the reform.

2.1. Preparation of reform projects before the revolution. actually started Meeting on Agricultural Needs under the leadership of S.Yu. Witte in 1902-1903 In 1905-1907 the conclusions formulated by the meeting, primarily the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to destroy the land community and turn peasants into land owners, were reflected in a number of projects by state officials ( N.N. Kutler, V.I. Gurko).

2.2. With the beginning of the revolutionand the active participation of peasants in the defeat of landowner estates, Nicholas II, frightened by agrarian uprisings, changed his attitude to the land peasant community. A peasant bank was allowed to grant loans for peasant allotments (November 1905), which in fact meant the possibility of alienation of communal lands. P.A. Stolypin in 1906, becoming Prime Minister, supported not affecting the interests of the landowners gurko projectunderlying Decree of November 9, 1906that marked the beginning of the agrarian reform.

3. The main directions of reform

3.1. Change of ownership on peasant land, their transformation into full owners of their allotments was supposed by the law of 1910 to be carried out primarily by strengthening the allotments in private property. Also by act of 1911 . it was allowed to conduct land management (flattening the land into a farm and cut) without strengthening, after which the peasants also became landowners. At the same time, the peasant could sell the allotment only to the peasant, which limited the right to land ownership.

3.2. Organization of farms and cuts (land management). Without land management, technical improvement, economic development of agriculture was impossible in the conditions of peasant stripes (2/3 of the peasants of the central regions had allotments divided into 6 or more strips in various places of the community field) and far-land (40% of the peasants of the Center had to go daily from their estates to allotments of 5 or more versts). In economic terms, according to Gurko, strengthening without land management did not make sense.

Therefore, it was planned the work of state land surveying commissions to reduce the strip of peasant allotment in a single plot - cut. If such a cut was outside the village, the estate was transferred there, which meant education farm.

3.3 . Resettlement of peasants to free lands. To solve the problem of peasant low land and decrease agricultural overpopulation in the Central regions, resettlement policy has intensified. Funds were allocated for transporting people to new places, primarily to Siberia. For immigrants, special (so-called Stolypin) passenger cars were built. Across the Urals, peasants were given land for free; a loan was issued to raise the economy and beautify.

3.4. Land sale to peasants by installments through Peasant Bank It was also needed to reduce low land. On the security of allotment land, loans were issued for the purchase of treasury land transferred to the Bank's fund and land sold by landowners.

3.5. The development of agricultural cooperation, Both fishing and credit were given impetus by the publication in 1908 of a model charter. Credit partnerships received some benefits.

5. The progress of the reform

5.1. Legal basis, stages and terms of the reform. The legislative basis for reform has become Decree of November 9, 1906 ., after the adoption of which the reform began. The main provisions of the decree were enshrined inAct 1910., approved by the Duma and the State Council. Serious clarification in the course of the reform introduced act of 1911., reflecting a change in the emphasis of government policy and signifying the beginning of the second stage of reform.

In 1915-1916, in connection with the war, the implementation of the reform virtually ceased. In June 1917, the reform was officially terminated by the Provisional Government.

The reform was carried out by efforts general Directorate of Land Management and Agricultureled by A.V. Krivoshein and the Stolypin Ministry of the Interior.

5.2. The transformation of peasants into landowners at the first stage (1907-1910)in accordance with the Decree, November 9 went in several ways.

5 .2.1. At fixing of inter-strip sections into the property. Over the years, 2 million plots have been strengthened. When pressure from local authorities ceased, the process of strengthening was sharply reduced. In addition, most peasants who only wanted to sell the allotment, not returning to independent farming, had already done so. After 1911, only those who wanted to sell their land filed applications. In total, from 1907-1915. 2.5 million people became fortified. - 26% of peasants in European Russia (without the Western provinces and the Trans-Urals), but almost 40% of them sold their plots, most of them moving beyond the Urals, leaving the city or replenishing the layer of the rural proletariat.

5 .2.2. Land management at the second stage (1911-1916) according to the laws of 1910 and 1911 made it possible to obtain an allotment of ownership automatically - after creation cuts and farms, without submitting an application for strengthening ownership.

5 .2.3. In old-fashioned communities (communities where there has been no redistribution since 1861), by the law of 1910, peasants were automatically recognized as owners of allotments. Such communities accounted for 30% of their total number. At the same time, only 600 thousand of the 3.5 million members of endless communities requested documents proving their property.

5 .2.4. Compound possessions.Peasants Western provinces and parts of the South, where communities did not exist, also automatically became owners. To do this, they did not need to submit special applications. Beyond the Urals reform was not formally carried out, but even there the peasants did not know communal property.

5.3. Land tenure. Organization of farms and cuts. In 1907-1910 only 1/10 of the peasants, fortified their allotments, formed a farm and a cut.

After 1910, the government realized that a strong peasantry could not emerge in multilane sectors. For this, it was necessary not formal formalization of ownership, but the economic transformation of allotments. Local authorities, sometimes resorting to coercing community members, were no longer recommended to artificially encourage the strengthening process. The main direction of the reform was land management, which now itself turned the land into private property of peasants.

