The project is about education in different countries. Education systems around the world

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ORLOV STATE UNIVERSITY"

PHILOLOGICAL FACULTY

DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND CO

abstract

"Education systems in different countries of the world"

UK classic education

United Kingdomrightfully has a reputation as a country of high-quality classical education, the history of which has more than one hundred years. Issued diplomas are quoted worldwide.

In the UK, an extensive system has been created that allows you to get a good education and training at any level. There are about 30 thousand schools in the country, 2500 of which are private, and more than 170 higher educational institutions. One of the country's traditions is the openness of the education system to foreigners. Of the 2 million students, 214 thousand are people who came from abroad. According to the British Council, as of September 12, 2001, 13,400 Russian citizens were receiving education at various educational institutions in the UK. Of these, 1,360 people are university students.

The education system is designed so that a foreigner can “enter” it at almost any stage. But the requirements are high, and it is not so easy to do. In addition, it must be taken into account that the Russian matriculation certificate is not recognized as equivalent to the British one (to get it in a Russian school, you must study for 11 years, and in the British - 13).

Schools. English children begin to study at school at 5 years old and finish it at 16, receiving a certificate of secondary education (General Certificate of Secondary Education, GCSE). Until the age of 14, they study basic general subjects under the mandatory unified state program. Then, over the course of two years, preparations are being made for passing exams at the GCSE in 6-10 subjects. After passing these exams, the compulsory secondary education program is considered completed. But this is not enough to enter the university. We need to study for another two years on the A-level program, which provides for an in-depth study of three to six subjects. The results of the A-level exams serve both the English and foreigners as a “ticket to life” for continuing education: according to the competition of certificates you can enter the university.

For a child from Russia to receive a quality English education, it would be nice to start right from the English school. Over 90% of high schools in the UK are public and free. However, foreigners, as a rule, are not accepted there, so it remains to go to a private school. Although only about 6% of all students attend, private schools provide about 50% of elite students in Oxford and Cambridge. In general, 90% of graduates of English private schools easily enter the leading universities in the UK, USA, and Canada. Private schools accept foreigners aged 8 to 18 years, boarding schools - from 7 to 16 years.

Colleges. English youth receives secondary and special education in colleges. Foreigners are also accepted there. You can go to an English college even after graduating from a Russian school. Colleges provide professional training and represent an intermediate stage between the school and the university.

College curricula are oriented, first of all, to practical preparation for professional activity. But more and more often they are used to prepare for university, and the highest of the qualifications assigned by them is equivalent to the A-level matriculation certificate. In fact, these colleges allow students to complete the two-year A-level program at an accelerated pace - in a year.

Foundation courses are available at a number of UK colleges and universities. Their duration is one year, the program includes an in-depth study of the English language and the main majors.

Universities. Higher education institutions in the UK are divided into three types. There are colleges (Colleges of Higher Education), which, like universities, assign academic degrees (only bachelor's level) and issue diplomas of higher education. But unlike universities, they are highly specialized educational institutions in areas such as painting and design, music, theater, education. There are polytechnic institutes in which they usually acquire engineering specialties. There are university colleges, which, as a rule, are an integral part of universities. Finally, there are classical universities, which, as before, remain centers of academic education and scientific work.

Language schools. In the UK there are about 1,500 educational institutions teaching English to foreigners, about 800 of them are private specialized language schools. More than 370 schools are accredited by the British Council - this means that they meet stringent quality standards and are recommended for international students.

Ireland Education System

In Ireland there are more than 3000 elementary, over 800 secondary, more than 150 language schools, 14 technological institutes, several private pedagogical and business colleges, and seven universities.

All educational institutions are supervised at the state level by special bodies that monitor the compliance of the educational process with accepted standards.

Rich traditions and high quality education, the ability to work legally attract many foreigners to Ireland. More than 150 thousand students annually come to Irish language schools alone. The proportion of students from abroad in Irish universities varies from five to ten percent, depending on the university.

High schools in Ireland are public and private, mixed and separate, day and boarding. Most of Ireland’s high schools are private. Children from abroad are admitted to both private and public schools. In the latter case, the fee is very moderate and lower than in private schools. After 6-8 years of study in primary school, a test is usually carried out for the general development and knowledge of the main subjects of the school curriculum. At the age of 12, an Irish child goes to high school, where for six years he studies English and Irish, mathematics, economic and natural sciences.

Those who wish to graduate should spend another three years at school. Over the past two years, Irish schoolchildren have studied 6-8 subjects in which they pass exams for a certificate of complete secondary education - Leaving Certificate.

For Russian students boarding schools available   already at the age of 9-12 years.

Colleges. The specificity of Ireland is that colleges and universities in its educational system do not share, believing that together they form the so-called “third level”. Therefore, many undergraduate programs are organized on the basis of colleges.

Professional education can be obtained at technological institutes and private independent colleges. They can study information technology, hotel management, accounting and other applied areas.

Universities. There are seven universities in Ireland, and most of them are built according to the classical model, i.e. They offer training for bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in a wide range of disciplines.

On the basis of universities, research is actively conducted. The “Advanced Technology Program” finances research projects in the field of biotechnology, optoelectronics, information technology and telecommunications.

Teacher colleges train elementary school teachers. In them, for three years you can get a bachelor's degree. Teaching in high school requires a university degree or diploma, which is why many colleges are either part of Irish universities or enter into relevant agreements with them.

The second option is the preparatory departments (Foundation), which first appeared in Ireland not so long ago. This program is accredited by NCEA and is recognized by both Irish and foreign educational institutions.

Language schools. The backbone of Irish education is made up of schools that are members of the MEI-RELSA (Marketing English in Ireland - Recognized English Language Schools Association), created to strengthen the prestige of Irish education abroad. Quality control and accreditation of schools is carried out by the Advisory Council for English Language Schools - ACELS.

In terms of the number of higher education institutions and, consequently, the number of students receiving education in them, the United States ranks first in the world. More than 15 million people study in American universities, 500 thousand of which are foreigners. They are attracted by a high standard of living, a huge selection of study programs, and a decent quality of academic preparation.

Education in the USA

educational training college university

It is believed that the United States is the best option for graduate and doctoral studies. Many American universities play a leading role in research projects of international importance. Their level is determined by an excellent laboratory and technical base, easy college access to all imaginable sources (scientific periodicals, library funds, etc.) and the availability of world-famous teachers.

Schools. American children go to school at the age of 6 and study until the age of 18, i.e. 12 years. Schools are divided into public and private. Due to the lack of a unified national curriculum, secondary school graduates have different levels of training. Students of prestigious private boarding schools receive the best knowledge.

Preparations for entering the university are carried out in the upper grades of the American high school, where a wide range of general subjects is studied - English and foreign languages, history, natural sciences, etc. Many private schools offer international undergraduate programs as an alternative.

Colleges. A characteristic feature of the American educational system is a developed college system. There are more than 3,000 colleges in the USA, which are divided into several main types: two-year technical, local and four-year college, which are equal in status to universities. The latter can be as independent higher education institutions, as well as be part of other universities.

Foreigners often read Community Colleges because they are easier to enroll. These educational institutions not only teach professions, but also offer academic training programs corresponding to the first two courses of the university. Usually, local colleges have agreements with state universities in their state to transfer students.

Universities. American universities are divided into private and public. Both can be of different levels: along with the brilliant Yale and Harvard, there are a number of small and unremarkable educational institutions. Science course   they cost much cheaper, but the diploma is also quoted much lower.