Now the process has begun with acceleration. In total, by 1916, 1.6 million individual farms (farms and cuts) were formed on approximately 1/3 of the peasant allotment (communal and farmyard) and purchased by the peasants from a bank of land.

That was the beginning. It is important that in reality the potential scope of the movement turned out to be wider: another 20% of peasants in European Russia submitted land planning applications, but land management was suspended by the war (May 1915) and interrupted by the revolution.

5.4. Resettlement beyond the Urals. Having received a loan from the government, 3.3 million people moved to new lands in Stolypin cars, 2/3 of which were landless or low-land peasants. 0.5 million returned, many replenished the population of Siberian cities or became agricultural workers. Only a small part of the peasants became farmers in a new place. This direction of reform, with a focus on the resettlement of the poor, turned out to be the least effective, although it played an important role in the development of Siberia.

5.4. Land purchase peasants with the help of the Peasant Bank acquired significant size. The bank sold 15 million state and landowner land, of which 90% were bought by installments by peasants. In this case, special privileges were granted to the owners of farms and cuts, who, unlike others, received a loan in the amount of 100% of the cost of acquired land at 5% per annum.

5.5. Developed rapidly cooperative movement. In 1905-1915 the number of rural credit partnerships increased from 1680 to 15.5 thousand. The number of production and consumer cooperatives in the village increased from 3 thousand in 1908 to 10 thousand in 1915. Many economists of different political orientations came to the conclusion that it was cooperation is the most promising direction of development of the Russian countryside, meeting the needs of the modernization of the peasant economy.

At the same time, in the absence of a state loan to agriculture, the level of development of cooperation remained insufficient for the Russian countryside.

6. The main economic results of the reform

6.1. The peasant sector of Russia's agroeconomics was worried serious progress. A major role in this was played by the fruitful years and the rise in world grain prices. But bran and farm enterprises especially progressed, where new technologies were applied to a greater extent. Productivity in them exceeded similar indicators of community fields by 30-50%.

6.2. Much increased marketability peasant farming, also largely due to farms and cuts. New farming systems and crops were introduced. Between one third and one half of sole-proprietors participated in credit partnerships, which gave them funds for modernization. Over 1.6 million peasants attended agricultural courses.

6.2. In general, coup in agroeconomics and agricultural technology did not happen, but when assessing economic results, it is important to take into account that the reform, designed for decades, in a few years only managed to clarify the direction and gain momentum. Without large loans, land reclamation, and other measures, the reform was not able to produce great results, and such measures could not be carried out without the allocation of significant funds by the state.

7. Basic social and political

reform results

In socio-political terms, the reform was relatively successful.

7.1. Social outcomes. The fate of the community.

7.1.1. The destruction of the land community.The community as a self-governing body of the Russian countryside was not affected by the reform, but the socio-economic organism of the community began to collapse. The number of land communities decreased from 135 thousand to 110 thousand. The process took place especially quickly in the most developed northwestern, southern and southeastern regions, where the community was historically weaker.

Some historians believed that the reform failed, since only 26% of the peasants supposedly left the community and the exit process began to fade since 1910. But only the peasants who strengthened their non-band property plots were taken into account.

After 1910, there were fewer and fewer applications for strengthening ownership of allotments and, accordingly, for leaving the land community. But land management processes have evolved ever since. Land-using owners also became owners.

More than a third of its members left the community, but the process was not yet completed. Evidence of the growth of this trend is a significant number of submitted land management applications, most of which land surveyors did not have time to complete by May 1915.

As a result, in the center of the country, together with members of old-timed communities, at least 2/3 of the former communal peasantry were involved in the destruction of the land community. Considering the West and South of Russia, the Baltic States, Siberia, where land communities did not exist, the majority of the peasantry of the country by 1917 were actually outside the land community.

It is also important to consider that the reform, designed for at least two decades, has only just begun, and only in 1910-1911 the correct direction of its development was found.

7.1.2. The issue of community vitality. At the same time, in the central non-chernozem areas, the decay of the community was almost not observed. It was here that there were more numerous cases of arson of farms, and peasants who wished to leave the community often did not receive the consent of a rural gathering. In the non-chernozem center, community traditions were the strongest, and agriculture was the most backward in socio-economic terms. The low standard of living determined the desire of the peasants, who did not engage in many crafts here, to preserve the old equalizing mechanism and the social protection body.

Endless communities, mainly located in Ukraine, for a number of other reasons, have also largely retained their integrity.

At the same time, the reform had a beneficial effect on the surviving communities. She revealed some viability of the community organization. Freed from potential proletarians who sold their plots, the communities also gradually turned to the use of progressive methods of management. Over 2.5 million land use applications were submitted by communities. Rural societies increasingly used plowing and grass sowing, which, however, did not become, however, the prevailing form of agricultural technology.

7.2. Socio-political results of the reform.

7.2.1. Partial success. The cessation of peasant uprisings. At the first stage in 1907-1909. with the strengthening of allotments, often under pressure from zemstvo chiefs, the number of peasant uprisings (mainly against the arbitrariness of the authorities) began to grow, reaching almost 1 thousand in 1910. But after the transfer of the emphasis of government policy to land management, the rejection of coercion and some economic successes peasant unrest almost stopped, shrinking to 128 in 1913.

7.2.2. Prevention of a General Peasant Uprising and a General Redistribution. The main political goal was still not achieved. As shown in 1917, the peasantry retained the ability of the whole world to oppose the landowners (and the regime protecting them), under the influence not so much of economic necessity, but of historical memory of centuries of serf oppression, hatred of bars.

In 1917, it became obvious that the agrarian reform was 50 years late, but the main reason for its relative failure was the socio-political half-heartedness of the transformations, which manifested itself in the preservation of the landlords' lands.

The essence of the Stolypin agrarian reform was an attempt to solve the agrarian question without affecting the land of the landowners. Stolypin saw the way out in the replacement of communal peasant land ownership by individual, private. This measure was laid down in the draft reform of 1861, however, was not implemented. The immediate predecessor of the Stolypin projects was S.Yu. Witte, who proposed in 1902-1903. start the liquidation of the community. The decree of 1905 on the abolition of redemption payments, according to which the peasants (so far within the community) became the owners of their land, created the basis for the Stolypin reform. In October 1906, the capitation and mutual responsibility were finally abolished, the power of zemstvo chiefs and district authorities over the peasantry was limited, the rights of peasants in zemstvo elections were increased, the freedom of movement and the choice of a place of residence by peasants was expanded. On November 9, 1906, a decree was passed giving the peasants the right to freely leave the community and transferring part of the land to it in private ownership (on June 14, 1910, this decree was approved by the Duma and became law). At the request of the emancipator, individual stripes of his land could be reduced to one section - a cut. A peasant who stood out from the community could transfer his yard from the village with all the household and residential buildings - in this case, a farm appeared that looked much like American farms. The private ownership of the peasant on land allowed him to farm much more efficiently. In addition, the kulaks could buy land from their poor neighbors, which partly solved the problem of peasant low-land in central Russia. The Stolypin reform also involved the sale of part of the specific and state lands to the peasants through the Peasant Bank, whose task was to regulate land use, which provided barriers to monopolism and land speculation. Along with this, the bank was supposed to buy up landowner possessions for resale to peasants, to issue loans for peasants to purchase land. An important point of the reform was the organization of resettlement. The state provided assistance with transport, loans for the construction of houses, purchase of cars, livestock and household property, preliminary land management for immigrants (hundreds of thousands of peasants moved from the central regions to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, where a huge free land fund was available). By this measure, the authors of the reform sought to prevent the excessive proletarianization of the peasantry.

In rural areas, road construction, cooperative activities, insurance, medical and veterinary care, agronomic consultation, the construction of schools and rural churches were organized. In Siberia, state-owned warehouses of agricultural machines were set up to serve farmers at low prices.

As a result of these measures, sustainable and highly developed agriculture was created in Russia. Productivity for 1906 - 1913 increased by 14%. Surplus free bread shortly after the start of reforms began to amount to hundreds of millions of pounds, and foreign exchange earnings related to the export of grain increased sharply. Only in 1908 -1910 it increased by 3.5 times. Russia provided 50% of world egg exports, 80% of global flax production. The number of horses increased by 37%, and cattle - by 63.5%. Peasant land ownership was constantly growing: by 1914, almost 100% of arable land in Asian Russia and about 90% in European Russia belonged to peasants on the basis of property rights and leases. People's, and especially peasant's, savings were growing rapidly: the amount of deposits in savings banks over the years 1906-1914 increased almost tenfold. On the basis of the growing prosperity of the population and the strengthening of the state budget, expenditures on education and culture were constantly increasing: for example, the number of rural young people studying in 1906-1913 increased 33 times.

The government program of Stolypin also envisaged a whole range of measures to restructure local government, public education and religion. Stolypin envisaged restoring the unconscious principle and lowering the property qualification in the elections to the zemstvos, as well as eliminating the volost court of the peasants, which was to equalize them in civil rights with the rest of the population. He considered it necessary to introduce universal primary education. This would meet the needs of the country's industrial development and allow the peasant to increase his educational qualifications, necessary for representation in the Zemstvo self-government bodies. Freedom of conscience and religious tolerance was called upon to carry out the reform of the church.

There are several opinions about what social goals were pursued by the Stolypin reform. Some historians believe that the prime minister sought to split the peasantry, to distinguish a prosperous group from it. The rural bourgeoisie would become a new pillar of power, would allow "to surround the landlord estates with a protective rampart of kulak farms." Others dispute this version: they indicate that the government was afraid of a large concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy elite (under the terms of the reform it was forbidden to buy more than six peasant allotments within one county). This fact is explained by the fact that Stolypin cared not only about the interests of the prosperous stratum, but about the bulk of the peasants and sought to prevent its proletarianization. His task was to instill in every peasant a "sense of master, owner."