Obtaining a bachelor's degree involves four years of study. The curricula of American universities are distinguished by the ability to combine the most widely selected subjects.

Foreign students prefer to study business administration, management, economics, i.e. disciplines in which Americans occupy an undeniably leading position in the world. The MBA programs of American business schools are very popular.

Language classes. One of the main requirements for those who are going to study in the USA is an excellent knowledge of the English language. You will have to take a test of knowledge of English as a foreign TOEFL, and it requires extensive special training. The test aims to test the ability to understand spoken and written language, formulate your thoughts and compose an essay. Typically, admission to the university requires 550-600 points.

All major international linguistic centers - LAL, Aspect, EF, International House, Regent, etc. - have their branches in different regions of the United States. Many branded language programs include a combination of study and relaxation in American resorts.

Canada Education System

Canada is one of the countries whose diplomas are quoted worldwide. This is not surprising: Canada spends more on the development of the education system than many other developed countries.

Canada is one of the world leaders in high technology, the aerospace industry, and microelectronics. As a result, all these areas are taught here at a very high level. Canadian engineering has a good reputation, as well as business and science programs. Diplomas from Canadian schools are recognized worldwide. All these benefits attract over 100,000 international students to Canada annually.

Since there are two foreign languages \u200b\u200bin Canada - English and French, a foreign student can study at a university where teaching is conducted in any of them. English is more widespread (in Quebec - French).

Among Canadian educational institutions there are both public and private. The quality of education they provide is about the same. But the content of the curriculum in a particular province may vary somewhat, because Under Canada’s constitution, education is the responsibility of local authorities.

Schools. More than 5 million students attend schools in Canada. For foreigners - tuition is paid. The amount of payment is determined by the institution itself. Private schools offer paid programs. The choice of such schools is very large - with separate or joint training of boys and girls, with full board or only full-time education.

There are relatively few private schools in Canada and they have a fairly high competition. On average, private boarding schools are better equipped than public ones. Graduates of renowned Canadian private schools easily enroll in leading Canadian universities in the UK, USA and Canada.

Children go to first grade at the age of 6. Education in primary and secondary schools is conducted in one of the official languages \u200b\u200bof the country - English or French. In most provinces, full secondary education, which opens the way to the university, takes 12 years, then, who wants to prepare for university entrance, he studies at the preparatory department for college for another 2 years.

Colleges. There are about 175 public and private colleges in Canada. About 300 thousand people study in the vocational education system. The quality of training is monitored by representatives of the Association of Canadian Community Colleges.

Canadian colleges are divided into community, technical and already mentioned colleges of the CEGEP system. The main task of colleges is to train professional personnel for industry and business. In particular, technical colleges are something like Russian vocational schools, whose students receive a profession in a short time. Usually, they study at college for two years, and most of the study time is spent not in classrooms, but in laboratories and workshops. At the end of the students are waiting for certificates and professional diplomas.

Many colleges have undergraduate cooperation programs with universities. Graduates of such a college are credited immediately to the second year of a partner university.

Universities. In Canada, there are no private higher education institutions (with the exception of several closed religious universities), all of them are financed from the state budget and public funds by two-thirds. All universities are affiliated with the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC).

Canadian universities are equipped with modern logistics equipment, have good libraries. The strength of Canadian higher education is the close connection between science and practice. University clinics are considered the best in the country, business schools are actively involved in advising entrepreneurs and taxpayers. According to official statistics, Canadian university science creates 150-200 thousand jobs annually in the country.

In total, more than 1.5 million students, including about 30 thousand foreigners, study at Canadian universities. Students from abroad account for approximately 5% of the total number of students. But among graduates of such educational institutions as Windsor University and New Brunswick University, one in four is a foreigner.

Studying in Australia

Australia in recent decades, has become one of the leaders in the international educational market. Education on the "green continent" has many advantages: English as the official language, a high standard of living, the opportunity to enjoy all the charms of a warm climate all year round. Therefore, more than 160 thousand students from abroad annually come to this country.

Today in Australia there are about 10 thousand schools, more than 300 state colleges and 40 universities, two of which are private. All educational institutions - both public and private - are controlled by the Ministry of Education, comply with state standards and guarantee high quality education.

Depending on the state, the education system has some differences. On average, Australian children go to school from the age of 6. Until the age of 12 they study in the first, under 16 years of age in the second, up to 18 years of age in the third stage of secondary education. In general, it is designed for 12 years, which is why the Russian certificate of secondary education is not recognized as equivalent to the Australian.

There are not so many foreign students in Australia - they make up about 5% (about 15 thousand). Boarding schools are most suitable for children coming to Australia from abroad. The vast majority of foreign students are concentrated in the last two graduation classes. Their goal is to obtain an Australian Higher School Certificate and enter the university on a common basis.

A foreigner who wants to get an Australian education needs to provide completed questionnaires, a certificate of grades in a Russian school, and pass an English proficiency test. The most prestigious schools sometimes also require passing tests in core subjects.

Colleges. Australian colleges provide training in a wide range of areas. Colleges are divided into public and private. State, united in the TAFE (Technical and Further Education) system, are considered more prestigious.

A typical set of college proposals includes a program in business, management, marketing, accounting, information technology, secretarial business, design, travel and hotel management. Training has a pronounced practical orientation. In a number of specialties, you can go through practice (most often paid).

Universities. Universities in Australia hold leading positions in the Pacific, and their diplomas are recognized worldwide. More than 680 thousand students study at universities in the country. The list of bachelor's programs only includes more than 2000 positions.

For international applicants, preparatory courses (Foundation). They are calculated on average for 24 weeks of study. Successful completion of the Foundation program ensures first-year place.

New Zealand Education System

Until 1907, New Zealand remained a British colony, so English influence is felt here in everything, even in the education system built on the British model.

Foreigners like to study in this country. About 30 thousand students from abroad come here every year. In New Zealand, they are attracted by safety, a high standard of living and an excellent environment.

Schools. There are about 440 schools in New Zealand, about 20 of which are private. As in many European countries, schools are separate (only for girls or only for boys) and joint type. Most of them are state-owned, therefore, free of charge, but they, as a rule, do not accept foreigners. Along with public schools, there are private schools - boarding schools, access to which is open to students from abroad. These schools offer foreigners a very good education and basic training, with which you can easily enter the best universities in English-speaking countries.

They usually go to school from 5-6 years old. Education in elementary school lasts 8 years - from first to eighth grade. At the age of 13 years, children go to one of the secondary schools, which are sometimes called "colleges" or "schools of the highest level." In grades 9-13, children are prepared for admission to the university and polytechnic institutes. In high school, students have to choose 6 majors. A complete list of disciplines totals up to 30 positions and is approved by the New Zealand Qualifications Recognition Organization (NZQA).

At the end of grade 11, students who successfully pass the exams receive a certificate of secondary education. The 12th grade ends with exams for the Sixth Form Certificate, and at the end of the 13th grade, students pass final exams, which are also entrance to universities. At these exams - in fact, they are an analogue of the British A-level - knowledge is tested in 4-6 majors.

Colleges. Vocational educational institutions - “polytechnics” are very popular among the youth of New Zealand. In them you can get a professional qualification or a bachelor's degree.

Study lasts from six months to two years. Classes are held in small groups. After passing each step, the student receives the appropriate document: certificate, professional diploma or bachelor's diploma (the latter is issued after the completion of the three-year program). The programs are designed in such a way that students, having studied for one year, can immediately go to the second year of the university, which has partnerships with the institute.