The Stolypin reform lasted about seven years - until the outbreak of the First World War. The post-revolutionary years were marked by a noticeable increase in the living standards of the masses: increased consumption of food and industrial goods, increased contributions to savings institutions. The “Golden Age" was undergoing cooperation: the number of consumer societies grew from 1906-1912. six times (the number of rural cooperatives - 12 times). The cooperative associations included hundreds of societies and millions of members, their turnover reached millions of rubles. Siberia and Altai rose, energetically mastered by settlers; literacy grew in the village.

The success of agrarian transformations was possible only under the condition of internal political stability in the country. Stolypin, being a staunch supporter of Russian statehood, took steps to curb leftist terror and social demagogy. Stolypin’s statement is known: “Opponents of statehood want to free themselves from the historical past of Russia. We are offered, among other strong and strong peoples, to turn Russia into ruins ... They need great upheavals, we need a great Russia! ”Concerned about the successful course of the Stolypin reform, the revolutionaries understood that stabilization in the country would deprive them of any soil, and their life given to the altar of revolutionary breaking, will be lived in vain. At the Socialist Revolutionary Congress in 1908, it was noted with alarm: "Any success of the government in agrarian reform does serious harm to the cause of the revolution." P. A. Stolypin said: “Give the state 20 years of peace, internal and external, and you will not recognize present-day Russia!” But the left-wing radicals strove to catch a new revolutionary wave. The terrorists committed fourteen assassination attempts on Stolypin. In September 1911, he was mortally wounded.

The beginning of the 20th century in Russia - the heyday of anarchy, terror, unrest. The empire demanded decisive steps from government officials, immediate action. Significant transformations took place, Stolypin's reforms became widely known - we will briefly dwell on his main undertakings. After the dissolution of the First Duma, the government was headed by a man who was ready to change the situation. What was the essence of Stolypin's agrarian reform.

In contact with

Initial stages of activity

Stolypin Petr Arkadievich (1862-1911) - come from a noble family. He graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Department of St. Petersburg Imperial University. He joined the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for 3 years. He moved to the Department of Rural Industry and Agriculture. Since 1902, he served as governor of the Grodno province. A year later, he was transferred to the post of governor of the Saratov province. In Grodno, the main principles of the Stolypin agrarian reform.

Occupying high posts, Peter Arkadievich devoted most of his time and energy to solving the problems of the formation of peasants and farming. This caused irritation and misunderstanding among many contemporaries. He was an ardent opponent. During the rallies, which resulted in the Civil War of 1905 - 1907, took to the streets, spoke to the rebels.

Important!Stolypin management methods led to a sharp reduction in the uprisings in Saratov.

The efforts and talent of the steward attracted the attention of Nicholas II. In 1906, the emperor appointed the Saratov governor minister of the Interior. Soon he becomes chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire.

These events determine the initial period of the first measures of agrarian reform: it went down in history on October 9, 1906 - the day the decree was issued on the free exit of peasants from landowners.

In new posts, Peter Stolypin unfolds a tough crime and terrorism policy.

In the midst of the revolution, he proposes a number of bills, but speaks of the need to calm the unrest before the transformation.

Entrepreneurship development

In the economy, attempts were made to give freedom to enterprising peasants, and played a large role in the implementation of this initiative. agrarian reform Stolypin.

Background

The basis for the transformation of the state was the economic and political situation prevailing at the beginning of the 20th century. Senior officials have seen too different ways of Russia's development. After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the crisis reached a critical point. One-time uprisings grew into large-scale revolutionary movement. It got in the way. It was urgent to carry out a number of economic, administrative, legal, agricultural reforms in the country, which became the main task of Peter Stolypin.

There were a number of problems:

survivals of relations between landowners and peasants have been preserved;
dissatisfaction of workers with working and leisure conditions grew;
demanded a solution to the national question;
most of the peasants were illiterate;
reigned general anarchy within the country;
aggressive extremist organizations intensified.

All reforms pursued one goal - gradually make Russia a powerful power, and the agrarian revolution should have helped in this. The main tool for the implementation of his plan, he made an increase in the number of prosperous peasants in the state.

Land issue

In the village, a rather difficult situation has developed in the agricultural sector, which could not but cause concern among the country's government:

the complete decline of agriculture in the countryside;
total poverty of the population;
reduction in the number of peasant lands, as some peasants lost their allotments;
peasant communities denied the landowners' ownership of the land.

After the community became key a form of self-government of peasants. The land belonged to the community, and allotments were provided to peasant families. In fact, these were the land estates of the landowners. The owner of the allotment could changeif he lost solvency. Human relations within societies prevailed, redistribution of land took place by agreement. But the idea that today I am the owner of the earth, and tomorrow someone else, did not leave the farmers. This has led to growing discontent.

At the turn of the century, fertility increased sharply, especially among rural residents. In the period from 1861 to 1913. state population increased 2.5 times. The peasants needed more and more land, and there was less and less of it. On average, in the Russian Empire, by 1900 the provision of plots was halved. Along with the reduction of land ownership per capita, the number of households increased. By 1905, this figure had increased by 3.5 million. Attempts by the authorities to combat family divisions did not bring positive results.

The economic reforms under Alexander II involved several vesting programs.

Most people have chosen the minimum package. He included на free standard allotment, and could not provide for a family. Inequality worsened. Successful peasants bought landowner land.

Insufficient land and lack of property rights were the main reasons for the exacerbation of conflicts. This formed the basis of the goals that the agricultural reform of Stolypin, who was then prime minister, was called to achieve.

Complicating the situation was the phenomenon of strip-hair - landowners and peasants were on the same field through the strip. There was no competent distribution of sowing, forest, meadow areas.

The essence of change in agriculture

The agricultural policy of Peter Stolypin pursued two main goals:

Short-term - the cessation of unrest arising from land conflicts.
Long-term - stable development of the peasantry and agriculture.

Their achievement involved a set of measures:

the most important event transfer of ownership of land individual homeowners;
the eradication of remnants of estate relations within communities;
credit system development;
preferential resale of purchased landlords and land;
development of educational, consulting agronomic programs;
peasant partnerships support and cooperatives.

The more specific goals of agrarian reform are highlighted:

preservation of landlord economy;
addressing the lack of land;
the eradication of the herd feelings of farmers;
instilling in the farmers a sense of ownership;
creation of a solid foundation of supreme power in the countryside;
increase in the rate of development of rural production.

Community groups formed trouble. It was necessary to get rid of them. The Prime Minister hoped for an improvement in the situation of the peasants. He talked about the power that is at the bottom of society, tried to support the autocracy.

Agrarian reform of Stolypin did not apply to Bashkir and Cossack land tenure.

The reform made it possible for anyone to leave the community. A man submitted an application, and the land was assigned to him. Given the population of European Russia, land was allocated in Siberia.

Of the 3.5 million peasants who wished to relocate, about five hundred thousand refused, due to the difficulty of developing a new space. The peak activity of the petitions occurred in 1909 - 1910, then went into decline.

What did you do

What were the results of Stolypin's agrarian reform. The easiest way to get acquainted with the data of 1916:

more than 6 million households have declared their desire to obtain land ownership;
almost 1.5 million people became sole proprietors;
8.1% of the area (9.65 million acres) was added to the total size of allotments;
25.2 million acres;
peasant holdings accounted for 89.3% of the landand 94% of livestock; the need for mass landowners has disappeared.

This is an important transformation organized by Peter Arkadievich. But it failed. The author hoped for a comprehensive reform, spoke about the need to maintain calm within the country. Twenty years later, these two factors could have a positive effect on the development of the state. Played the role and ill-conceived employment of peasants who moved to the city. Stolypin's agrarian reform was suspended by a decree of the Provisional Government of June 28 (July 11 in a new style) 1917.

Other changes

Stolypin reform measures, in short, suggested complete transformation of the state, concerned absolutely all spheres of life.

Local government

Part of the western provinces was governed by volost gatherings, so Stolypin’s activities in this direction determine how attempt to introduce zemstvo institutions. This would help the regions realize their agricultural potential.

Like all the transformations that Stolypin tried to carry out, this bill found its opponents and supporters. But the main - he went against the current legislation.

The inhabitants of the Kiev, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Podolsk provinces of the Poles could not be allowed to power. On this basis, the Council of State rejected the initiative.

Countering Terrorism

The reasons forcing to resort to Stolypin reforms of the trial were compelling - massive terrorist attacks, robberies, robberies. On August 12, 1906, terrorists attacked the cottage of Pyotr Arkadevich. His children and about a hundred people were injured, 30 of whom died. The emperor introduces a provision on military courts. They were given the right to consider cases as soon as possible. Two days were allocated for proceedings, 24 hours - for bringing the sentence into effect. Prime Minister designated innovation as a necessity in the current situation.

Power structures and legal proceedings

The bill " About the transformation of the local court”Included a number of measures to reduce the cost and accessibility of services for the population. The aim was the revival of world courts. Emphasis was placed on the independence of the authority from the volost, peasant, and zemstvo authorities. This was an attempt to exclude legal proceedings from random decisions, to rationalize the process. It was proposed to introduce the responsibility of senior officials for illegal actions and bureaucracy, determine the rights of the person under investigation.

Reform measures that Stolypin managed to hold.

Table 1

date	Economic reforms
19.08.06	Anti-Terror Law Enters into Force
August 1906	Empowerment of the Peasant Bank with the powers of resale of land
05.10.06	The rights of peasants and other classes are partially equalized
14 — 15.10.06	Launching a wide credit system
9.11.06	Decree on free exit from the community
December 1907	Accelerating the resettlement of peasants in and to Siberia, through incentives
10.04.08	Introduction of compulsory primary education
31.05.09	Adoption of the law on the Russification of Finland
14.06.10	Expanding landowner opportunities
14.03.11	The emergence of zemstvos in the western provinces

The more a person is able to respond to the historical and universal, the wider his nature, the richer his life and the more capable such person is for progress and development.
F. M. Dostoevsky

The agricultural reform of Stolypin, which began in 1906, was due to the realities that took place in the Russian Empire. The country faced mass riots, during which it became absolutely clear that the people did not want to live as before. Moreover, the state itself could not rule the country, relying on previous principles. The economic component of the development of the empire was in decline. This was especially true in the agricultural sector, where there was a clear decline. As a result, political events, as well as economic events, prompted Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin to start implementing reforms.