In addition to traditional programs in hotel management, tourism, information technology, some educational institutions offer less common options. For example, at the Eastern Institute of Technology, you can listen to the course "Viticulture and winemaking."

Universities. The total number of students at universities in New Zealand exceeds 110 thousand, 3-10% are foreigners. The first universities in New Zealand appeared about a century and a half ago. The British model was adopted as the basis for their creation.

Since the duration of study at a Russian high school does not correspond to that accepted in New Zealand, it is not yet possible to enter a university in this country with a Russian matriculation certificate. As a rule, applicants need to complete one or two courses of a Russian university or another city to unlearn in New Zealand - at the preparatory department or at a vocational school. Another way is to graduate from a New Zealand high school.

Tuition fees in New Zealand are significantly lower than in Europe and Australia. At the same time, diplomas of New Zealand universities are recognized in most countries of the world (70% of graduates work outside New Zealand). Anyone who likes life in New Zealand has the opportunity, after three years of study, to get permission to stay here to work in his acquired specialty for a period of two years.

Language classes. In New Zealand, there are language centers organized by schools and universities, as well as separate private language schools. In New Zealand language schools, English + sports programs are widely used. The variety of sports that can be practiced in New Zealand all year round is amazing: skiing, scuba diving, mountain climbing, sailing, golf, horse riding.

Education is one of the most important components of our world, because without proper education our new generation will not have a future, because without it they simply cannot survive in this complex world. Surprisingly, it would seem that the importance of this is obvious, but in different countries the education systems are not identical. There are countries where education is a priority area of \u200b\u200blife, and there are those where they do not pay attention at all.

A good education is the best investment in the world, it returns to the owners very slowly, but when the time comes, it will, in fact, not only pay off, but also make a profit. A good education system does not mean strict discipline, the main quality is here. All developed countries can boast of quality education, which is the key to their success. The rest of the countries are still working in this direction, but for some, success in the educational sphere cannot be overlooked.

TOP 10 countries whose education systems are recognized as the best in the world

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10

Poland

This is the first country in the world where its own ministry of education has been created, which still works in the best and proper way. This is reflected in many educational successes, but the country has received the highest awards more than once in the field of mathematics and other basic sciences. Poland has high literacy rates.

Polish higher education is recognized in many countries due to the consistently high quality of education. This country is also the best choice for foreign students. The history of education in Poland goes back to the 12th century. 70% of students in this country are taught in English.

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9

The education system of Ireland is considered one of the best, since training in this country is completely free. Note free of charge at all levels, including higher education and colleges. Therefore, the success of Ireland in this area is recognized throughout the world, and it takes its place of honor on our list. Now the emphasis in education is shifted to the study and teaching of the Irish language.

In this country, education is compulsory for all children, all educational institutions, including even private ones, are fully funded by the government to provide free and high-quality education at all levels to all residents of the country. That is why in Ireland about 89% of the population has a compulsory school level.

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8

The population of this country is the most literary educated in the world, which reflects the quality of education in this region. And this is another country with free education at all levels, but some private schools still require payment.

A feature of the education system here is that up to sixteen students are required to devote a full day to learning. Further, adolescents have the right to choose whether they want to study full or part time, to go further or not to higher education. Educational institutions in the Netherlands are divided into religious and public.

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7

Canada is known for the fact that due to the high quality of education, many students from different countries prefer this country for higher education.

The rules of the education system differ in different provinces, but there is one thing that is common for the whole country - the government of this country pays great attention to the quality and standards of education, which is why Canada has a much higher percentage of school education. But there are much fewer people wishing to study at higher educational institutions than in previous countries. Education is mainly funded by the government of each individual province.

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6

United Kingdom

This is a country that is well known throughout the world for its quality of education not only at the school level, but also at the level of higher education. Oxford University is the number one university in the world. Great Britain is also known as a pioneer in the field of education, because the history of educational institutions and the formation of the educational system as a whole have gone through a very long period.

But, surprisingly, the UK does not pay much attention to the quality of education at the primary or secondary level, although higher education receives an excellent mark in all respects. Therefore, this country is in sixth place on our list. It is worth noting that the UK education system ranks second in Europe.

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5

This country is known for providing maximum freedom to schoolchildren and students. Education here is completely free, meals are also paid by the school administration if the student is present at the school full time. Despite this, great attention is paid to attracting students to higher education institutions.

Therefore, this country is also known as a leader in the number of people who complete any form of education in sequence. A rather large budget for education is allocated here. It is equal to € 11.1 billion, which allows the country to have a quality education from primary to higher level. Finland has almost 100 percent literacy, which also indicates a high level of the educational system.

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4

This country was included in our list due to the fact that according to research, the population of Hong Kong has the highest IQ level on the planet. In terms of education and literacy, this country is superior to many other countries. High technological advances have also been achieved thanks to an excellent education system. So this country, which is also called the business center of the world, is well suited for higher education. However, they want to achieve high standards for development in all areas of education. A must for all is 9-year schooling.

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3

Singapore

Singapore is another leader in the average IQ of its population. Particular attention is paid here both to the volume and quality of education, and to schoolchildren and students themselves, who study and receive certificates. Singapore is not only one of the richest countries, but also one of the most educated. And it is education that plays a key role in the success of the country.

It is significant that the country spares no money on the quality of education. Every year, $ 12.1 billion is invested in this area, which is why the literacy rate is over 96%.

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2

South Korea

You will be very surprised by the fact that very few people spoke about the education system of this country ten years ago in the world. But South Korea is developing rapidly, and last year it ranked first in such a list. The country leads in the number of people with higher education. And this is not only because studying is popular.

Education is the main life principle of the population. This country is far ahead of the rest of the world in terms of technology development, which is achieved thanks to the education system and government reforms. The annual budget for education in this country is $ 11.3 billion, so the literacy rate is 99.9% here.

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1

The most famous country in the world in terms of its technology ranks first in this list due to its reforms in the educational system. They managed to completely change the model of education and create an effective control system in this area. After the complete collapse of the economy of this country, education became the only source of development for Japan. This country has a very long history of education, the traditions of which are preserved today. The literacy rate is also 99.9%, although only primary education is compulsory.

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Conclusion

This was an article about countries with the best education systems in the world.

The public education system in Great Britain began to take shape in 1870, and in 1944 a system of free compulsory primary and secondary education was established. Public schools in England are funded by the state and run by local educational organizations. Private schools in England are also called "independent" and "public." They exist solely for the money that parents pay for the education of children.

The national program is developed by the state and is mandatory for all schools. Most private schools adhere to the national curriculum, but have the right to vary the teaching of subjects. The following subjects are included in the national program: · English · Technology and design · Geography · Mathematics · Computer science · Music · Natural sciences · Foreign languages \u200b\u200b· Art · Phys. Preparation · History

Schooling in England includes two modules: Primary - for children aged 4 to 11 years (up to 7 years old - in a school for toddlers, and from 7 to 11 years old - in a primary school) Secondary - for children from 11 to 16 years. There are three main types of junior high schools: “grammar” schools, “modern” schools, “One” schools

The school year is from September 1 to August 31. As a rule, the school year is divided into semesters: autumn (before Christmas), spring (until Easter) and summer (until the end of June). Schools work, as a rule, from 9.00 to 16.00, the school week is usually 5 days. There are no parental meetings. Parents of each child are given 5-10 minutes for individual communication with the teacher. Mandatory school uniforms A lot of attention in educational institutions is given to charity. From an early age, children are taught to help those who need it. Pupils of many British schools are required to engage in social work, for example, at gas stations or in nursing homes.