Background and reasons

One of the main reasons that prompted the Russian Empire to begin a massive change in government was based on the fact that a large number of ordinary people expressed their dissatisfaction with the authorities. If until that time, the expression of discontent was reduced to one-time peaceful actions, then by 1906 these actions became much larger, as well as bloody. As a result, it became obvious that Russia is struggling not only with obvious economic problems, but also with an obvious revolutionary upsurge.

Obviously, any victory of the state over the revolution is based not on physical strength, but on spiritual strength. A strong-minded state must itself take the lead in reform.
Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin

One of the momentous events that prompted the Russian government to begin speedy reforms happened on August 12, 1906. On that day, a terrorist attack occurred in St. Petersburg on Aptekarsky Island. In this place of the capital, Stolypin lived, who at that time held the post of chairman of the government. As a result of the booming explosion, 27 people died and 32 people were injured. Among the wounded were the daughter and son of Stolypin. The Prime Minister himself was not miraculously injured. As a result, the law on military courts was adopted in the country, where all cases relating to terrorist acts were examined in an expedited manner, within 48 hours.

The explosion that occurred once again indicated to Stolypin that the people wanted radical changes within the country. These changes needed to be given to people as soon as possible. That is why the agrarian reform of Stolypin was accelerated, a project that began to move forward with gigantic steps.

The essence of reform

The first block called on citizens to calm down, and also informed about the state of emergency in many areas of the country. Due to the attacks in several regions of Russia, they were forced to introduce a state of emergency and military courts.
The second block announced the convocation of the State Duma, during which it was planned to create and implement a complex of agrarian reforms within the country.

Stolypin clearly understood that the implementation of agrarian reforms alone would not allow reassuring the population and would not allow the Russian Empire to make a quantum leap in its development. Therefore, along with changes in agriculture, the Prime Minister spoke about the need to adopt laws on religion, equal rights among citizens, reform of the local government system, the rights and life of workers, the need to introduce compulsory primary education, the introduction of income tax, an increase in teachers' salaries, and so on. In a word, everything that was subsequently realized by Soviet power was one of the stages of the Stolypin reform.

Of course, it’s extremely difficult to start a change of this scale in the country. That is why Stolypin decided to start with agrarian reform. This was due to several factors:

The main driving force behind evolution is the peasant. It was always like that in all countries, it was like that in those days in the Russian Empire. Therefore, in order to remove the revolutionary tension, it was necessary to turn to the bulk of the dissatisfied, offering them qualitative changes in the country.
The peasants actively showed their position that landowners needed to be redistributed. Often the landowners left themselves the best land, giving the peasants un fertile plots.

The first stage of reform

Stolypin's agrarian reform began with an attempt to destroy the community. Until that moment, peasants in the villages lived in communities. These were special territorial entities where people lived as a single collective, performing common collective tasks. If you try to give a simpler definition, then the communities are very similar to the collective farms, which were subsequently realized by the Soviet government. The problem of the communities was that the peasants lived in a cohesive group. They worked for a single purpose for the landowners. Peasants, as a rule, did not have their large allotments, and they were not particularly worried about the final result of their work.

On November 9, 1906, the Government of the Russian Empire issued a decree that allowed peasants to freely leave the community. Exit from the community was free. At the same time, the peasant retained all his property, as well as the lands that were allocated to him. Moreover, if the land was allocated in different areas, the peasant could demand that the land be combined into a single allotment. Leaving the community, the peasant received land in the form of a cut or a farm.

Map of the agricultural reform of Stolypin.

Cut this is a piece of land that was allocated to a peasant who was leaving the community, while preserving his peasant's yard in the village.

Farm this is a plot of land that was allocated to a peasant leaving the community, with the resettlement of this peasant from the village to his own plot.

On the one hand, this approach made it possible to implement reforms within the country aimed at changing within the peasant economy. However, on the other hand, the landlord economy remained untouched.

The essence of Stolypin's agrarian reform, as conceived by the creator himself, was reduced to the following advantages that the country received:

The peasants who lived in the community were massively influenced by the revolutionaries. Peasants who live on separate farms are much less accessible to revolutionaries.
A person who has received land at his disposal and who depends on this land is directly interested in the final result. As a result, a person will think not about revolution, but about how to increase his crop and his profit.
Distract attention from the desire of ordinary people to divide landowner land. Stolypin advocated the inviolability of private property, so with the help of his reforms he tried not only to preserve the landowner land, but also to provide the peasants with what was really needed.

To some extent, Stolypin’s agrarian reform was similar to the creation of advanced farms. A large number of small and medium landowners should have appeared in the country, who would not be directly dependent on the state, but would strive to develop their sector on their own. This approach was also expressed in the words of Stolypin himself, who often confirmed that the country in its development emphasizes “strong” and “strong” landowners.