In the United States there is no single state education system, each state has the right to determine its structure independently. School boards establish school programs, hire teachers, and determine funding for programs. States regulate education within their borders, setting standards and examining students.

Preschools where children aged 3-5 years are brought up; an elementary school (grades 1–8), in which children aged 6–13 years study, and a secondary school (grades 9–12) with the task of teaching young men and women aged years; educational institutions of the last level of education included in the system of higher education.

Elementary school is an independently existing educational institution where one teacher conducts all classes with the class, but often there is also an assistant teacher. Characteristic for elementary school is the acquisition of classes according to the abilities of students. After the definition of “I-Q”, groups A, B and C appear - “gifted”, “normal” and “incapable”, and training is differentiated.

Secondary school in the United States is usually divided into two levels - the youngest and the oldest, each for three years. There is also a four-year secondary school, based on an eight-year elementary school .. In the 8th grade, a system for selecting subjects appears. Secondary schools are of different types: "academic", "professional" and "multidisciplinary."

And - 15% of students - a constantly high level of readiness, deep knowledge and originality (excellent). In - 25% of students - a level that is frankly higher than average (good). C - 35% of students - the average level of completion of tasks (medium). D - 15% of students - the minimum level of knowledge (below average). F - 10% of students - unsatisfactory results or complete ignorance of the educational material.

The school year continues at the American School of Days; children study 5 days a week. The duration of training sessions per day is 5-6 hours (from 8.30 to 15.30). The composition of the class changes every year to make them approximately the same both in gender and racial composition, as well as in the level of training, knowledge, skills and behavior of students. Teachers are narrowly specialized: a 1st grade teacher teaches only 1st grade children all his professional life, a 5th grade teacher only 5th grade children, etc.

Graduates must receive credits for 16 academic courses during the last four years of study. Each such course consists of one lesson daily for 18 or 36 weeks. Over the past four years, compulsory study of the modern achievements of the five “basic disciplines” is recommended: English (4 years), mathematics (3 years), natural sciences (3 years), social sciences (3 years), computer literacy (0.5 years) In addition, students who wish to continue their studies at a higher educational institution must take a 2-year foreign language course.

In these countries, the state guarantees free secondary education. All school education systems are divided into several levels: primary school, primary and high school. However, the distribution of study time is different. In Russia there is a state educational standard, in the UK there is a national program, and in the USA there is no single state program. However, in all countries a compulsory list of subjects for study is defined. In all countries, school education ends with written exams. Along with public schools, there are private schools where tuition is paid.

Comparative characteristics of education systems in Russia, USA, Germany and Japan.

To ensure progressive development, any society must realize the function of education. To this end, it creates an educational system, i.e. a complex of educational institutions.

In their legal forms, educational institutions can be:

State

Municipal

Non-governmental (private, public and religious organizations).

AT Of Russiaeducational institutions include the following types:

Preschool;

General education (primary general, basic general,

secondary (complete) general education). Secondary school has three levels: 1 stage - elementary school (3-4 years); 2nd level - basic school (5 years); 3 level - high school (2 - 3 years) .;

Special (corrective) for children with developmental disabilities; institutions

add. education; institutions for orphans and children without parental care; other institutions.

AT USAthere is no single state education system, each state has the right to determine its structure independently.

The US education system includes:

Preschools where children aged 3-5 years are brought up;

Primary school (grades 1-6), in which children aged 6 - 11 years are taught;

High school (grades 7-12) with the task of teaching boys and girls aged 12-17 years; educational institutions after secondary education, included in the higher education system.

Training in Germanystarts at six years old in a single elementary school (grades 1-4), and then continues in one of three types of schools:

Basic school (grades 5-10),

Real school (grades 5-10 or 7-10),

Gymnasium (grades 5-13 or 7-13).

School course in Japantakes 12 years, and half of it falls on elementary school (grades 1-6). High school consists of two levels: compulsory junior high school (7-10) and optional high school (11-12). Vocational primary and secondary education is given predominantly in secondary schools and partly in special schools.

Preschool educational institutions in Of Russia(kindergarten, kindergarten, gymnasium, children's development center, etc.) are created to help the family to raise children from 1 year to six years.

Education and training carried out in preschool educational institutions are a preparatory stage of primary education. Such a characterization of preschool education can be given not only to Russia, but also to all other countries, there are no significant differences in the principles of education in preschool age in Russia.

School Germanyeducation starts at the age of 6 and is compulsory for all children. The preparedness of the future student is determined not by school commissions, but by doctors and social psychologists.

German elementary schools are organizationally and administratively independent institutions. Training in them lasts 4 years. From grade 3, performance is rated on a 6-point scale. Higher grades “1” and “2” (“very good” and “good”), grades “5” and “6” are considered unsatisfactory.

At the end of primary school, students receive diplomas with grades in all subjects, characteristics and recommendations for continuing education in a particular type of high school: gymnasium, general or uniform school, real school, and primary school. An important role in choosing a school is played by the opinion of parents.

School course in Japantakes 12 years, and half of it falls on the elementary school due to the exceptional complexity and complexity of studying the native language. Primary education in Japan begins at the age of six. In the initial

school (1-3 grades), the bulk of the study time is allotted to Japanese and arithmetic. Pupils must learn 1850 characters - the minimum established

ministry of Education (but even reading books and newspapers requires knowing

much more - up to 3 thousand). Half of this hieroglyphic minimum

you need to master already in the lower grades. Every day after classes in a regular school, children again go to study in an optional school, but

necessary to go to the next stage of high school and in

university.

Primary school Of Russialays a solid foundation for general education necessary for the graduate to continue education, its full inclusion in society. Basic school is compulsory. Graduates of primary school continue their education in secondary school. They also have the right to continue their education in vocational schools of various types and profiles with different periods of study, in evening and correspondence secondary schools.

secondary school USA(college of secondary education) usually consists of two links: the youngest and the oldest. In the junior high school (junior high school) (grades 7–9), a third of the study time is allocated to the program common to all, and the rest to study subjects of choice (elective). High School (Senior High School) (grades 10-12) usually offers a compulsory set of five subjects and many academic and practical study profiles.

The main way to assess and control knowledge in an American school is through tests. Estimates are given on five-point or one-point systems: A (93-100) - excellent; D (65-74) - bad; E (0- ^ 64) - does not count. The senior secondary school is a general educational institution. Students finish school, usually at 17-18 years old.

Germany.On average, about 20% of students enrolled in grade 5 reach the successful completion of Abitur. Many students for whom high school education is too much or their plans are changing, finish their studies in grades 10-11 or even earlier transfer to schools of other types. AT

in a real school and in ordinary (non-gymnasium) classes of a comprehensive school, instruction lasts until the 10th grade, after which students pass exams for a diploma of secondary education.

Real and comprehensive schools are the most common types of schools in Germany.

The shortest way to gaining a profession is considered to be a basic school (Haupt-schule), in which students study before the 9th or 10th grade. With a certificate of graduation from Hauptschule, you can subsequently acquire a profession that does not require high qualifications.

In grades 5-8, the main subjects for all students

are religion, German, one or two foreign languages, geography, mathematics, biology, music, art, sports, history, physics. In grade 9, students can refuse to study certain subjects, while taking one or two additional subjects of their choice.