At the initial stage of development of the reform, few enjoyed the right to leave the community. In fact, only wealthy peasants and the poor left the community. Wealthy peasants came out because they had everything for independent work, and now they could work not for the community, but for themselves. The poor went out in order to receive compensation money, thereby raising their financial situation. The poor, as a rule, having lived for some time away from the community and having lost their money, returned back to the community. That is why, at the initial stage of development, very few people left the community in advanced agricultural enterprises.

Official statistics show that only 10% of all formed agricultural holdings could qualify for the title of successful farming. Only these 10% of households used modern equipment, fertilizer, modern methods of working on the ground, and so on. Ultimately, only these 10% of households worked economically. All other farms that were formed during the agricultural reform of Stolypin turned out to be unprofitable. This is due to the fact that the vast majority of people leaving the community were poor people who were not interested in the development of the agricultural complex. These figures characterize the first months of Stolypin’s work.

Resettlement Policy as an Important Stage of Reform

One of the significant problems of the Russian Empire of that time was the so-called land hunger. By this concept is meant that the eastern part of Russia has been very little developed. As a result, the vast majority of land in these regions was undeveloped. Therefore, the agrarian reform of Stolypin set one of the tasks of resettling peasants from the western provinces to the eastern. In particular, it was said that peasants should be resettled beyond the Urals. First of all, these changes should have affected those peasants who did not own their land.

The so-called landless were supposed to move beyond the Urals, where they were supposed to establish their own farming. This process was completely voluntary and the government did not force any of the peasants to resettle in the eastern regions of violence. Moreover, the resettlement policy was based on providing the peasants who decided to move beyond the Urals with maximum benefits and good living conditions. As a result, the person who agreed to such a relocation received the following exemptions from the government:

The farm of the peasant was exempted from any taxes for 5 years.
The peasant received land in his property. The land was provided on the basis of: 15 hectares for farming, as well as 45 hectares for each of the family members.
Each immigrant received a cash loan on a preferential basis. The size of this court depended on the region of resettlement, and in some regions reached up to 400 rubles. This is a lot of money for the Russian Empire. In any region, 200 rubles were issued free of charge, and the remaining money in the form of a loan.
All men who formed a farm were exempted from military service.

The significant advantages that the state guaranteed to the peasants led to the fact that in the early years of the agrarian reform, a large number of people moved from the western provinces to the eastern. However, despite such an interest of the population in this program, the number of immigrants decreased every year. Moreover, every year the percentage of people who returned back to the southern and western provinces increased. The most striking example is the indicators of the migration of people to Siberia. In the period from 1906 to 1914, more than 3 million people moved to Siberia. However, the problem was that the government was not ready for such a massive resettlement and did not manage to prepare normal conditions for people to live in a particular region. As a result, people came to a new place of residence, having no amenities and no devices for a comfortable stay. As a result, only from Siberia about 17% of people returned to their former place of residence.

Despite this, Stolypin's agrarian reform in terms of relocation of people yielded positive results. Here, the positive results should not be considered in terms of the number of people who resettled and returned. The main indicator of the effectiveness of this reform is the development of new lands. If we talk about the same Siberia, the resettlement of people has led to the fact that 30 million acres of land have been developed in this region, which was previously empty. An even more important advantage was that the new farms were completely divorced from the communities. The man independently came with his family and independently raised his farm. He had no public interests, no neighboring interests. He knew that there was a specific land plot that belonged to him and which should feed him. That is why the indicators of the effectiveness of agrarian reform in the eastern regions of Russia are slightly higher than in the western regions. And this is despite the fact that the western regions and western provinces are traditionally more funded and traditionally more fertile with cultivated land. It was in the east that they succeeded in creating strong farms.

Key Reform Results

The agrarian reform of Stolypin was of great importance for the Russian Empire. For the first time, a country began to implement such a scale of change within the country. Positive changes were obvious, but in order for the historical process to give a positive dynamic, it needs time. It is no coincidence that Stolypin himself said:

Give the country 20 years of peace, internal and external, and you will not recognize Russia.
Stolypin Pyotr Arkadevich

This was true, but, unfortunately, Russia did not have 20 years of silence.

If we talk about the results of agrarian reform, then its main results that have been achieved by the state over 7 years can be reduced to the following provisions:

Sown areas across the country were increased by 10%.
In certain regions where peasants massively left the community, sown areas were managed to increase to 150%.
Grain export was increased, accounting for 25% of total world grain exports. In the harvest years, this indicator increased to 35 - 40%.
Over the years of reform, the purchase of agricultural equipment increased 3.5 times.
The volume of fertilizers used increased 2.5 times.
The growth of industry in the country went at colossal steps + 8.8% per year, the Russian Empire in this regard came out on top in the world.