Along with the main subjects, grades for elective subjects are included in the Mittlere Reife secondary education diploma.

In the gymnasium, starting from the 11th year of study, students are already fully engaged in individual plans, and the organization of classes resembles a university. There are no classes; there are only groups that are formed freely. Pupils draw up the curriculum on their own, but according to certain rules. All subjects are divided into three groups: philological (German and

foreign languages), natural sciences (mathematics, physics, chemistry,

biology, computer science), social science (history, social science,

geography, religion, ethics or pedagogy). Until the end of schooling, all subjects remain basic subjects (German language, mathematics, etc.)

In primary and secondary schools Japanfive level applied

rating scale: S (very good), A (good), B (satisfactory), C

(bad), D (very bad). In high school, when assessing knowledge, it is used as

and in American high schools, a credit system.

Professional educational institutions in Of Russiaare being created

for the implementation of professional educational programs of primary, secondary and higher professional education. Primary vocational education can be obtained in vocational and other schools.

Secondary vocational education is aimed at training mid-level specialists, satisfying the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

Higher vocational education aims at training and retraining specialists of the appropriate level, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general, secondary vocational education. Him

can be obtained at educational institutions of higher professional

education (higher education) - universities, academies,

institutes, colleges. Persons with primary and secondary vocational

education of the corresponding profile, can receive higher

vocational education on a shortened, accelerated program.

Postgraduate professional education provides

citizens the opportunity to improve education, scientific and

pedagogical qualifications based on higher professional

education. To receive it, institutes, graduate schools,

doctoral studies, residencies, postgraduate studies at educational institutions

higher professional education and scientific institutions.

Additional educational programs and services. Additional education can be obtained in continuing education institutions, courses, etc.

In many schools USAto get a matriculation time,

spent on the study of cooking and driving a car is equated

by the time allotted to the study of mathematics, English, chemistry,

history, biology. In most schools, self-study skills are ignored, and many who graduate from high school and go to college do not know how to work independently, systematically mastering knowledge.

Education Improvement Commission recommended

high school graduates in their last four years at school

compulsory study of the modern achievements of the five “basic disciplines” that make up the core of the modern school curriculum: English, mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, mastery of computer literacy.

In addition, students who wish to pursue higher education

educational institution must take a 2-year foreign language course.

Particular attention should be paid to further development.

computer information base, in particular, the latest generation of computers,

library stock, laboratory equipment, etc.

It should be emphasized that in the United States a professional intermediate level in

the education system is not allocated. This level is integrated into the system.

higher education. US Higher Education Is Significant

a variety of curricula, courses and disciplines taught, introducing

is a single social institution that carries out important economic,

social and ideological functions.

In vocational training Germanythere is a system of apprenticeship in enterprises with simultaneous attendance at professionalized educational institutions for two to three years. There are also professional schools of the advanced type - schools of specialties designed for one to four years of study. The following organization of professional

training: one day at school, four days at the enterprise.

In secondary vocational education, there has been a departure from narrow specialization to

broad qualifications covering several specialties.

Training is paid by enterprises at the expense of their funds and state subsidies.

AT Japanhigher education institutions

universities, as well as junior and technical colleges. Universities give

first of all, academic education. Junior and technical colleges

great attention is paid to professional and practical activities.

The considered educational systems of Russia, the USA, Germany and

Japan certainly is similar, the education of personality, developed personality. Education in these countries is designed to give children the knowledge, skills and abilities for further life in society.

EDUCATION ABROAD

I. MAYBUROV, Associate Professor, Ural State Technical University

The significance of the contribution of higher education to the reform of society is confirmed by international experience. It shows that all countries that have successfully overcome the transition to modern market relations (for example, post-war Germany and Japan, the USA of the 60s), considered the sphere of higher education as a priority and proceeded from this in their investment policy.

The political elite in these countries formed a peculiar cult of education, supported by regular meetings of heads of state with the best students, graduate students, teachers and presenting them to the public as the “intellectual value of the country”. Currently, the United States has a National Education Goals program that emphasizes that “education is a key indicator of quality of life. This is the core of economic power and security, the creative potential of science, culture, and art. Education is the key to America’s competitiveness in the 21st century. ”

The increased competition of states in the field of higher education is, in fact, economic competition, for education in modern conditions has become the main source of economic growth. According to American scientists studying the problems of the economy of education, the latter accounts for 15-20% of the growth of national income. Besides

Higher education in developed countries

moreover, from 20 to 40% of the growth is provided by the improvement of scientific knowledge and its application - a process in which the leading role belongs to higher education institutions, and it is there that the vast majority of basic research is concentrated in all Western countries.

In order to understand the nature and driving forces of the development of higher education in post-industrial countries, it is necessary to consider the general factors of a socio-economic and scientific-technical nature that determine its rapid quantitative and qualitative growth. These factors include:

1. Sustainable development of the economy, the rapid growth of high-tech industries, which is provided by personnel, half of which are people with higher or special education. This factor mainly determines the pace of development of national higher education systems.

2. The priority of state educational policy. A deep understanding by society and the political elite in post-industrial countries that the successful development of higher education is one of the most important factors in improving the national security and welfare of the country, the well-being of every citizen, is an effective means of socio-economic, scientific, technical and cultural progress.

3. Intensive growth in the volume of scientific and technical information, which

doubled over the past 7-10 years, the rapid change of technology and the priority introduction of high technology. This factor makes it necessary for specialists to have the ability to quickly master new technologies, self-education skills and their mandatory involvement in the system of continuing education and advanced training.

4. Constant and steady growth of labor productivity in industry and agriculture, leading to a decrease in the share of the population directly involved in material production and an increase in the number of people engaged in intellectual labor and work in the service sector. Today, in developed countries, about 60% of workers are engaged in mental work in the field of information and services, and only 15-25% in the manufacturing sector. This factor predetermines the need for accelerated development of the university sector of higher education, where the preparation of the scientific, economic and managerial elite of society is currently concentrated, while the training of specialists for production is mainly carried out by educational institutions of the non-university sector of higher education.

5. The increasing role and practical importance of scientific research conducted at the intersection of various fields of science, which requires higher education to train specialists in interdisciplinary, integrated and dual specialties, shift the emphasis in teaching students to increase the volume of fundamental knowledge and universalization, that is expanding the profile of specialist training.

6. The development of powerful external means of software thinking activity, leading to automation and increased productivity

mental labor. This factor leads to an increase in demand for specialists capable of creativity, having the skills of independent research, design and inventive activity.

7. Improving the welfare and cash incomes of the population, contributing to the growth of solvent demand for educational services and the gradual shift of the center of gravity of the investment financial burden from the state to the private sector.

Which countries' educational experiences deserve to be studied?

The answer seems to be on the surface. We should be interested in any experience that allows us, to one degree or another, to follow the methodology for solving problems that have arisen in the field of higher education in the last 10-15 years. For all its diversity and specificity in different countries - due to the interdependence of nations at the turn of the century and the similarity of the progressive movement of all countries to the transformation of their economies into a “knowledge economy”

There are a number of identical problems. The ways to solve them are important and instructive for us - both positive and negative, in order to take into account the experience of others and to avoid the repetition of other people's mistakes.

But education systems, in contrast to types of economies, are so diverse and specific in different countries of the world that it is an overwhelming task to consider them, so an reasoned choice is necessary: \u200b\u200bwhose experience deserves attention in the first place?

It seems to us that in this regard it is interesting to turn to the education systems of economically developed countries: the USA, Great Britain, and France.

tion, Germany, Japan, Canada, Switzerland and Australia.

Let us dwell on some basic laws of general secondary education in developed countries:

About the duration of studies in full secondary school, with rare exceptions, is 12 years;

О Complete secondary school is mainly subdivided into 3 levels: primary, secondary and senior;

It is compulsory to study only in high school, after which the student chooses the next way to get an education: academic - for the purpose of entering a university or vocational - for secondary specialized education;

About in high school (this is usually 10-12 grades)

With the number of areas of specialization from two to four;

О the number of compulsory disciplines in high school is significantly reduced, as a rule, to 58, the study of which focuses on during the subsequent period of study;

About in some countries, for example in Great Britain, France, not all of its applicants receive a certificate of completion of high school (diploma, certificate);

О In most countries, enrollment in a university occurs through a competition of certificates (diplomas, certificates) or according to the results of testing, nationally or individually by university, based, as a rule, on measuring the level of applicants' abilities.

United States of America

In terms of the number of higher education institutions and the number of students studying in them, the United States undoubtedly occupies the first place in the world. In 1995, there were 3,501 universities in the United States, including 1,548

state and 1953 non-state.

Having borrowed the European education system at the end of the 19th century, the USA transformed, modernized it and created its own multi-level, mainly university system of higher education. Schematically, the US education system is depicted in Fig. 1.

The lowest level of higher education in the United States is two-year colleges, corresponding in level to Russian secondary schools. There are 1382 such colleges, including 958 state and 424 non-state. Two-year colleges are of two types: technical (technical), the so-called "youth" (Junior Colleges), and the more popular local colleges (Community Colleges). Local colleges, unlike technical colleges, not only teach professions, but also offer academic training programs that correspond to the first two courses of the university. Associate Degree graduates of local colleges have the opportunity to transfer to a university by offsetting courses taken at the college based on a system of accumulating academic loans.

The average level of higher education institutions is four-year colleges, the so-called general education colleges, which in general can be equated in status with our institutes. There are 1963 of them, including 496 state and 1467 non-state.

Universities are the leading type of higher education institutions; there are 156 of them, including 94 state and 62 non-state. In the university sector of higher education, 40-45% of all students study.

The US higher education system, in contrast to the Russian one, is completely decentralized. An organization similar to the Ministry of Education

Kindergarten

Occupational

education

Elementary school 6-12 years grades 1-6

Junior high school 13-15 years old grades 7-9

High school

16-18 years old grades 10-12

Colleges: Technical and Local 2 Years Associate Degree Degree

Four-Year Colleges Bachelor's Degree

Universities Bachelor's degree (4 years) Master's degree (+2 years) Doctor's degree (+3 years)

Fig. 1. Scheme of the US education system

there is no one that is developing uniform educational programs and standards for universities that regulates the rules and conditions of admission. All these issues are regulated by the universities themselves, including the establishment of selection criteria for incoming applicants, decisions are made on the allocation of financial assistance to those in need, etc. As a result, a very high degree of autonomy of universities.

In the United States, the duration of secondary school is 12 years. There is no unified national curriculum in schools, as a result of which the level of knowledge of graduates of different schools varies greatly. The best knowledge is gained by graduates of prestigious private boarding schools.

Graduates can enter universities

full high schools with a high school diploma. Enrollment is based on the results of passing the system of various tests, school grades are taken into account, including the GPA (average score for the subjects studied). The recommendations of teachers who personally know the applicant have a lot of weight. The testing system is quite diverse. So, applicants for a bachelor's program, as a rule, it is necessary to pass a TOEFL knowledge of English with a score of at least 500550 points and a test to test basic knowledge in the main subjects of the SAT (Standardized Aptitude Test) with a score of at least 700-800 points. Applicants to the master's program must pass the GRE (Graduate Record Examination) test.

Education in American universities is conducted at three main levels: undergraduate, graduate and doctoral studies.

Education at the first stage, completed by the assignment of a bachelor's degree (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Bachelor of Science, BSc), is designed for 4 years and is conducted, as a rule, without focus on any professional occupation. Usually a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree is awarded. Although it is possible to obtain a bachelor's degree with a professional orientation.

Education for a bachelor's degree is conducted in three groups of courses: basic courses that give a general education in various subject areas, basic courses and elective courses. During the first two years of study, students study mainly basic courses: foreign languages, humanities, natural sciences, and others. Over the past two years, students master basic courses, as well as a number of elective courses that complement or deepen their knowledge of basic courses . Over the four years of study, a student must master about 30 disciplines and gain a predetermined number of “credits”, and sometimes - have an average GPA of no less than a certain value.

An important feature is that, when entering a university, a student is not enrolled in a faculty or department, but on a bachelor's program. He will be able to make a choice of his specialty only after the first year of study, when he will gain about 30% of the “credits” required for the diploma, but they will not rush the student with a choice.

Education at the second stage of higher education (Graduate Level), completed by the award of a master’s degree, is designed for an average of 2 years for people

having a bachelor's degree, and is carried out according to programs focused on specialized practical activities in various fields. The master's program is even more individual than the bachelor's program. About half the time here is also left for elective courses, but already within the framework of this specialty. During the training, the student must study a certain number of disciplines, pass exams, write a dissertation, and as a result gain a certain number of “credits”.

Education at the third (highest) level, completed with the highest degree in the USA - Doctor of Philosophy (Doctor of Philosophy, PhD), is designed on average for 3 years for masters and 5 years for bachelors. Doctoral studies involve specialized study of relevant courses with the passing of qualification exams, independent scientific research in a chosen field of knowledge, the mandatory writing and defense of a dissertation. American universities graduate approximately 38 thousand specialists with a doctorate in philosophy per year.

A characteristic feature of the American system of higher education is a gradual transition from the didactic system of the educational process, when the teacher traditionally acts as the main and almost the only source of knowledge, to individualized student learning, when the main emphasis is on instilling the skills of independent work, self-education, and necessarily taking into account individual natural abilities. For this purpose, individual curricula are widely used, programs for gifted students, the study of elective subjects,

study at two faculties or two universities at the same time, the ability to quickly change the profile of study, faculty, university, generous priority state support for gifted students, rather than mediocre. As a result, the learning process implements an already axiomatic formula: “A capable person does his job better than others, a talented person hits the target when others cannot do this, and a brilliant person hits the target when others do not even see this goal.”

The students' knowledge control, which is multi-stage and, as a rule, includes:

1) short polls 4-6 times per semester at seminars;

2) written exams 2-3 times per semester, conducted with flows at lecture classes;

3) final semester exams.

The mark for the course completed is set taking into account all forms of intermediate and final control as a weighted average. This form of knowledge control stimulates the student to rhythmic classes throughout the semester. The American rating scale is built on the principle of our five-point. The highest mark is “A”, the following positive marks are “B”, “C”,<Ю», а непроходной (неудовлетворительной) оценкой является «^». Процент неудовлетворительных оценок достаточно высок. Что касается обязательного посещения лекционных и практических занятий, то этот вопрос решается каждым вузом автономно. Как правило, большинство вузов требуют от студентов обязательного посещения занятий и принимают соответствующие меры к прогульщикам, в то же время ряд вузов практикует и свободное посещение занятий.