These are far from complete indicators of the reform in the Russian Empire in terms of agriculture, but even these figures show that the reform had unambiguous positive dynamics and an unambiguous positive result for the country. Along with this, it was not possible to achieve the full implementation of the tasks that Stolypin posed for the country. The country was not able to fully realize the farms. This was due to the fact that the traditions of collective farming among the peasants were very strong. And the peasants found a way out for themselves in the creation of cooperatives. In addition, artels were created everywhere. The first artel was created in 1907.

Artel it is an association of a group of people who characterize one profession, for the joint work of these people with the achievement of common results, with the achievement of common income and with common responsibility for the final result.

As a result, we can say that the Stolypin agrarian reform was one of the stages of the mass reform of Russia. This reform was supposed to fundamentally change the country, transferring it to the rank of one of the leading world powers, not only in the military sense, but also in the economic sense. The main task of these reforms was to destroy the communities of peasants, creating powerful farms. The government wanted to see strong land owners in which not only landowners, but also private farms would be expressed.

Stolypin agrarian reform was of great historical importance for Russia.

It cannot be called completely positive, but it was necessary.

In addition to the statesman Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin himself, few understood this.

The reasons for the agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin

The disagreement between the landowners and peasants on the issue of land ownership reached a boiling point. Peasants literally began to fight for the land. Discontent was accompanied by the defeat of the landed estates. But where did it all start?

The essence of the conflict was disagreement over land ownership. Peasants believed that all land is common. Therefore, it must be divided equally into all. If a family has many children, it is given a large plot, if not enough, a smaller plot.

Until 1905, the peasant community existed without any oppression, supported by the authorities. But the landowners did not like the current situation. They advocated private property.

Gradually, the conflict began to flare up until it turned into a real riot.

From this we can briefly characterize reasons why Stolypin decided to carry out agrarian reform:

Low land. Gradually, the land of the peasants became less and less. The population at the same time increased.
The backwardness of the village. Community building impeded development.
Social tension. Not every village peasants decided to go against the landlords, but tension was felt everywhere. This could not last long.

The tasks of the transformation included resolving the current situation.

The goal of the Stolypin agrarian reform

The main objective of the ongoing reform was the elimination of the community and landlord tenure. Stolypin believed that this is the key to the problem, and this will solve all other issues.

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin - statesman of the Russian Empire, state secretary of His Imperial Majesty, real state adviser, clerk. Grodno and Saratov Governor, Minister of Internal Affairs and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, member of the State Council

Transformations were carried out in order to solve the shortage of land of peasants and to overcome social tension. Stolypin also sought to smooth out the current conflict between peasants and landowners.

The essence of land reform Stolypin

The main condition was the exit from the community of peasants with the subsequent consolidation of land for private ownership. Since most peasants could not afford this, they had to turn to the Peasant Bank.

Landowners bought up and sold on credit to peasants.

It is important to note: the central idea was not aimed at fighting the peasant community. The essence of the struggle was to eliminate peasant poverty and unemployment.

Reform Methods

The reform was introduced through pressure from the police and officials. In a difficult time of executions and gallows it was impossible in a different way. The right of the authorities to intervene in economic relations was approved precisely by Stolypin.

As for the peasants, their assistance included the provision of natural things necessary for farming. This was done in order to provide the peasants with work.

The beginning of agrarian reform

The procedure for peasants to leave the community and assign land to them in private ownership began on November 9, 1906 after the decree was issued. According to other sources, the date of publication of the decree is November 22.

The first action was to provide peasants with equal rights with other classes. Later, the most important event was the resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals.

Leaving the community and creating farms and cuts

The land plots that were owned by the peasants had to meet the requirements of rational management. In fact, implementing this idea was not so simple. therefore it was supposed to divide the villages into farms and cuts.

This allowed the formation of a layer of peasants, whose economy as much as possible met the requirements. Good housekeeping was necessary to eliminate the backwardness of villages.

The most active peasants came out of the community. It was unprofitable for the poor, the community defended them. When they left, they lost support, and they had to cope on their own, which did not always work out.

Resettlement policy as the most important stage of reform

At first, the exit of peasants from the communities was difficult. Stolypin tried to focus on the quality of property rights and economic freedoms. But the processing documents have been considered by the Duma for too long.

The problem was that the activities of the communities were aimed at blocking the path of independence for the peasants. The law on changes in reform was adopted only on July 14, 1910.

Stolypin sought to bring peasants from densely populated areas to Siberia and Central Asia, as well as to the Far East and give them independence.

The main provisions and results of the resettlement company are reflected in the table:

Thanks to this, a huge leap in the development of the economy and economy took place in Siberia. For livestock, the region even began to overtake the European part of Russia.

Results and results of the Stolypin agrarian policy

The results and consequences of the Stolypin reform cannot be unambiguously assessed. They had both a positive and a negative character. On the one hand, agriculture has been more developed.

On the other hand, it has affected many people badly. The landowners were unhappy that Stolypin was destroying centuries-old foundations. The peasants did not want to leave the community, settle in farms where no one would protect them, and it was not known where to resettle.

It is possible that the result of this discontent was an attempt on Peter Arkadievich in August 1911. Stolypin was mortally wounded and died in September of the same year.