Diplomas with honors are not issued

all universities. To obtain it, it is necessary, in addition to excellent studies, to study also some courses that are specifically declared as courses for diplomas with honors. For example, at the University of Berkeley to obtain a diploma with honors in physics, it is necessary to study a course in theoretical physics at the graduate level.

The faculty structure in the United States has four levels. The first level (graduate-assistants) is the position of instructor, to which university graduates are appointed with a master's degree for a period of one year and with the right of subsequent reappointment. The next level (assistant-professor) is the position of assistant professor, to which persons with a doctoral degree are appointed for a period of three years and with the right to reappointment. The second three-year term for the post is the last. If the further work of the assistant professor is considered futile, he is offered to find another job, if the assistant has proved himself to be a good teacher and active researcher, he is appointed to the next position - associate professor. After about ten years of successful work, the associate professor can be promoted to the highest level of the job ladder - the full professor position.

A characteristic feature of the American structure of teaching staff is the compulsory stimulation of the intensification of teaching and research activities by limiting the length of stay and the selective selection of teachers at the first two levels and the lifelong appointment of

position on the third and fourth levels, which determines the independence of life at the top of the ranks. In general, the system functions in such a way that the teaching staff is distributed across all four levels, and therefore, according to age, is absolutely even with possible variations of 3-4%.

Higher professional education in the USA is rated as one of the most effective in the world. However, for a number of indicators (UNESCO data), US education lags behind that of France, Germany, the UK and Japan. US high school, unlike European countries, has a strong market orientation. The problem of state control over the quality of education has not yet been solved; non-governmental organizations, for example, the Accreditation Commission of colleges and universities in the USA, are involved in the accreditation of universities.

American universities in the public mind are not divided into private and public, but prestigious and non-prestigious. The stratification of universities in terms of their prestige is very large: out of 3501 universities in 1995, only 104 universities were considered elite, i.e. about 3%. The elite of the university affects absolutely all aspects of its functioning. Competition in such universities does not happen less than 10-12 people per place. The cost of training in them can be several times higher than the cost of passing a similar program in a regular university. They account for the majority of scientific research and awarded doctoral degrees. The level of state funding for educational programs and scientific research is also differentiated depending on the degree of prestige of the university. Diploma received

for example, at Yale, Harvard or Princeton universities, gives its holder not only a 100% guarantee of further employment and respect in society, but also increased income in the future.

United Kingdom

The UK has a reputation as a country of classical university and vocational education, which for many centuries has not undergone radical reforms. The UK education system is presented schematically in Figure 2.

The duration of secondary education, which makes it possible to enter a university, is 13 years.

To obtain a certificate of secondary education GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education), children go to school for 11 years from the age of 5 to 16 years. During the first nine years, they study basic general education subjects under the mandatory unified state program. During 10-11 years of study, preparations are underway for passing exams at the GCSE in 6-10 subjects. After passing these exams, the compulsory secondary education program is considered completed.

But for admission to the university this is not enough. The results of the exams at the GCSE determine the possibility of further training. Students who successfully pass the exams receive a certificate of general education of a regular level, which allows them to continue their free education at school or college under the two-year A-level program (fully Certificate of General Education Advanced Level), which provides in-depth study from four to six majors. And only successful passing of exams on the A-level program allows a student to become a holder of a certificate of general education in

higher level. By competition of such certificates and enrollment in the university. Applications for bachelor's programs at all universities are received centrally through the UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). Having submitted applications to UCAS, applicants are waiting for the decision of universities, because the centralized admission system allows you to apply for six universities simultaneously. After receiving several positive decisions on acceptance, the applicant announces his choice of UCAS, after which he receives confirmation of acceptance.

For admission to an English university, foreign students, for example Russians or Americans with diplomas of full secondary education, also need to first pass a two-year study program under the A-level program. Also widespread on the basis of British colleges and universities has received a system of preparatory courses (Foundation), the annual program of which includes in-depth study of the English language and major majors.

The country has 30 thousand schools, of which 27.5 thousand are state-owned and 2.5 thousand are private. The quality of education in private schools is incomparably higher than in public. This is proved by the fact that graduates of private schools make up half of the student body in the elite universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

English youth receive secondary and special education in colleges of further education and colleges

Kindergarten up to 5 years

elementary School

5-11 years grades 1-b

High school 12-16 years grades 7-11 Certificate of secondary education

High school 17-18 years grades 12-13 Certificate of general education of advanced level

Colleges:

continuing education and sixth grade

University and higher colleges Bachelor's degree (3-4 years)

Polytechnic institutes Bachelor's degree (3-4 years) Master's degree (+1 year)

Universities Bachelor's degree (3-4 years) Master's degree (+1 year) Doctor's degree (+3 years)

Fig. 2. Scheme of the UK education system

sixth grade lakh (Colleges of Sixth Form). There are about 550 of them in the UK. They are an intermediate step between the school and the university. In these colleges, you can receive professional training or undergo training on the A-level program.

Higher education institutions of Great Britain are divided into four types.

1. Colleges of higher education (Colleges of Higher Education), teaching students only under the bachelor's program. Moreover, unlike universities, these universities are highly specialized in such fields as painting, design, music, theater, education, etc.

2. Polytechnics (Polytechnics), teaching students across the entire spectrum of engineering specialties.

3. University colleges (University Colleges), offering students various bachelor's programs and are, as a rule, an integral part of universities.

4. Universities, which are centers of academic education and research. The stratification of universities in terms of their prestige is even more contrasting than in the United States. In the minds of the English public, all universities are divided into four categories, reflecting at the same time a kind of “ranking card”.

Classical (oldest) universities appeared in the Middle Ages and are still the legislators and guarantors of the traditions of English higher education. The most prestigious

This, of course, is Oxford and Cambridge.

The so-called "red brick" universities were founded in the 19th century in London, Manchester and Liverpool.

The so-called "glass" universities that emerged after World War II in Nottingham, Kiel, Exeter, Sussex, Warwick, Kent, Essex and other cities.

  "New" universities, formed from polytechnic institutes by giving in 1992 33

universities with university status.

In total, there are more than 170 higher education institutions in the UK, including 102 universities, the vast majority of which are state-owned.

Undergraduate courses for obtaining a bachelor's degree - either regular or honors (BA / BSc with Honors) - are designed for 3-4 years. Degrees in the UK, unlike a number of other countries, are awarded not by universities, but by a special body - the Council for awarding national academic degrees.

Education at the first academic degree of a bachelor of arts, sciences, technology, etc. It does not have a narrow subject specialization and is conducted in one of the following broad areas of knowledge: humanitarian, social, natural or applied sciences. Most students study one main subject from their field of knowledge and a number of courses in related areas of this subject. A wide enough range of training courses for students. To obtain a bachelor's degree, a student needs to gain 360 “credits” for the period of study. In British universities, along with traditional teaching methods, such as lectures, seminars, practical and laboratory classes, individual classes with students are very widely used. The independent work of students is given extremely great importance, as a result, the number of classroom studies is relatively small. As a rule, in lectures lasting one hour only key issues of this subject are considered. In the UK, a widespread system of tutoring (from the English tutor) classes. In general, these are training sessions,

conducting a lecture or seminar, at which the tutor (curator, usually an older student) deepens the content of the lecture or seminar for younger students. Often at such classes, joint preparation for upcoming control events is conducted. Unfortunately, in Russian practice, such a form of classes is almost never used, although English teachers note tutoring as the most effective form of students' individual work.

To obtain a second academic degree (master's degree), it is necessary to collect another 180 “credits”, study a number of courses with a narrower practical focus, prepare and defend a master's thesis or submit an examination paper. In most universities, applicants for a master's degree do both. Education for a master's degree usually takes 1, sometimes 1.5 years.

To obtain the next academic degree - Doctor of Philosophy (Doctor of Philosophy, PhD) - it is necessary to undergo an appropriate training program, as a rule, with the written examination work and the mandatory writing and defense of a doctoral dissertation. Both holders of a master's degree can enter a doctoral program, while the term of study will be 2 years, and holders of a bachelor's degree, in which case they will have to do 3 years of doctoral studies.

The highest academic degree in the UK is a Ph.D. This degree is awarded to applicants, who, as a rule, have a doctorate in philosophy from among the teaching staff for a number of published serious scientific works and authority in the scientific circles of the country and abroad.

The modern education system in France, schematically shown in Fig. 3, has evolved over the past two centuries and is today considered one of the most advanced in the world. Its most important advantage is the predominance of state educational institutions and the free higher education for all, except for the purely symbolic fee of $ 150 per year charged by state universities. In private educational institutions, of course, tuition is paid. Another important feature is the almost equally high quality of education both in the capital and in the province. As a result, there is a lack of an official ranking of universities and their substantial stratification by degree of prestige.

The development of the education system in France is a top priority. About 21% of the state budget is spent annually on education, which is more than defense and the army. The French education system employs more than half of all public servants. The period of unprecedented investment in higher education in France is drawing to a close: over 8 years, four million square meters of study space worth about 35 billion francs were commissioned, eight new universities were opened, and the existing educational and laboratory base of universities was modernized. Currently, France approved a program to create a university of the third millennium (3M).

The French educational system is characterized by the presence of a pronounced national specificity: its own system of diplomas and academic degrees, a special division into cycles, a special attitude to state diplomas

professional education

Maternal school 3-5 years

Elementary school 6-11 years old

College (junior high school) 12-15 years

Compulsory secondary education

Lyceum professional g 1

education - *

16-17 years old 4

Profile training

Lyceum of general education (full secondary school) 16-18 years Certificate of secondary education (YOU)

Certificate Competition (YOU)

institutions

High Schools Universities

1 cycle of study (2 years) Diploma in general or scientific and technical education

2 cycle of study (+2 years) Diploma of license (1st year)

Diploma "Matriz" (2nd year)

3 cycle of study (+1 year) diploma of special higher or advanced education

doctoral studies (+ 2-4 years) doctorate

Fig. 3. Scheme of the educational system of France

educational institutions (they are much more prestigious than diplomas of private schools and universities).

The secondary education system adopted in France differs markedly from the Russian one.

It is divided into three cycles: elementary school (5 years of study), college (4 years) and lyceum (3 years). Mandatory for all are the first two cycles. The duration of complete secondary education is 12 years. Colleges in their traditional sense - as secondary vocational training

institutions - in France does not exist. Therefore, the French college as the second level of secondary school is not an analogue of a college in other countries.

Lyceum is the final link in the secondary education system. Two main differences between French lyceums and the Russian secondary school can be distinguished: firstly, specialization is already beginning on this cycle of education, and secondly, very high requirements for obtaining a certificate of secondary education for YOU (Lassaaigöaa). This certificate is not received by all high school graduates, but on average only 80%. French lyceums are of two types:

general and professional education. In lyceums of vocational training (analogues of our vocational schools) for 2-3 years students receive any working specialty. In the lyceums of general education for 3 years, as a rule, schoolchildren are studying, intending to go further to universities. Certificate of secondary education (EAC) in accordance with the chosen specialization would be

there are three types: with specialization in literature (L), science (S) and economics (ES). A narrower specialization in the natural sciences is also possible: the natural sciences and service industry technologies (STT), the natural sciences and industrial technologies (STI), the natural sciences and laboratory technologies (STL), the natural and medical social sciences (SMS).

The demand for higher education in France is constantly growing: if in 1980 the number of university students was 1.2 million, in 1997 - 1.550 million (this amounted to 258 students per 10 thousand of the population), then by 2001 the student population according to preliminary estimates exceeded the two-million mark and has a tendency to further increase. In France's higher education system, there are 80 universities (universites) and about 300 higher schools (grandes ecoles). There is no significant difference between universities and higher schools in France; the existing gradation is rather determined by the historically established types of higher education institutions. The existing differences between universities are determined more by their sizes: small universities and higher schools, as a rule, do not have a pronounced specialization and are characterized by a predominance of students of the first cycle of education, while large universities of France are distinguished by a rather narrow specialization and dominance of students of the second and third cycles. The prestige of diplomas of higher schools such as the Mining School, the Royal School of Bridge and Road Construction, the Higher Agronomy School, etc., is even much higher than the diplomas of large universities.

Higher education in France is divided into three cycles (stages), at the end of each of which

a dent receives an appropriate diploma, while he can continue his education at a completely different university.

The first cycle represents the initial stage of higher education, at which general scientific preparation is carried out. It is designed for two years of study and ends with an exam for a diploma in general (DEUG) or scientific and technical (DEUST) university education. These diplomas, despite the name, in the generally accepted sense are more likely to pass the initial stage of higher education. Despite this, some of the students stop at this particular stage of education, but the vast majority of students who have successfully completed this cycle of education continue their education at a higher level.

The second cycle of higher education is designed to prepare students for active professional activities. It is also designed for two years, while it consists of two more consecutive one-year steps. At the end of the first year and successful passing of exams, a license diploma is issued, and the second year ends with the receipt of the maitrise diploma.

Licensed education is of a fundamental nature without elements of deep specialization or combines a combination of fundamental and professional training with the prevalence of the former. For further education, as a rule, only those holders of diplomas of a license who choose the prospect of further scientific or teaching activities are enrolled. Education at the “Matriz” level is in the nature of fundamental scientific or scientific and technical training in the chosen specialty. Therefore,

on the training profile when moving from a licensed level to a “met-freeze” level it is already difficult. The requirements for obtaining diplomas of license and “metriz” are the same across the country for all universities and specialties (an analogue of our state educational standards) - compulsory study of disciplines according to the established list with an annual volume of 350 to 550 academic hours with examination at the end of the year.

The third cycle of higher education involves an in-depth study of the chosen specialty and is accompanied by compulsory research work, the theme of which the holders of the Matriz diplomas in the relevant specialty are required to formulate even before entering the last training cycle. Training during the year ends with a diploma of special higher education (DESS) in the case of choosing a specialization program or a diploma of advanced education (DEA), if the program was of a research nature.

Thus, a total of five years of study is required to complete all three cycles of higher education.

The highest degree in France is a doctorate. As a rule, university graduates with a diploma of advanced education are admitted to doctoral studies with a duration of study from 2 to 4 years. In the process

all training doctoral students are required to pass theoretical exams in their specialty, conduct research on a selected topic, submit and defend a dissertation.

Literature

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2. Analysis and diagnosis of higher

schools and scientific and technological safety in the territories of the Ural Federal District / Ed. S.S. Naboychenko, A.D. Vyvartsa, I.A. Mayburova, Ekaterinburg, 2002.

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ny and innovative processes in higher education systems of developed countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain.- M., 2001.

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education in the context of the intellectual potential of the future: comparative - pedagogical aspect // Alma Mater.- 2001.- No. 7.- P. 41-44.

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